Sample For Solution Manual Calculus of A Single Variable 11th Edition by Ron Larson

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C H A P T E R 1
Limits and Their Properties
Section 1.1 A Preview of Calculus
1. Calculus is the mathematics of change. Precalculus is 7. f ( x) = x
more static. Answers will vary. Sample answer:
(a) y
Precalculus: Area of a rectangle P(4, 2)

Calculus: Area under a curve 2
Precalculus: Work done by a constant force

Calculus: Work done by a variable force
Precalculus: Center of a rectangle
Calculus: Centroid of a region 1 2 3 4 5
x
2. A secant line through a point P is a line joining P and

x − 2
another point Q on the graph. (b) slope = m =
x − 4
The slope of the tangent line P is the limit of the slopes
x −2
of the secant lines joining P and Q, as Q approaches P. =
( x + 2 )( )
x − 2
3. Precalculus: ( 20 ft/sec)(15 sec) = 300 ft
1
= ,x ≠ 4
x + 2
4. Calculus required: Velocity is not constant.
1 1
Distance ≈ (20 ft/sec)(15 sec) = 300 ft x = 1: m = =
1+ 2 3
5. Calculus required: Slope of the tangent line at x = 2 is 1
x = 3: m = ≈ 0.2679
the rate of change, and equals about 0.16. 3 + 2
1
6. Precalculus: rate of change = slope = 0.08 x = 5: m = ≈ 0.2361
5 + 2
1 1
(c) At P( 4, 2) the slope is = = 0.25.
4 + 2 4
You can improve your approximation of the slope at
x = 4 by considering x-values very close to 4.
8. f ( x) = 6 x − x 2
(a) y
10
8
P
x
−2 2 4 8
(b) slope = m =
(6 x − x 2 ) − 8 =
(x − 2)( 4 − x)
= ( 4 − x), x ≠ 2
x − 2 x − 2
For x = 3, m = 4 − 3 = 1
3
For x = 2.5, m = 4 − 2.5 = 1.5 =
2
5
For x = 1.5, m = 4 − 1.5 = 2.5 =
2
(c) At P( 2, 8), the slope is 2. You can improve your approximation by considering values of x close to 2.
Section 1.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically 57
5 5 5
9. (a) Area ≈ 5 + 2
+ 3
+ 4
≈ 10.417
Area ≈ 1
2 (5 + 1.55 + 52 + 2.55 + 53 + 3.55 + 54 + 4.55 ) ≈ 9.145
(b) You could improve the approximation by using more rectangles.
10. Answers will vary. Sample answer:

The instantaneous rate of change of an automobile’s position is the velocity of the automobile, and can be determined by the
speedometer.
(5 − 1) + (1 − 5) =
2 2
11. (a) D1 = 16 + 16 ≈ 5.66
( 52 ) ( 52 − 53 ) ( 53 − 54 ) ( 54 − 1)
2 2 2 2
(b) D2 = 1+ + 1+ + 1+ + 1+
≈ 2.693 + 1.302 + 1.083 + 1.031 ≈ 6.11
(c) Increase the number of line segments.
Section 1.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically

1. As the graph of the function approaches 8 on the horizontal axis, the graph approaches 25 on the vertical axis.
2. (i) The values of f approach different (ii) The values of f increase without (iii) The values of f oscillate between
numbers as x approaches c from bound as x approaches c: two fixed numbers as x approaches c:
different sides of c: y y
y
6 4
4 5 3
3 4
2 3
1 2 x
−4 −3 −2 2 3 4
x 1
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 x
−3 −2 −1 2 3 4 5
−1 −3
−3 −2 −4
−4
3. y 4. No. For example, consider Example 2 from this section.

5.5
6 5 1, x ≠ 2
5 4.5 f ( x) = 
4 0, x = 2
2.25
3 2
2
1.75 lim f ( x) = 1, but f ( 2) = 0
x→2
f(x) = 2x + 1
1
x
−1 1 2 3 4
−1
5.
x 3.9 3.99 3.999 4 4.001 4.01 4.1
f (x) 0.3448 0.3344 0.3334 ? 0.3332 0.3322 0.3226
x − 4  1
lim ≈ 0.3333  Actual limit is .
x→4 x2 − 5x − 4  3
6.
x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.001 3.01 3.1
f (x) 0.1695 0.1669 0.1667 ? 0.1666 0.1664 0.1639
x −3  1
x →3 x2 − 9  6
58 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties
7.
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1
f (x) 0.5132 0.5013 0.5001 ? 0.4999 0.4988 0.4881
x +1 −1  1
x →0 x  2
8.
x 2.9 2.99 2.999 3.001 3.01 3.1
f (x) –0.0641 –0.0627 –0.0625 –0.0625 –0.0623 –0.0610
1 ( x + 1) − (1 4)  1 
lim  ≈ –0.0625  Actual limit is − .
x →3 x −3  16 
9.
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1
f (x) 0.9983 0.99998 1.0000 1.0000 0.99998 0.9983
sin x
lim ≈ 1.0000 ( Actual limit is 1.) (Make sure you use radian mode.)
x→0 x
10.
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1
f (x) 0.0500 0.0050 0.0005 –0.0005 –0.0050 –0.0500
cos x − 1
lim ≈ 0.0000 (Actual limit is 0.) (Make sure you use radian mode.)
x→0 x
11.
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.001 1.01 1.1
f (x) 0.2564 0.2506 0.2501 0.2499 0.2494 0.2439
x − 2  1
x →1 x2 + x − 6  4
12.
x –4.1 –4.01 –4.001 –4 –3.999 –3.99 –3.9
f (x) 1.1111 1.0101 1.0010 ? 0.9990 0.9901 0.9091
x + 4
lim ≈ 1.0000 (Actual limit is 1.)
x → −4 x 2 + 9 x + 20
13.
x 0.9 0.99 0.999 1.001 1.01 1.1
f (x) 0.7340 0.6733 0.6673 0.6660 0.6600 0.6015
x4 − 1  2
x →1 x6 − 1  3
14.
x –3.1 –3.01 –3.001 –3 –2.999 –2.99 –2.9
f (x) 27.91 27.0901 27.0090 ? 26.9910 26.9101 26.11
x3 + 27
lim ≈ 27.0000 ( Actual limit is 27.)
x → −3 x +3
15.
x –6.1 –6.01 –6.001 –6 –5.999 –5.99 –5.9
f (x) –0.1248 –0.1250 –0.1250 ? –0.1250 –0.1250 –0.1252
10 − x − 4  1
lim ≈ − 0.1250  Actual limit is − .
x → −6 x +6  8
16.
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 2 2.001 2.01 2.1
f (x) 0.1149 0.115 0.1111 ? 0.1111 0.1107 0.1075
x ( x + 1) − 2 3  1
x→2 x − 2  9
17.
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1
f (x) 1.9867 1.9999 2.0000 2.0000 1.9999 1.9867
sin 2 x
lim ≈ 2.0000 (Actual limit is 2.) (Make sure you use radian mode.)
x→0 x
18.
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0.001 0.01 0.1
f (x) 0.4950 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.4950
tan x  1
x→0 tan 2 x  2
2
19. f ( x) =
x3
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) –2000 ? 2000
As x approaches 0 from the left, the function decreases without bound. As x approaches 0 from the right,
the function increases without bound.
3 x
20. f ( x) =
x2
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 30 300 3000 ? 3000 300 30
As x approaches 0 from either side, the function increases without bound.
21. lim ( 4 − x) = 1 x − 2
x →3 25. lim does not exist.
x→2 x − 2
22. lim sec x = 1
x→0 x − 2
For values of x to the left of 2, = −1, whereas
( x − 2)
23. lim f ( x) = lim ( 4 − x) = 2
x→2 x→2 x −2
for values of x to the right of 2, = 1.
(x − 2)
24. lim f ( x) = lim x + 3 = 4
x →1 x →1
( 2
)
2
26. lim does not exist because the function increases
x →5 x −5
and decreases without bound as x approaches 5.
27. lim cos(1 x) does not exist because the function 31. y
x→0
6
oscillates between –1 and 1 as x approaches 0. 5
4
28. lim tan x does not exist because the function increases 3
f
x →π 2 2
π 1
without bound as x approaches from the left and x
2 −2 −1
−1
1 2 3 4 5
π −2
decreases without bound as x approaches from
2 lim f ( x) exists for all values of c ≠ 4.
the right. x→c
29. (a) f (1) exists. The black dot at (1, 2) indicates that 32. y
f (1) = 2.
2
(b) lim f ( x) does not exist. As x approaches 1 from the

