Chapter 4 - Cementing - M

11/5/2022
TẬP ĐOÀN DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM
DRILLING ENGINEERING
Chapter 4
Cementing
Plan of course
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Rotary Drilling

CHAPTER 2 – Introduction to Geomechanics in Drilling
CHAPTER 3 – Drilling fluids
CHAPTER 4 – Cementing
CHAPTER 5 – Drilling hydraulics
CHAPTER 6 – Rotary drilling bits
CHAPTER 7 – Casing design
CHAPTER 8 – Directional drilling
CHAPTER 9 – Fuldamentals of drillstring design
CHAPTER 10 – Drilling problems
Chapter 4: Cementing 2
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Content
CHAPTER 4 – Cementing
1. Composition of Portland Cement.

2. Cement Testing.
3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling Cements.
4. Cement Additives.
5. Cement Placement Techniques.
6. Well Parameters Affecting Cement Design and
Operations.
Purposes of chapter 4
❖ When you complete this chapter, you should be
able to:
• The primary objectives of cementing

• The test procedures used to determine the cement Slurry
and set cement.
• The additives used to obtain the desirable properties
under various well conditions
• The techniques used to place the cement at the desired
location in the well
*The mathematical modeling of the flow behavior of the cement slurry is not discussed
in this chapter but is presented in detail in Chapter 5 (Drilling Hydraulics)
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Introduction
► Cementing is used in the drilling operation to

prevent the movement of fluid through the annular
space outside the casing, protect and support the
casing
► Cementing is the process of placing a cement
slurry in a well by mixing powdered cement,
additives, and water at the surface and pumping it
by hydraulic displacement to the desired location
Introduction
► API RP 65-part 2 (2010): Rigidity of hard-set cement must be designed
to allow enough ductility to maintain a seal under expected load
conditions including those in deep, high pressure/high temperature
(HT/HP) wells
► Drilling engineering: select the best cement composition and placement
technique for each required acpplication
► Abnormally high formation pressure may require several casing strings
to be cemented properly in place before the well can be drilled and
completed successfully
► Cement composition and placement technique for each job must be
chosen so that the cement will achieve an adequate strenth soon after
being placed in the desired location. This minimizes the waiting period
after cementing and before commencing rig operations to change the
BOP, wellhead, hydrostatic pressure and drill out the casing shoe
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Introduction
► Cement job must be designed so that the density and length of the unset
cement column results in sufficient subsurface pressure to prevent the
movement of formation pore fluids into the wellbore (API RP 65-part 2)
1. Composition of Portland Cement
► Portland cement is the main ingredient in almost all

drilling cements.
► It is made by burning a blend of limestone and clay.
► A slurry of Portland cement in water is ideal for use
in wells because it can be pumped easily and
hardens readily in an underwater environment.
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High-pressure grinding rolls
(optional, usually used in
conjunction with a ball mill)
Feed
Limestone
Iron ore
To
Sand
Clay
preheater
Discharge Dust
Raw mix
collector
Raw materials
are proportioned
Air
Roller mill To pneumatic pump
Dry mixing and Ground raw
blending silos material storage
Raw materials are ground to powder and blended.
Hot gases from preheater or clinker cooler to raw mill
Raw material feed

Preheater. Hot gases from kiln heat
raw feed and provide about 40%
calcination before feed enters kiln
Some installations include a Flash
Furnace that provides about 85% to 95% Materials are
calcination before feed enters kiln stored separately
Clinker
Dust Tertiary air duct
collector
Gypsum
Air
Fan Dust collector Rotating kiln Clinker cooler
Clinker and gypsum conveyed
to grinding mills
Burning changes raw mix chemically into cement clinker.
Clinker with gypsum is ground into Portland cement.
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Chapter 4: Cementing

❖ The relative amounts of the four crystalline
compounds present are computed from the oxide
analysis (API spec 10A/ISO 10426-1 (2002))
C3S = 4.07 C - 7.6 S - 6.72 A - 1.43 F - 2.85 SO3
C2S = 2.87 S - 0.754 C3S
C3A = 2.65 A – 1.69 F
C4AF = 3.04 F
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Oxide Weight Percent

Lime (CaO or C) 65.6
Silica (SiO2 or S) 22.2
Alumina(Al2O3) 5.8
Ferric oxide(Fe2O3 or F) 2.8
Magnesia (MgO) 1.9
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) 1.8
Ignition Loss 0.7
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2. Cement Testing
► API Spec 10A/ISO 10426-1 (2002), RP 10B-2/ISO 10426-2 (2005), RP

