THE MUSCULAR

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SYSTEM:
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

Prepared by: Roselynne A. Santillan, PTRP

 MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MUSCLE:
1. Contractility (shorten)
SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH
2. Excitability’
(respond to electical stimulus “AP”) Characteristics Long and (+) branching Fusiform
3. Elasticity cylindrical of
(return to original shape and form) interculated
4. Extensibility (Stretch/ lengthen) disc
# of Nucleus Multinucleated Uninucleated Uninucleated
FXNS OF A MUSCLE:
1. Producing motions Striations (+) (+) (-)
2. Stabilizing body positions
Contractions Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
3. Storing and moving subs in the body
4. Generating heat (Thermogenesis)
5. Respiration
PHYSIOLOGY OF EXCITABLE TISSUE: NERVE & MUSCLE

* Both nervous and muscular tissue membranes are excitable; that is, their membranes are
irritable and thereby sensitive to electrochemical change.
* Nerve cells and muscle cells are not only excitable but are also able to transmit this
electrochemical information to produce movement.

• Potential Difference: imbalance of ions from one side of a cell membrane to the other

Two factors are responsible for the ability of a cell to maintain a potential difference across its
membrane:
1. The cell membrane has selective permeability
2. The cell can actively move ions across the membrane to maintain a required resting potential.
DIFFERENT ION CHANNELS:
1. Leak Channels
- Randomly alternate between open and closed positions.
- Leak channels are found in nearly all cells, including the dendrites, cell bodies, and axons
of all types of neurons.

2. Ligand Gated Channels

- Opens and closes in response to the binding of a ligand (chemical) stimulus.
- Ligand-gated channels are located in the dendrites.

3. Mechanically Gated Channels

- Opens or closes in response to mechanical stimulation in the form of vibration (such as
sound waves), touch, pressure, or tissue stretching.
- Found in auditory receptors in the ears, in receptors thatmonitor stretching of internal
organs, and in touch receptors and pressure receptors in the skin.

4. Voltage Gated Channels

- Opens in response to a change in membrane potential (voltage).
- Voltage-gated channels participate in the generation and conduction of action potentials in
the axons of all types of neurons.
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

- Resting Membrane Potential: it’s a small buildup of negative ions in the cytosol along the
inside of the membrane, and an equal buildup of positive ions in the extracellular fluid (ECF)
along the outside surface of the membrane.

Nerve: - 70mV
Skeletal Muscle: - 90mV
Cardiac Muscle: - 85mV (- 88mV)
Smooth Muscle: - 40mV to - 60mV
GIT: - 56mV

- Graded potential: used for short- distance communication only.

- Action potential: allow communication over long distances within the body.
- Depolarization: When the response makes the membrane less negative inside. (more
positive)
- Repolarization: When the response makes the membrane return to it’s negative state.
(less positive)
- Hyperpolarization: When the response makes the membrane more negative than it’s
resting state.

- Firing level: increase in membrane potential of 15-30mV to cause an explosive

development of AP
- “All or None Principle”: AP are only elicited beyound the firing level.

- Refractory period: The period of time after an action potential begins during which
an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential in response to a normal
threshold stimulus.
- Relative refractory period: period of time during which a second action potential can
be initiated, but only by a larger than normal stimulus.
- Absolute refractory period: even a very strong stimulus cannot initiate a second action
potential.
PHASES OF ACTION POTENTIAL:
ORGANIZATION OF THE MUSCLE:

1. Skeletal Muscle
- Epimysium

2. Muscle bundle/ Fascicle

- Perimysium

3. Muscle Fiber
- Endomysium

4. Myofibril
- contractile organelle of the mm
SARCOMERE
- Functional unit of the mm fiber
- Portion between two Z-discs
- Muscle contraction

• Sarcoplasm
- Cytoplasm of the mm fiber
- Contains Myoglobin
- Protein, found only in muscle
- Binds O2 mol

• Sarcolemma
- Cell membrane of a mm fibers
- Transverse (T) Tubules
- Tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma,
filled c Interstital fluid
- Mm AP travel over the surface of the
sarcolemma and through the T-tubules
- Quick spread of AP throughout the mm
- Ensures that an AP excites all parts of
the muscle fiber at the same instant
• Sarcotubular System/ T-Triad
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- Stores Ca ions in a relaxed mm
- Contains Terminal Cisternae
- Triad onsists of:
i. 1 T-Tubule
ii. 2 SR
MYOFILAMENTS

• I-band: Thin filament only

• A-band: Thick and Thin
• H-zone: Thick filament only
• M-line: Middle line
• Z-disc: Border of the
sarcomere
PROTEINS OF THE MUSCLES

1. Contractile Proteins
• Myosin
• Actin

2. Regulatory protein
• Troponin
• Tropomyosin

3. Structural Protein
• Titin
- third most plentiful protein in skeletal muscle (after actin and myosin)
- Z disc to the M line of the sarcomere
• a-actinin
- bind to actin molecules of the thin filament and to titin.
• Myomesin
- form the M line
• Nebulin
- long, nonelastic protein wrapped around the entire length of a thin filament
- anchor the thin filaments to the Z disc
• Dystrophin
- links thin filaments of the sarcomere to integral membrane proteins of the sarcolemma
FILAMENTS