1
x →1
left, f (x) approaches 3.5, whereas as x approaches −π π π
x
2 2
1 from the right, f (x) approaches 1. −1
(c) f ( 4) does not exist. The hollow circle at ( 4, 2)

indicates that f is not defined at 4. lim f ( x) exists for all values of c ≠ π .
x→c
(d) lim f ( x) exists. As x approaches 4,
x→4 33. One possible answer is
f ( x) approaches 2: lim f ( x) = 2. y
x→4
6
30. (a) f ( −2) does not exist. The vertical dotted line 5
4
indicates that f is not defined at –2. f
(b) lim f ( x) does not exist. As x approaches –2, the 2
x → −2 1
values of f ( x) do not approach a specific number. −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5

x
−1
(c) f (0) exists. The black dot at (0, 4) indicates that

34. One possible answer is
f (0) = 4.
y
(d) lim f ( x) does not exist. As x approaches 0 from the 4

x→0
left, f ( x) approaches 12 , whereas as x approaches 0

3
2
from the right, f ( x) approaches 4. 1
(e) f ( 2) does not exist. The hollow circle at 2, ( ) 1

2
−3 −2 −1
−1
1 2
x
indicates that f ( 2) is not defined.
(f ) lim f ( x) exists. As x approaches 2, 35. You need f ( x) − 3 = (x + 1) − 3 = x − 2 < 0.4.

x→2
f ( x) approaches 1
: lim f ( x) = 12 . So, take δ = 0.4. If 0 < x − 2 < 0.4,
2 x→2
(g) f ( 4) exists. The black dot at ( 4, 2) indicates that

then x − 2 = (x + 1) − 3 = f ( x) − 3 < 0.4,
as desired.
f ( 4) = 2.
(h) lim f ( x) does not exist. As x approaches 4, the

x→4
values of f ( x) do not approach a specific number.

1 2− x 1 1
36. You need f ( x) − 1 = −1 = < 0.01. Let δ = . If 0 < x − 2 < , then
x −1 x −1 101 101
1 1 1 1
− < x − 2 < 1− < x −1<1+
101 101 101 101
100 102
 < x −1<
101 101
100
 x −1 >
101
and you have
1 2− x 1 101 1
f ( x) − 1 = −1 = < = = 0.01.
x −1 x −1 100 101 100
37. You need to find δ such that 0 < x − 1 < δ implies 38. You need to find δ such that 0 < x − 1 < δ implies
1 1 1
f ( x) − 1 = − 1 < 0.1. That is, f ( x) − 1 = 2 − −1 = 1− < ε.
x x x
1 1
−0.1 < − 1 < 0.1 −ε <−1< ε
x x
1 1
1 − 0.1 < < 1 + 0.1 1−ε < < 1+ε
x x
9 1 11 1 1
< < > x >
10 x 10 1−ε 1+ε
10 10 1 1
> x > −1> x −1> −1
9 11 1−ε 1+ε
10 10 ε −ε
−1 > x −1 > −1 > x −1>
9 11 1−ε 1+ε
1 1 0.05
> x −1 > − . For ε = 0.05, take δ = ≈ 0.05.
9 11 1 − 0.05
1 0.01
So take δ = . Then 0 < x − 1 < δ implies For ε = 0.01, take δ = ≈ 0.01.
11 1 − 0.01
1 1 0.005
− < x −1 < For ε = 0.005, take δ = ≈ 0.005.
11 11 1 − 0.005
1 1
− < x −1 < . As ε decreases, so does ε .
11 9
Using the first series of equivalent inequalities, you
obtain
1
f ( x) − 1 = − 1 < 0.1.
x
39. lim (3 x + 2) = 3(2) + 2 = 8 = L  x

x→2 (b)  6 −  − 4 < 0.005
 3
(a) (3 x + 2) − 8 < 0.01
x
3 x − 6 < 0.01 2 − < 0.005
3
3 x − 2 < 0.01 1
− ( x − 6) < 0.005
0 < x − 2 < 0.01
≈ 0.0033 = δ 3
3
x − 6 < 0.015
0.01
So, if 0 < x − 2 < δ = 3
, you have
0 < x − 6 < 0.015 = δ
3 x − 2 < 0.01
As in part (a), if 0 < x − 6 < 0.015, you have
3 x − 6 < 0.01
 x
(3 x + 2) − 8 < 0.01  6 −  − 4 < 0.005.
 3
f ( x ) − L < 0.01.
( )
41. lim x 2 − 3 = 22 − 3 = 1 = L
(b) (3x + 2) − 8 < 0.005 x→2
3x − 6 < 0.005 (a) ( x2 )

− 3 − 1 < 0.01
3 x − 2 < 0.005 x 2 − 4 < 0.01

0.005 (x + 2)( x − 2) < 0.01
0 < x − 2 < ≈ 0.00167 = δ
3
x + 2 x − 2 < 0.01
0.005
Finally, as in part (a), if 0 < x − 2 < , 0.01
3 x − 2 <
x + 2
you have (3 x + 2) − 8 < 0.005.
If you assume 1 < x < 3, then
 x 6 δ ≈ 0.01 5 = 0.002.
40. lim  6 −  = 6 − = 4 = L
x→6  3 3 So, if 0 < x − 2 < δ ≈ 0.002, you have
 x
1 1
(a)  6 −  − 4 < 0.01 x − 2 < 0.002 = (0.01) < (0.01)
 3  5 x + 2
x
2− < 0.01 x + 2 x − 2 < 0.01
3
x 2 − 4 < 0.01
− 13 ( x − 6) < 0.01
x − 6 < 0.03 ( x2 )
− 3 − 1 < 0.01
0 < x − 6 < 0.03 = δ f ( x) − L < 0.01.
So, if 0 < x − 6 < δ = 0.03, you have (b) ( x2 )

− 3 − 1 < 0.005
− 13 ( x − 6) < 0.01 x 2 − 4 < 0.005
2−
x
< 0.01
(x + 2)( x − 2) < 0.005
3 x + 2 x − 2 < 0.005
 x 0.005
 6 −  − 4 < 0.01 x − 2 <
 3  x + 2
f ( x) − L < 0.01.
0.005
δ = = 0.001.
5
Finally, as in part (a), if 0 < x − 2 < 0.001,
you have ( x2 − 3) − 1 < 0.005.

42. lim ( x 2 + 6) = 42 + 6 = 22 = L 43. lim ( x 2 − x) = 16 − 4 = 12 = L

x→4 x→4
(a) ( x2 )
+ 6 − 22 < 0.01 (a) ( x2 − x) − 12 < 0.01
2
x − 16 < 0.01 (x − 4)( x + 3) < 0.01
(x + 4)( x − 4) < 0.01 x − 4 x + 3 < 0.01
x + 4 x − 4 < 0.01 0.01

x − 4 <
x +3
0.01
x − 4 <
x + 4 If you assume 3 < x < 5, then
0.01
If you assume 3 < x < 5, then δ = = 0.00125.
8
0.01
δ = ≈ 0.00111. 0.01
9 So, if 0 < x − 4 < , you have
8
0.01
So, if 0 < x − 4 < δ ≈ , you have 0.01
9 x − 4 <
x +3
0.01 0.01
x −4 < <
9 x + 4 x − 4 x + 3 < 0.01
( x + 4)( x − 4) < 0.01 x 2 − x − 12 < 0.01
x 2 − 16 < 0.01 ( x2 − x) − 12 < 0.01
(x 2
+ 6) − 22 < 0.01 f ( x) − L < 0.01
f ( x) − L < 0.01. (b) ( x2 − x) − 12 < 0.005
(b) ( x2 + 6) − 22 < 0.005 (x − 4)( x + 3) < 0.005

2
x − 16 < 0.005 x − 4 x + 3 < 0.005
0.005
(x − 4)( x + 4) < 0.005 x − 4 <
x +3
x − 4 x + 4 < 0.005
0.05
x − 4 < 0.005
x + 4 δ = = 0.000625.
8
If you assume 3 < x < 5, then 0.005
0.005 Finally, as in part (a), if 0 < x − 4 < ,
δ = ≈ 0.00056. 8
9
0.005
you have ( x2 − x) − 12 < 0.005.
Finally, as in part (a), if 0 < x − 4 < ,
9
you have ( x2 + 6) − 22 < 0.005.

44. lim x 2 = 32 = 9 = L 46. lim ( 4 x + 5) = 4(− 2) + 5 = − 3

x →3 x → −2
(a) 2
x − 9 < 0.01 Given ε > 0:
(x − 3)( x + 3) < 0.01 (4 x + 5) − (− 3) < ε

x − 3 x + 3 < 0.01 4x + 8 < ε
0.01 4 x + 2 < ε
x −3 <
x +3 ε
x + 2 < = δ
If you assume 2 < x < 4, then 4
0.01 ε
δ = ≈ 0.0014. So, let δ = .
7 4
0.01 ε
So, if 0 < x − 3 < , you have So, if 0 < x + 2 < δ = , you have
7 4
0.01 ε
x −3 < x + 2 <
x +3 4
x − 3 x + 3 < 0.01 4x + 8 < ε
x 2 − 9 < 0.01 (4 x + 5) − ( −3) < ε
f ( x) − L < 0.01 f ( x) − L < ε .
(b) x 2 − 9 < 0.005 47. lim

x → −4
( 12 x − 1) = 1
2
(−4) − 1 = −3
(x − 3)( x + 3) < 0.005
Given ε > 0:
x − 3 x + 3 < 0.005
0.005
( 12 x − 1) − (−3) < ε
x −3 < 1x
x +3 + 2 < ε
2
If you assume 2 < x < 4, then 1

2
x − ( −4 ) < ε
0.005 x − ( −4) < 2ε
δ = ≈ 0.00071.
7
So, let δ = 2ε .
0.005
Finally, as in part (a), if 0 < x − 3 < , you
7 So, if 0 < x − ( −4) < δ = 2ε , you have
2
have x − 9 < 0.005.
x − ( −4) < 2ε
1
45. lim ( x + 2) = 4 + 2 = 6 2
x + 2 < ε
x→4
Given ε > 0: ( 12 x − 1) + 3 < ε
(x + 2) − 6 < ε f ( x) − L < ε .
x−4 < ε = δ
So, let δ = ε . So, if 0 < x − 4 < δ = ε , you have
x −4 < ε
(x + 2) − 6 < ε
f ( x) − L < ε .
48. lim
x →3
( 34 x + 1) = 3
4 (3) + 1 = 13
4
51. lim
x→0
3
x = 0
Given ε > 0: Given ε > 0: 3

x −0 < ε
( 3
4
x +1 − ) 13
4
< ε 3
x < ε
3
x − 9
< ε x < ε3 = δ
4 4
3 So, let δ = ε 3.
4
x −3 < ε
x − 3 < 43 ε So, for 0 x − 0 δ = ε 3 , you have
So, let δ = 4ε . x < ε3

3
3
4ε , x < ε
So, if 0 < x − 3 < δ = 3
you have
3
4ε x −0 < ε
x −3 < 3
3 f ( x) − L < ε .
4
x −3 < ε
3 9
4
x − 4
< ε 52. lim x = 4 = 2
x→4
( 34 x + 1) − 134 < ε
Given ε > 0: x − 2 < ε
f ( x) − L < ε .
x − 2 x + 2 < ε x + 2
49. lim 3 = 3 x − 4 < ε x + 2

x→6
Given ε > 0: Assuming 1 < x < 9, you can choose δ = 3ε . Then,

3−3 < ε 0 < x − 4 < δ = 3ε  x − 4 < ε x + 2
0 < ε
 x − 2 < ε.
So, any δ > 0 will work.
So, for any δ > 0, you have 53. lim x − 5 = ( −5) − 5 = −10 = 10
x → −5
3−3 < ε
Given ε > 0: x − 5 − 10 < ε
f ( x) − L < ε .
−( x − 5) − 10 < ε (x − 5 < 0)
50. lim ( −1) = −1 −x − 5 < ε
x→2
x − ( −5) < ε
Given ε > 0: −1 − ( −1) < ε
0 < ε So, let δ = ε .
So, any δ > 0 will work. So for x − ( −5) < δ = ε , you have
So, for any δ > 0, you have −( x + 5) < ε
(−1) − (−1) < ε −( x − 5) − 10 < ε
f ( x) − L < ε. x − 5 − 10 < ε (because x − 5 < 0)
f ( x) − L < ε .
54. lim x − 3 = 3 − 3 = 0 57. lim f ( x) = lim 4 = 4

x →3 x →π x →π
Given ε > 0: x −3 −0 < ε

58. lim f ( x) = lim x = π
x →π x →π
x −3 < ε
So, let δ = ε . x + 5 −3
59. f ( x ) =
x − 4
So, for 0 < x − 3 < δ = ε , you have
1
lim f ( x ) =
x −3 < ε x→4 6
x −3 −0 < ε 0.5
f ( x) − L < ε .
−6
55. lim ( x 2 + 1) = 12 + 1 = 2
6
x →1
− 0.1667
Given ε > 0: ( x2 + 1) − 2 < ε The domain is [−5, 4) ∪ ( 4, ∞). The graphing utility
x −1 < ε
2
 1
does not show the hole at  4, .
 6
(x + 1)( x − 1) < ε
ε x −3
x −1 < 60. f ( x ) =
x +1 x2 − 4 x + 3
If you assume 0 < x < 2, then δ = ε 3. 1
lim f ( x) =
x →3 2
ε
So for 0 < x − 1 < δ = , you have 4
3
1 1
x −1 < ε < ε −3 5
3 x +1
x2 − 1 < ε −4
(x 2
+ 1) − 2 < ε The domain is all x ≠ 1, 3. The graphing utility does not
f ( x) − 2 < ε .  1
show the hole at  3, .
 2
56. lim ( x 2 + 4 x) = (− 4) 2 + 4(− 4) = 0
x → −4 61. C (t ) = 9.99 − 0.791 − t , t > 0
Given ε > 0: ( x2 + 4 x) − 0 < ε (a) C (10.75) = 9.99 − 0.791 − 10.75
x( x + 4) < ε = 9.99 − 0.79( −10)
ε = $17.89
x + 4 <
x C (10.75) represents the cost of a 10-minute,
ε 45-second call.
If you assume − 5 < x < − 3, then δ = .
5 (b) 16
ε
So for 0 < x − (− 4) < δ = , you have
5
ε 1
x + 4 < < ε 0 6
5 x 8
x( x + 4) < ε (c) The limit does not exist because the limits from the
left and right are not equal.
( x2 + 4 x) − 0 < ε
f ( x) − L < ε .
62. C (t ) = 5.79 − 0.991 − t , t > 0 4 3