1. Thin Filaments
- Compose of 3 proteins

i. Actin
- made of G-actin (globular) and forms double f-actin (filamentous)actin protein molecules

ii. Tropomyosin
- Spirals over the actin that covers myosin binding sites

iii. Troponin
a) I: covers myosin binding sites
b) C: high affinity with Ca
c) T: forms the Troponin-Tropomyosin complex
2. Thick Filaments

i. Myosin Head
- Heavy meromyosin
- Binds to myosin binding sites on the actin molecules during mm ctrxn
- Attachment site for ATP

ii. Myosin Tail

- Light meromyosin
- Shaped like little golf club tailed together.
1. Nerve endings
- voltage gated Ca channels
- Vesicles
- Acetylcholine

2. Synaptic cleft
- Acetylcholinesterase
(enzyme)

3. motor end plate

(Sarcolemma)
- Acetylcholine receptors
- ligand gated Na channels
MOTOR UNIT
 MUSCLE TWITCH

• The contraction of a muscle

as a result of one or more
muscle fibers contracting
• Has lag, contraction, and
relaxation phases
STRENGTH IN MUSCLE CTRXN
• Incomplete tetanus is partial relaxation between contractions,
and complete tetanus is no relaxation between contractions
• The force of contraction of a whole muscle increases with
increased frequency of stimulation because of an increasing
concentration of Ca2+ around the myofibrils
• Treppe is an increase in the force of contraction during the
first few contractions of a rested muscle
 MUSCLE ACTIVATION
1. ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION 4. ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
- No chage in jt degree - Same tone or load
- (+) ctrxn, (-) mvn’t
5. ISOKINETIC CONTRACTION
2. CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION - Same rate of mvn’t
- Shortening of mm - Machine assisted
- (+) mvn’t

3. ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION
- Lengthening of mm
 FUNCTIONAL ACTIVATION
1. AGONIST
- Principle mm that produces the motion
- Prime mover

2. ANTAGONIST
- Located opposite the agonist
- Passive lengthening to allow the agonist to contruct

3. SYNERGIST
- Mm that act c the agonist
- Obstruct unnecessary motions

4. FIXATORS
- stabilize the action of prime movers
 MUSCLE METABOLISM
1. Creatine Phosphate
2. Anaerobic Glycolisis
3. Aerobic Respiration
TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER
 ATROPHY, HYPERATROPHY
• Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of muscles. Due to an increase in
the size of muscle fibers resulting from an increase in the number of
myofibrils in the muscle fibers
Aerobic exercise
- Increases the vascularity of muscle
- Greater hypertrophy of slow-twitch fibers than fast-twitch fibers
Intense anaerobic exercise
- Greater hypertrophy of fast-twitch fibers than slow-twitch

• Atrophy is a decrease in the size of muscle. Due to a decrease in the size

of muscle fibers or a loss of muscle fibers
 Regulation of Smooth Muscle
● Contraction is involuntary
○ Multiunit smooth muscle contracts when externally stimulated by
nerves, hormones, or other substances
○ Visceral smooth muscle contracts autorhythmically or when
stimulated externally
● Hormones are important in regulating smooth muscle
 Structure of Smooth Muscle Cells
● Spindle-shaped with a single nucleus
● Have actin and myosin myofilaments
○ Actin myofilaments are connected to dense bodies
and dense areas
• Not striated
• No T tubule
system and most
have less SR than
skeletal muscle
• No troponin
Contraction and Relaxation of Smooth
Muscle

● Calcium ions enter the cell to initiate contraction

○ Bind to calmodulin
○ Activate myosin kinase, which transfers a phosphate group from
ATP to myosin
○ When phosphate groups are attached to myosin, cross-bridges
form
● Relaxation results when myosin phosphatase removes a phosphate
group from the myosin molecule
Functional Properties of Smooth Muscle
● Pacemaker cells are autorhythmic smooth muscle cells that
control the contraction of other smooth muscle cells
● Smooth muscle cells contract more slowly than skeletal
muscle cells
● Smooth muscle tone is the ability of smooth muscle to
maintain a steady tension for long periods with little
expenditure of energy
● Smooth muscle in the walls of hollow organs maintain a
relatively constant pressure on the contents of the organ
despite changes in content volume
● The force of smooth muscle contraction remains nearly
constant despite changes in muscle length
 FATIGUE
● The decreased ability to do work
● Can be caused by:
○ The central nervous system (psychologic fatigue)
○ Depletion of ATP in muscles (muscular fatigue)
● Physiologic contracture (the inability of muscles to contract or
relax) and rigor mortis (stiff muscles after death) result from
inadequate amounts of ATP
 LEVER
- A simple machine that consists of a rigid bar that rotates around an axis,or fulcrum

ELEMENTS OF A MECHANICAL LEVER:

1. Axis (A)/ Fulcrum
2. Resistance (R)/ Weight
3. Moving force (F)/ Effort/ Pull

RESISTANCE ARM:
- The perpendicular distance from the axis to the line of action of the resistance
FORCE ARM:
- The perpendicular distance from the moving force to the axis
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE:
- Ratio between the length of force arm and length of resistance arm
- >/= 1
1. FIRST CLASS LEVER
- the fulcrum is between the pull and the weight
- Force
2. SECOND CLASS LEVER
- the weight is between the fulcrum and the pull
- Power
3.THIRD CLASS LEVER
- the pull is applied between the fulcrum and the weight
- Speed
- Most Common
 I W - F- E
II F-W-E
III F-E-W