68. V = π r , V = 2.48
3
(a) C (10.75) = 5.79 − 0.991 − 10.75
4 3
= 5.79 − 0.99( −10) (a) 2.48 = πr
3
= $15.69 1.86
r3 =
C (10.75) represents the cost of a 10-minute, π
45-second call. r ≈ 0.8397 in.
(b) 12 (b) 2.45 ≤ V ≤ 2.51
4 3
2.45 ≤ π r ≤ 2.51
3
0.5849 ≤ r 3 ≤ 0.5992
0 6
4 0.8363 ≤ r ≤ 0.8431
(c) The limit does not exist because the limits from the (c) For ε = 2.51 − 2.48 = 0.03, δ ≈ 0.003
left and right are not equal.
69. f ( x) = (1 + x)
1x
63. Choosing a smaller positive value of δ will still satisfy

lim (1 + x)
1x
= e ≈ 2.71828
the inequality f ( x) − L < ε . x→0
y
64. In the definition of lim f ( x), f must be defined on both 7

x→c
sides of c, but does not have to be defined at c itself. The
value of f at c has no bearing on the limit as x approaches c.
3 (0, 2.7183)
2
65. No. The fact that f ( 2) = 4 has no bearing on the 1
existence of the limit of f ( x) as x approaches 2.

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
66. No. The fact that lim f ( x) = 4 has no bearing on the

x→2 x f (x) x f (x)
value of f at 2.
–0.1 2.867972 0.1 2.593742
67. (a) C = 2π r
–0.01 2.731999 0.01 2.704814
C 6 3
r = = = ≈ 0.9549 cm –0.001 2.719642 0.001 2.716942
2π 2π π
5.5 –0.0001 2.718418 0.0001 2.718146
(b) When C = 5.5: r = ≈ 0.87535 cm
2π
–0.00001 2.718295 0.00001 2.718268
6.5
When C = 6.5: r = ≈ 1.03451 cm
2π –0.000001 2.718283 0.000001 2.718280
So 0.87535 < r < 1.03451.
(c) lim ( 2π r ) = 6; ε = 0.5; δ ≈ 0.0796
x →3 π
x +1 − x −1
70. f ( x) =
x
x –1 –0.5 –0.1 0 0.1 0.5 1.0

y
f(x) 2 2 2 Undef. 2 2 2
3
lim f ( x) = 2
x→0
1
Note that for
(x + 1) + ( x − 1)
x
−2 −1 1 2
−1 < x < 1, x ≠ 0, f ( x) = = 2. −1
x
71. 0.002 76. False. Let

(1.999, 0.001)
x − 4, x ≠ 2
(2.001, 0.001)
f ( x) = 
0, x = 2
lim f ( x) = lim ( x − 4) = 2 and f ( 2) = 0 ≠ 2
1.998 2.002 x→2 x→2
0
Using the zoom and trace feature, δ = 0.001. So 77. f ( x) = x

(2 − δ , 2 + δ ) = (1.999, 2.001). lim x = 0.5 is true.
x → 0.25
x2 − 4
Note: = x + 2 for x ≠ 2. As x approaches 0.25 = 1 from either side,
x − 2 4
f ( x) = x approaches 1
2
= 0.5.
72. (a) lim f ( x) exists for all c ≠ −3.
x→c
(b) lim f ( x) exists for all c ≠ −2, 0. 78. f ( x) = x

x→c
lim x = 0 is false.
x→0
73. False. The existence or nonexistence of f ( x) at x = c
f ( x) = x is not defined on an open interval
has no bearing on the existence of the limit
of f ( x) as x → c. containing 0 because the domain of f is x ≥ 0.
79. Using a graphing utility, you see that

74. True
sin x
lim =1
75. False. Let x→0 x
sin 2 x
x − 4, x ≠ 2 lim = 2, etc.
f ( x) =  x→0 x
0, x = 2
sin nx
So, lim = n.
f ( 2) = 0 x→0 x
lim f ( x) = lim ( x − 4) = 2 ≠ 0 80. Using a graphing utility, you see that
x→2 x→2
tan x
lim =1
x→0 x
tan 2 x
lim = 2, etc.
x→0 x
tan ( nx)
So, lim = n.
x→0 x
81. If lim f ( x) = L1 and lim f ( x) = L2 , then for every ε > 0, there exists δ1 > 0 and δ 2 > 0 such that
x→c x→c
x − c < δ1  f ( x) − L1 < ε and x − c < δ 2  f ( x) − L2 < ε . Let δ equal the smaller of δ1 and δ 2 . Then for
x − c < δ , you have L1 − L2 = L1 − f ( x) + f ( x ) − L2 ≤ L1 − f ( x) + f ( x) − L2 < ε + ε . Therefore,
L1 − L2 < 2ε . Since ε > 0 is arbitrary, it follows that L1 = L2 .
82. f ( x) = mx + b, m ≠ 0. Let ε > 0 be given. 83. lim  f ( x) − L = 0 means that for every ε > 0
x→c
ε there exists δ > 0 such that if 0 < x − c < δ ,
Take δ = .
m
then
ε
If 0 < x − c < δ = , then ( f ( x) − L) − 0 < ε.
m
m x −c < ε This means the same as f ( x ) − L < ε when
mx − mc < ε 0 < x − c < δ.
( mx + b) − ( mc + b) < ε
So, lim f ( x) = L.
x→c
which shows that lim ( mx + b) = mc + b.
x→c
Section 1.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically 69
1 85. The radius OP has a length equal to the altitude z of the

84. (a) (3x + 1)(3x − 1) x 2 + 0.01 = (9 x 2 − 1) x 2 +
100 h h
triangle plus . So, z = 1 − .
1 2 2
= 9x4 − x2 +
100 1  h
1 Area triangle = b1 − 
=
100
(10 x 2 − 1)(90 x 2 − 1) 2  2
Area rectangle = bh
So, (3x + 1)(3 x − 1) x 2 + 0.01 > 0 if Because these are equal,
2 2
10 x − 1 < 0 and 90 x − 1 < 0. 1  h P
b1 −  = bh
 1 1  2  2
Let ( a, b) =  − , . h
 90 90  1− = 2h
2
For all x ≠ 0 in ( a, b), the graph is positive. 5
h O
h =1
You can verify this with a graphing utility. 2 b
1 2
(b) You are given lim g ( x) = L > 0. Let ε = L. h = .
x→c 2 5
There exists δ > 0 such that 0 < x − c < δ
86. Consider a cross section of the cone, where EF is a
L
implies that g ( x) − L < ε = . That is, diagonal of the inscribed cube. AD = 3, BC = 2.
2
Let x be the length of a side of the cube.
L L Then EF = x 2.
− < g ( x) − L <
2 2
By similar triangles, A
L 3L
< g ( x) < EF AG
2 2 =
BC AD
For x in the interval (c − δ , c + δ ), x ≠ c, you
x 2 3− x E G F
=
L 2 3
have g ( x) > > 0, as desired.
2 Solving for x,
B D C
3 2x = 6 − 2x
(3 )
2 + 2x = 6
6 9 2 −6
x = = ≈ 0.96.
3 2 + 2 7
Section 1.3 Evaluating Limits Analytically

1. For polynomial functions p( x), substitute c for x, and sin x
4. lim =1
simplify. x→0 x
1 − cos x
lim = 0
2. An indeterminant form is obtained when evaluating a x→0 x
limit using direct substitution produces a meaningless
fractional expression such as 0 0. That is, 5. lim x3 = 23 = 8
x→2
f ( x)
lim
x→c g ( x) 6. lim x 4 = (− 3) 4 = 81
x → −3
for which lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = 0

7. lim ( 2 x + 5) = 2( − 3) + 5 = −1
x→c x →c
x → −3
3. If a function f is squeezed between two functions h and
g, h( x) ≤ f ( x) ≤ g ( x), and h and g have the same limit 8. lim ( 4 x − 1) = 4(9) − 1 = 36 − 1 = 35
x →9
L as x → c, then lim f ( x) exists and equals L
x→c
( )
9. lim x 2 + 3x = ( −3) + 3( −3) = 9 − 9 = 0
x → −3
2
( )
10. lim − x3 + 1 = ( −2) + 1 = − 8 + 1 = − 7
3
24. (a) lim f ( x) = ( −3) + 7 = 4
x→2 x → −3
(b) lim g ( x) = 42 = 16
11. lim ( 2 x 2 + 4 x + 1) = 2( −3) + 4( −3) + 1
2 x→4
x →−3
(c) lim g ( f ( x)) = g ( 4) = 16
= 18 − 12 + 1 = 7 x → −3
25. (a) lim f ( x) = 4 − 1 = 3

12. lim ( 2 x3 − 6 x + 5) = 2(1) − 6(1) + 5
3
x →1
x →1
= 2−6+5 =1 (b) lim g ( x) = 3+1 = 2

x →3
x +8 = 3+8 = (c) lim g ( f ( x)) = g (3) = 2

13. lim 11 x →1
x →3
14. lim 3
12 x + 3 = 3 12(2) + 3 x→4
( )
26. (a) lim f ( x) = 2 42 − 3( 4) + 1 = 21
x→2
= 3
24 + 3 = 3
27 = 3 (b) lim g ( x) = 3
21 + 6 = 3
x → 21
15. lim (1 − x) = 1 − ( − 4) = 53 = 125

3 3 (c) lim g ( f ( x)) = g ( 21) = 3
x→4
x → −4
π
27. lim sin x = sin =1
16. lim (3x − 2) = (3(0) − 2) = (− 2) 4 = 16
4 4
x →0
x →π 2 2
3 3 3 28. lim tan x = tan π = 0

x →π
17. lim = =
x→2 2x + 1 2( 2) + 1 5
πx π 1
29. lim cos = cos =
5 5 5
x →1 3 3 2
18. lim = = −
x → −5 x +3 −5 + 3 2 π ( 2)
πx π 1
30. lim sin = sin = sin =
x→2 12 12 6 2
x 1 1
19. lim = 2 =
x →1 x2 + 4 1 + 4 5 31. lim sec 2 x = sec 0 = 1
x→0
3x + 5 3(1) + 5 3+5 8
20. lim = = = = 4 32. lim cos 3x = cos 3π = −1
x →1 x + 1 1+1 2 2 x →π
3x 3(7) 21 5π 1
21. lim = = = 7 33. lim sin x = sin =
x→7 x + 2 7 + 2 3
x → 5π 6 6 2
5π 1
x + 6 3+ 6 9 3 34. lim cos x = cos =
22. lim = = = x → 5π 3 3 2
x →3 x + 2 3+ 2 5 5
π x  3π
23. (a) lim f ( x) = 5 − 1 = 4 35. lim tan   = tan = −1
x →1 x →3 4
  4
(b) lim g ( x) = 43 = 64
x→4 π x  7π −2 3
36. lim sec  = sec =
(c) lim g ( f ( x)) = g ( f (1)) = g ( 4) = 64 x →7  6  6 3
x →1
2
37. lim f ( x) = , lim g ( x) = 2
x→c 5 x→c
(a) lim 5 g ( x) = 5 lim g ( x) = 5( 2) = 10
x→c x→c
2 12
(b) lim  f ( x) + g ( x) = lim f ( x) + lim g ( x) = + 2 =
x→c x→c x→c 5 5
2 4
(c) lim  f ( x) + g ( x) =  lim f ( x) +  lim g ( x) = ( 2) =
x→c x → c  x → c  5 5
f ( x) lim f ( x) 25 1
x→c
(d) lim = = =
x→c g ( x) lim g ( x) 2 5
x→c
3
38. lim f ( x) = 2, lim g ( x) =
x→c x→c 4
(a) lim 4 f ( x) = 4 lim f ( x) = 4(2) = 8
x→c x→c
3 11
(b) lim  f ( x) + g ( x) = lim f ( x) + lim g ( x) = 2 + =
x→c x→c x→c 4 4
 3 3
(c) lim  f ( x) g ( x) =  lim f ( x)
xlim g ( x) = 2  =
x→c x → c  →c  4
  2
f ( x) lim f ( x) 2 8
x→c
(d) lim = = =
x→c g ( x) lim g ( x) (3 4) 3
x→c
39. lim f ( x) = 16 x4 − 5x2 x 2 ( x 2 − 5)

x→c 42. f ( x) = 2
= and g ( x) = x 2 − 5
x x2
2
(a) lim  f ( x) =  lim f ( x) = (16) = 256
2 2
x→c x → c  agree except at x = 0.
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = lim ( x 2 − 5) = 02 − 5 = − 5
(b) lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = 16 = 4 x→0 x→0 x→0
x→c x→c
2
(c) lim 3 f ( x) = 3lim f ( x) = 3(16) = 48

x →c x → c  −6 6
(d) lim  f ( x) =  lim f ( x) = (16)

3 2 3 2 32
= 64
x→c x → c 
−6
40. lim f ( x) = 27
x→c
x2 − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
(a) lim 3 f ( x) = 3 lim f ( x) = 3
27 = 3 43. f ( x) = = and g ( x) = x − 1
x→c x→c x +1 x +1
lim f ( x) agree except at x = −1.
f ( x) x→c 27 3
(b) lim = = =
x→c 18 lim 18 18 2 lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = lim ( x − 1) = −1 − 1 = −2
x→c x → −1 x → −1 x → −1
3
2
(c) lim  f ( x) =  lim f ( x) = ( 27) = 729
2 2
x→c x → c 
−3 4
23
=  lim f ( x)
23
(d) lim  f ( x) = ( 27)
23
= 9
x→c x → c 
−4
2
x + 3x x( x + 3)
41. f ( x) = = and g ( x) = x + 3
x x 3x 2 + 5 x − 2 ( x + 2)(3 x − 1)
44. f ( x) = = and
agree except at x = 0. x + 2 x + 2
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = lim ( x + 3) = 0 + 3 = 3 g ( x) = 3 x − 1 agree except at x = −2.
x→0 x→0 x→0
5
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = lim (3 x − 1)
x → −2 x → −2 x → −2
= 3(− 2) − 1 = − 7
3
−5 4
−1 −4 5
−3
x3 − 8 x x 1 1
45. f ( x) = and g ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 4 agree except 47. lim = lim = lim = = −1
x − 2 x →0 2
x −x x → 0 x( x − 1) x → 0 x −1 0 −1
at x = 2.
7 x3 − x 2
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x) = lim ( x 2 + 2 x + 4) 48. lim = lim (7 x 2 − x) = 0 − 0 = 0
x→2 x→2 x→2 x→0 x x→0
= 22 + 2(2) + 4 = 12
x − 4 x − 4
12 49. lim = lim
x→4 2
x − 16 x → 4 ( x + 4)( x − 4)
1 1 1
= lim = =
x→4 x + 4 4+ 4 8
−9 9
0
5− x − ( x − 5)
50. lim = lim
x →5 x 2 − 25 x → 5 ( x − 5)( x + 5)
x3 + 1
46. f ( x) = and g ( x) = x 2 − x + 1 agree except at −1 −1 1
x +1 = lim = = −
x →5 x +5 5+5 10
x = −1.
lim f ( x) = lim g ( x ) = lim ( x 2 − x + 1) x2 + x − 6 ( x + 3)( x − 2)
x → −1 x → −1 x → −1 51. lim = lim
x → −3 x2 − 9 x → −3 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
= ( −1) 2 − (−1) + 1 = 3
x−2 −3 − 2 −5 5
7 = lim = = =
x → −3 x−3 −3 − 3 −6 6
−4 4
−1
x2 + 2 x − 8
= lim
( x − 2)( x + 4)
52. lim
x→2 x2 − x − 2 x → 2 ( x − 2)( x + 1)
x + 4 2+ 4 6
= lim = = = 2
x→2 x +1 2+1 3
x +5 −3 x +5 −3 x +5 +3
53. lim = lim ⋅
x→4 x − 4 x→4 x − 4 x +5 +3
= lim
(x + 5) − 9
= lim
1
=
1
=
1
x→4
( x − 4) ( x +5 +3 ) x→4 x +5 +3 9 +3 6
x +1 − 2 x +1 − 2 x +1 + 2 x −3
54. lim = lim ⋅ = lim
x →3 x −3 x →3 x −3 x +1 + 2 x → 3
( x − 3) x + 1 + 2
1 1 1
= lim = =
x →3 x +1 + 2 4 + 2 4
x +5 − 5 x +5 − 5 x +5 + 5
55. lim = lim ⋅
x →0 x x→0 x x +5 + 5
= lim
(x + 5) − 5
= lim
1
=
1
=
1
=
5
x→0 x ( x +5 + 5 ) x →0 x +5 + 5 5 + 5 2 5 10
2+ x − 2 2+ x − 2 2+ x + 2
56. lim = lim ⋅
x →0 x x →0 x 2+ x + 2
2+ x − 2 1 1 1 2
= lim = lim = = =
x →0
( 2+ x + )
2 x x→0 2+ x + 2 2 + 2 2 2 4
1 1
−
57. lim 3 + x 3 = lim 3 − (3 + x) = lim −x
= lim
−1
=
−1
= −
1
x→0 x x → 0 (3 + x )3( x ) x → 0 (3 + x )(3)( x ) x → 0 (3 + x )3 (3)3 9
1 1 4 − ( x + 4)
−
58. lim x + 4 4 = lim 4( x + 4)
x→0 x x→0 x
−1 −1 1
= lim = = −
x → 0 4( x + 4) 4(4) 16
2( x + Δx) − 2 x 2 x + 2 Δx − 2 x 2 Δx
59. lim = lim = lim = lim 2 = 2
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0
(x + Δx) − x 2 x 2 + 2 xΔx + ( Δx) − x 2 Δx( 2 x + Δx)

2 2
60. lim = lim = lim = lim ( 2 x + Δx ) = 2 x
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0
(x + Δx) − 2( x + Δx) + 1 − ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
2
x 2 + 2 xΔx + ( Δx) − 2 x − 2Δx + 1 − x 2 + 2 x − 1
2
61. lim = lim

Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx
= lim ( 2 x + Δx − 2) = 2 x − 2
Δx → 0
62. lim
(x + Δx) − x3
3
= lim
x3 + 3 x 2 Δx + 3x( Δx) + ( Δx) − x3
2 3
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx
(
Δx 3 x + 3 xΔx + ( Δx)
2 2
)=
= lim
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0
(
lim 3 x 2 + 3 xΔx + ( Δx)
2
) = 3x 2
sin x  sin x  1  1 1 sin 2 x  sin x 

63. lim = lim    = (1)  = 67. lim = lim  sin x = (1) sin 0 = 0
x→0 5x x → 0  x  5 
   
5 5 x→0 x x→0  x 
3(1 − cos x)   (1 − cos x)  tan 2 x sin 2 x  sin x sin x 

64. lim = lim 3  = (3)(0) = 0 68. lim = lim = lim  ⋅ 
x x → 0 x cos 2 x cos 2 x 
x→0 x x→0 
  x 
x→0 x→0
 x
= (1)(0) = 0
65. lim
(sin x)(1 − cos x)  sin x 1 − cos x 
= lim  ⋅ 
(1 − cos h)
2
x→0 x2 x→0  x x  1 − cos h
69. lim = lim  (1 − cos h)
= (1)(0) = 0 h→0 h h→0  h 
= (0)(0) = 0
cos θ tan θ sin θ
66. lim = lim =1
θ →0 θ θ →0 θ 70. lim φ sec φ = π ( −1) = −π
φ →π
6 − 6 cos x 6 − 6 cos 0 6−6

71. lim = = = 0
x→0 3 3 3
cos x − sin x − 1 − sin x cos x − 1

72. lim = lim + lim
x→0 2x x→0 2x x→0 2x
1 sin x 1 1 − cos x
= − lim − lim
2 x→0 x 2 x→0 x
1 1 1
= − (1) − (0) = −
2 2 2
sin 3t  sin 3t  3   3 3 sin 2 x   sin 2 x  1  3 x 

73. lim = lim    = (1)  = 74. lim = lim 2   
t →0 2t t → 0  3t  2   2 2 sin 3 x
x→0 x→0
  2 x  3  sin 3 x 
1 2
= 2(1) (1) =
 3 3
x + 2 − 2
75. f ( x) =
x
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 0.358 0.354 0.354 ? 0.354 0.353 0.349
It appears that the limit is 0.354.

2
−3 3
−2
The graph has a hole at x = 0.

x + 2 − 2 x + 2 − 2 x + 2 + 2
Analytically, lim = lim ⋅
x →0 x x →0 x x + 2 + 2
x + 2− 2 1 1 2
= lim = lim = = ≈ 0.354.
x →0 x ( x + 2 + 2 ) x→0 x + 2 + 2 2 2 4
4− x
76. f ( x) =
x − 16
x 15.9 15.99 15.999 16 16.001 16.01 16.1

f (x) –0.1252 –0.125 –0.125 ? –0.125 –0.125 –0.1248
It appears that the limit is –0.125.

1
0 20
−1
Analytically, lim
4− x
= lim
(4 − x ) = lim
−1 1
= − .
x →16 x − 16 x →16
( x + 4)( x − 4) x →16 x + 4 8
1 1
−
77. f ( x) = 2 + x 2
x
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) –0.263 –0.251 –0.250 ? –0.250 –0.249 –0.238

3
−5 1
−2

1 1
−
Analytically, lim 2 + x 2 = lim 2 − ( 2 + x ) ⋅ 1 = lim −x
⋅
1
= lim
−1 1
= − .
x→0 x x→0 2( 2 + x) x x → 0 2( 2 + x ) x x → 0 2( 2 + x ) 4
x5 − 32
78. f ( x) =
x − 2
x 1.9 1.99 1.999 1.9999 2.0 2.0001 2.001 2.01 2.1

f (x) 72.39 79.20 79.92 79.99 ? 80.01 80.08 80.80 88.41
It appears that the limit is 80.

100
−4 3
− 25
x5 − 32 ( x − 2)( x 4 + 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 8 x + 16)
Analytically, lim = lim = lim ( x 4 + 2 x3 + 4 x 2 + 8 x + 16) = 80.
x→2 x − 2 x→2 x − 2 x→2
(Hint: Use long division to factor x5 − 32. )
sin 3t
79. f (t ) =
t
t –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (t) 2.96 2.9996 3 ? 3 2.9996 2.96

4
− 2π 2π
−1
The graph has a hole at t = 0.

sin 3t  sin 3t 
Analytically, lim = lim 3  = 3(1) = 3.
t →0 t t → 0  3t 
cos x − 1
80. f ( x) =
2 x2
x –1 –0.1 –0.01 0.01 0.1 1

f (x) –0.2298 –0.2498 –0.25 –0.25 –0.2498 –0.2298

1
−π π
−1

cos x − 1 cos x + 1 cos 2 x − 1 −sin 2 x sin 2 x −1
Analytically, ⋅ = = = ⋅
2x 2
cos x + 1 2 x (cos x + 1)
2
2 x (cos x + 1)
2
x 2
2(cos x + 1)
 sin 2 x −1   −1  1
lim  2 ⋅  = 1  = − = −0.25
x→0  x
 2( cos x + 1)   4  4
sin x 2
81. f ( x) =
x
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) –0.099998 –0.01 –0.001 ? 0.001 0.01 0.099998

1

−2π 2π
sin x 2  sin x 2 
Analytically, lim = lim x 2  = 0(1) = 0.
x→0 x x → 0
 x 
−1
sin x
82. f ( x ) = 3
x
x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

f (x) 0.215 0.0464 0.01 ? 0.01 0.0464 0.215

2

−3 3
sin x  sin x 
 = (0)(1) = 0.
3
Analytically, lim 3
= lim x2 
x→0 x x→0  x 
−2
83. f ( x) = 3x − 2
f ( x + Δx) − f ( x) 3( x + Δx) − 2 − (3x − 2) 3 x + 3Δx − 2 − 3 x + 2 3Δx
lim = lim = lim = lim = 3
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx
84. f ( x) = − 6 x + 3
lim
f ( x + Δx) − f ( x )
= lim
[− 6( x + Δx ) + 3] − [− 6 x + 3]
= lim
− 6 x − 6Δx + 3 + 6 x − 3
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx
− 6Δx
= lim = lim (− 6) = − 6
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0
85. f ( x ) = x 2 − 4 x
(x + Δx) − 4( x + Δx) − ( x 2 − 4 x)
2
f ( x + Δx) − f ( x) x 2 + 2 xΔx + Δx 2 − 4 x − 4Δx − x 2 + 4 x
lim = lim = lim
Δx( 2 x + Δx − 4)
= lim = lim ( 2 x + Δx − 4) = 2 x − 4
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0
86. f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 1
3( x + Δx)2 + 1 − 3x 2 + 1
lim
f ( x + Δx) − f ( x)
= lim    
= lim
(3x 2 + 6 xΔx + 1) − (3x2 + 1)
6 xΔx
= lim = lim 6 x = 6 x
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0
87. f ( x) = 2 x
lim
f ( x + Δx) − f ( x)
= lim
2 x + Δx − 2 x
= lim
2 ( x + Δx − x )⋅ x + Δx + x
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx x + Δx + x
2( x + Δx − x) 2Δx
= lim = lim
Δx → 0 Δx ( x + Δx + x ) Δx → 0 Δx ( x + Δx + x )
2 2 1
= lim = = = x −1 2
Δx → 0 x + Δx + x 2 x x
88. f ( x) = x −5
lim
f ( x + Δx) − f ( x)
= lim
( x + Δx − 5 − ) ( x −5 ) = lim
x + Δx − x
⋅
x + Δx + x
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx x + Δx + x
= lim
(x + Δx) − x
= lim
Δx
Δx → 0 Δx ( x + Δx + x ) Δx → 0 Δx ( x + Δx + x )
1 1
= lim =
Δx → 0 x + Δx + x 2 x
1
89. f ( x) =
x +3
1 1
f ( x + Δx) − f ( x ) −
lim = lim x + Δx + 3 x + 3 = lim x + 3 − ( x + Δx + 3) ⋅ 1
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 ( x + Δx + 3)( x + 3) Δx
−Δx −1 −1
= lim = lim =
Δx → 0 (x + Δx + 3)( x + 3)Δx Δx → 0 ( x + Δx + 3)( x + 3)
( + 3)
x
2
1
90. f ( x) =
x2
1 1
− 2
f ( x + Δx) − f ( x) x 2 − ( x + Δx)
2
( x + Δx) 2 x
lim = lim = lim
Δx → 0 Δx Δx → 0 Δx ( )
Δx → 0 x 2 x + Δx 2 Δx
x 2 −  x 2 + 2 xΔx + (Δx) 2  − 2 xΔx − ( Δx)

2
= lim = lim
Δx → 0 x 2 ( x + Δx) 2 Δx Δx → 0 x 2 ( x + Δx ) 2 Δx
− 2 x − Δx −2 x 2
= lim = 4 = − 3
Δx → 0 x 2 ( x + Δx) 2 x x
91. lim ( 4 − x 2 ) ≤ lim f ( x) ≤ lim (3 + x 2 ) 94. f ( x) = x cos x

x→0 x→0 x→0
6
4 ≤ lim f ( x) ≤ 4 lim x cos x = 0
x→0 x→0
Therefore, lim f ( x) = 4. −2π 2π

x→0
92. lim b − x − a  ≤ lim f ( x) ≤ lim b + x − a  −6

x→a x→a x→a
b ≤ lim f ( x) ≤ b 1
x→a
95. f ( x) = x sin
x
Therefore, lim f ( x) = b. 0.5
x→a  1
lim  x sin  = 0
x→0  x
93. f ( x) = x sin x − 0.5 0.5
− 0.5
− 2π 2π
1
96. f ( x) = x cos
x
−6 0.5
 1
lim x sin x = 0 lim  x cos  = 0
x→0
x→0  x
− 0.5 0.5
− 0.5
97. (a) Two functions f and g agree at all but one point (on an open interval) if f ( x) = g ( x) for all x in the
interval except for x = c, where c is in the interval.
x2 − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
(b) f ( x ) = = and g ( x) = x + 1 agree at all points except x = 1.
x −1 x −1
(Other answers possible.)
98. Answers will vary. Sample answers:

1 1 1
(a) linear: f ( x) = x; lim x = (8) = 4
2 x → 8 2 2
(b) polynomial of degree 2: f ( x) = x 2 − 60; lim ( x 2 − 60) = 82 − 60 = 4
x →8
x x 8 8
(c) rational: f ( x) = ; lim = = = 4
2 x − 14 x → 8 2 x − 14 2(8) − 14 2
(d) radical: f ( x) = x + 8; lim x +8 = 8+8 = 16 = 4
x →8
(e) cosine: f ( x) = 4 cos(π x); lim 4 cos (π x) = 4 cos 8π = 4(1) = 4

x →8
π  π  π
(f ) sine: f ( x) = 4 sin  x  ; lim 4 sin  x  = 4 sin = 4(1) = 4
 16  x → 8  16  2
99. f ( x) = x, g ( x) = sin x, h( x) =
sin x 101. s(t ) = −16t 2 + 500
x
−16( 2) + 500 − ( −16t 2 + 500)
2
3 s ( 2) − s ( t )
lim = lim
g h
f t →2 2−t t→2 2−t
−5 5 436 + 16t 2 − 500
= lim
t→2 2−t
−3 16(t 2 − 4)
= lim
When the x-values are “close to” 0 the magnitude of f t→2 2−t
is approximately equal to the magnitude of g. So, 16(t − 2)(t + 2)
= lim
g f ≈ 1 when x is “close to” 0. t→2 2−t
= lim −16(t + 2) = −64 ft/sec
t→2
100. (a) Use the dividing out technique because the
numerator and denominator have a common factor. The paint can is falling at about 64 feet/second.
(b) Use the rationalizing technique because the
numerator involves a radical expression.
500 5 5 5 5
102. s(t ) = −16t 2 + 500 = 0 when t = = sec. The velocity at time a = is
16 2 2
5 5 
s   − s(t )
 2  0 − ( −16t 2 + 500)
lim = lim
5 5  5 5 5 5  5 5
t → 
 2 
 −t t → 
 2 
 −t
2 2
 125 
16 t 2 − 
= lim  4 
5 5  5 5
t → 
 2 
 −t
2
 5 5  5 5
16 t + 
 t − 
 2  2 
= lim
5 5  5 5
t → 
 2 
 −t
2
  5 5 
= lim −16 t +  = −80 5 ft/sec
t→
5 5 
  2 
2
≈ −178.9 ft/sec.
The velocity of the paint can when it hits the ground is about 178.9 ft/sec.
103. s(t ) = −4.9t 2 + 200
−4.9(3) + 200 − ( −4.9t 2 + 200)

2
s(3) − s(t )
lim = lim
t →3 3−t t →3 3−t
4.9(t 2 − 9)
= lim
t →3 3−t
4.9(t − 3)(t + 3)
= lim
t →3 3−t
= lim − 4.9(t + 3)
t →3 
= −29.4 m/sec
The object is falling about 29.4 m/sec.
200 20 5 20 5
104. −4.9t 2 + 200 = 0 when t = = sec. The velocity at time a = is
4.9 7 7
s ( a ) − s (t ) 0 − −4.9t 2 + 200
lim = lim
t →a a −t t →a a −t
4.9(t + a )(t − a )
= lim
t →a a −t
  20 5 
= lim −4.9 t +  = −28 5 m/sec
t→
20 5 
  7 
7
≈ −62.6 m/sec.
The velocity of the object when it hits the ground is about 62.6 m/sec.
105. Let f ( x) = 1 x and g ( x) = −1 / x. lim f ( x) and lim g ( x) do not exist. However,

x→0 x→0
 1  1 
lim  f ( x) + g ( x) = lim  +  −  = lim [0] = 0 and therefore does not exist.
x→0 x→0 x
  x  x→0
106. Suppose, on the contrary, that lim g ( x) exists. Then, 110. Given lim f ( x) = 0:
x→c x→c
because lim f ( x) exists, so would lim  f ( x) + g ( x), For every ε > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that
x→c x→c
which is a contradiction. So, lim g ( x) does not exist. f ( x) − 0 < ε whenever 0 < x − c < δ .
x→c
Now f ( x) − 0 = f ( x) = f ( x) − 0 < ε for
107. Given f ( x) = b, show that for every ε > 0 there exists
x − c < δ . Therefore, lim f ( x) = 0.
a δ > 0 such that f ( x) − b < ε whenever x→c
x − c < δ . Because f ( x ) − b = b − b = 0 < ε for

111. − M f ( x) ≤ f ( x) g ( x) ≤ M f ( x)
every ε > 0, any value of δ > 0 will work.
(
lim − M f ( x)
x→c
)≤ (
lim  f ( x) g ( x) ≤ lim M f ( x)
x→c x→c
)
108. Given f ( x ) = x , n is a positive integer, then
n
− M (0) ≤ lim  f ( x) g ( x) ≤ M (0)
x→c
lim x n = lim ( xx n −1 )
x→c x→c 0 ≤ lim  f ( x ) g ( x) ≤ 0
x→c
=  lim x  lim x n −1  = c  lim ( xx n − 2 )
x → c  x → c  x → c  Therefore, lim  f ( x) g ( x) = 0.
x→c
= c  lim x  lim x n − 2  = c(c) lim ( xx n − 3 )
 x → c  x → c  x→c
112. (a) If lim f ( x) = 0, then lim − f ( x)  = 0.
=  = cn . x→c x→c
− f ( x) ≤ f ( x) ≤ f ( x)
109. If b = 0, the property is true because both sides are
lim − f ( x)  ≤ lim f ( x) ≤ lim f ( x)
equal to 0. If b ≠ 0, let ε > 0 be given. Because x→c x→c x→c
lim f ( x) = L, there exists δ > 0 such that 0 ≤ lim f ( x) ≤ 0

x→c x→c
f ( x) − L < ε b whenever 0 < x − c < δ . So, Therefore, lim f ( x) = 0.

x→c
whenever 0 < x − c < δ , we have (b) Given lim f ( x) = L:
x→c
b f ( x) − L < ε or bf ( x) − bL < ε For every ε > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that
which implies that lim bf ( x) = bL. f ( x) − L < ε whenever 0 < x − c < δ . Since
x→c
f ( x) − L ≤ f ( x) − L < ε for x − c < δ ,
then lim f ( x) = L .
x→c

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Precalculus: Area of a rectangle P(4, 2)

Precalculus: Work done by a constant force

2. A secant line through a point P is a line joining P and

10. Answers will vary. Sample answer:

Section 1.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically

3. y 4. No. For example, consider Example 2 from this section.

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

x –0.1 –0.01 –0.001 0 0.001 0.01 0.1

As x approaches 0 from either side, the function increases without bound.

(b) lim f ( x) does not exist. As x approaches 1 from the

(c) f ( 4) does not exist. The hollow circle at ( 4, 2)

(b) lim f ( x) does not exist. As x approaches –2, the 2

values of f ( x) do not approach a specific number. −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5

(c) f (0) exists. The black dot at (0, 4) indicates that

(d) lim f ( x) does not exist. As x approaches 0 from the 4

left, f ( x) approaches 12 , whereas as x approaches 0

(e) f ( 2) does not exist. The hollow circle at 2, ( ) 1

indicates that f ( 2) is not defined.

(f ) lim f ( x) exists. As x approaches 2, 35. You need f ( x) − 3 = (x + 1) − 3 = x − 2 < 0.4.

(g) f ( 4) exists. The black dot at ( 4, 2) indicates that

(h) lim f ( x) does not exist. As x approaches 4, the

values of f ( x) do not approach a specific number.

39. lim (3 x + 2) = 3(2) + 2 = 8 = L  x

3x − 6 < 0.005 (a) ( x2 )

3 x − 2 < 0.005 x 2 − 4 < 0.01

0 < x − 6 < 0.03 = δ f ( x) − L < 0.01.

So, if 0 < x − 6 < δ = 0.03, you have (b) ( x2 )

− 13 ( x − 6) < 0.01 x 2 − 4 < 0.005

you have ( x2 − 3) − 1 < 0.005.

42. lim ( x 2 + 6) = 42 + 6 = 22 = L 43. lim ( x 2 − x) = 16 − 4 = 12 = L

(x + 4)( x − 4) < 0.01 x − 4 x + 3 < 0.01

x + 4 x − 4 < 0.01 0.01

( x + 4)( x − 4) < 0.01 x 2 − x − 12 < 0.01

x 2 − 16 < 0.01 ( x2 − x) − 12 < 0.01

f ( x) − L < 0.01. (b) ( x2 − x) − 12 < 0.005

(b) ( x2 + 6) − 22 < 0.005 (x − 4)( x + 3) < 0.005

you have ( x2 + 6) − 22 < 0.005.

44. lim x 2 = 32 = 9 = L 46. lim ( 4 x + 5) = 4(− 2) + 5 = − 3

(x − 3)( x + 3) < 0.01 (4 x + 5) − (− 3) < ε

x 2 − 9 < 0.01 (4 x + 5) − ( −3) < ε

f ( x) − L < 0.01 f ( x) − L < ε .

(b) x 2 − 9 < 0.005 47. lim

If you assume 2 < x < 4, then 1

Given ε > 0: ( 12 x − 1) + 3 < ε

So, let δ = ε . So, if 0 < x − 4 < δ = ε , you have

Given ε > 0: Given ε > 0: 3

So, let δ = 4ε . x < ε3

49. lim 3 = 3 x − 4 < ε x + 2

Given ε > 0: Assuming 1 < x < 9, you can choose δ = 3ε . Then,

54. lim x − 3 = 3 − 3 = 0 57. lim f ( x) = lim 4 = 4

Given ε > 0: x −3 −0 < ε

Given ε > 0: ( x2 + 4 x) − 0 < ε (a) C (10.75) = 9.99 − 0.791 − 10.75

x( x + 4) < ε = 9.99 − 0.79( −10)

62. C (t ) = 5.79 − 0.991 − t , t > 0 4 3

63. Choosing a smaller positive value of δ will still satisfy

64. In the definition of lim f ( x), f must be defined on both 7

existence of the limit of f ( x) as x approaches 2.

66. No. The fact that lim f ( x) = 4 has no bearing on the

x –1 –0.5 –0.1 0 0.1 0.5 1.0

71. 0.002 76. False. Let

Using the zoom and trace feature, δ = 0.001. So 77. f ( x) = x