10B-3/ISO 10426-3 (2004), RP 10B-4/ ISO 10426-4 (2004) other API,
ISO, and ASTM standards; and some nonstandard publications such as
SPE papers may present state-of-the-art, recommended procedures for
testing well cements.
► A pressurized mud balance for determining the slurry density

► An HP/HT filter press for determining the filtration rate of the slurry
► A rotational viscometer for determining the rheological properties of the slurry
► A consistometer for determining the thickening rate characteristics of the slurry under downhole
pressure and temperature conditions
► Cement HP/HT curing and strength testing machines for determining the compressive strength of
the cement
► A graduated cylinder for determining the free fluid of the setting cement
► An HP/HT SGS testing device to measure the time period for the fluid cement slurry to convert
into a high- enough SGS to inhibit formation-fluid influx and migration [see more in ISO 10426-6
(2008)]
► A triaxial load cell for determining the ductility of the cement
2. Cement Testing
2.1. Cement Consistometer
► Pressurized mud balance used to minimize the effect of the entrained
aire
Mud balance. Courtesy of Halliburton

ISO 10426-2 (2005)
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2. Cement Testing
Figure 4.2: Example of (a) pressurized and (b) atmospheric consistometers.

Courtesy of Halliburton
2. Cement Testing
❖ The cylindrical slurry chamber is rotated at 150 rev/min
❖ Slurry consistency is defined in terms of the torque
exerted on the paddle by the cement slurry
T  78.2
Bc 
20.02
► T=torque on the paddle in g-cm
► Bc=slurry consistency in API
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2. Cement Testing
❖ Thickening time of the slurry is defined as the time
required to reach a consistency of 100 Bc. The
temperature and pressure schedule followed during data
concerning the temperatures and pressures encountered
during types of cementing operations
❖ 0A (2002), RP 10B-2 (2005)/ISO 10426-2 (2003), RP
10B-3 (2004)/ISO 10426-3 (2003), and RP 10B-4
(2004)/ISO 10426-4 (2004) provide procedures for a
number of schedules for simulating various casing and
liner cementing operations.
2. Cement Testing
❖ Atmospheric pressure consistometer is frequently used
to simulate a given history of slurry pumping before
performing certain tests on the slurry, such as tests for
free fluid, rheology, fluid loss, and compressive strength.
❖ Sometimes used to determine the maximum, minimum,
and normal water ratios [% BWOC (by weight of
cement)] for various types of cements and is most often
used to condition the slurry for the free fluid content test.
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2. Cement Testing
Example 4.2 The torque required to hold the

paddle assembly stationary in a cement
consistometer rotating at 150 rev/min is 520 g-cm.
Compute the slurry consistency.
T  78.2 520  78.2

Bc    22 consistency units
20.02 20.02
2. Cement Testing
2.2. Strength Tests
❖ The standard tests for cement compressive strength are published

in API Spec. 10A (2002)/ ISO 10426-1 (2002), RP 10B-2
(2005)/ISO 10426-2 (2003), RP 10B-3 (2004)/ISO 10426-3
(2003), and RP 10B-4 (2004)/ISO 10426-4 (2004) for drilling
cements
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2. Cement Testing
2.2. Strength Tests

❖ The compressive strength of the set cement is the compressional force
required to crush the cement divided by the cross-sectional area of the
sample.
❖ Test schedules for curing strength test specimens are recommended by
API.
❖ Compressive strength of the cement is usually about 12 times greater
than the tensile strength
❖ Nondestructive Sonic Strength Testing of Cement: is used to correlate
cement compressive strength to sonic travel time and is performed by a
testing device commonly called an ultrasonic cement analyzer (UCA)
(see more in ISO 10426-2 (2005))
2. Cement Testing
2.3. Nonstandard Tests and Modeling
The test and mathematical model conclusions are used by Par
2009 to rind the root cause for abnormally high cement-
displacement pressure in liner cementing:
❖ 1. Slurry dewatering and filter-cake buildup were simulated to
show an annular restriction effect caused by a high-
permeability formation interval.
❖ 2. Solids settling was demonstrated within the drilling mud and
spacer fluids. And build a soft layer of low-mobility solids, but
not a hard layer of solids. Its make the mud difficult to remove
completely from the hole, thereby allowing the mud and
cement to mix.
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2. Cement Testing
2.3. Nonstandard Tests and Modeling

❖ 3. Using ultralow shear and HP/HT downhole conditions, the
static-gel-strength (SGS) development of the drilling fluid was
measured, showing that mud erodibility was low
❖ 4. Film buildup on interior liner pipe walls was measured and
shown to be minor relative to issues with cement placement.
❖ 5. Results of mud/spacer/cement compatibility laboratory test
data and numerical modeling showed the means by which
mixing of mud and cement as incompatible fluids might occur
and contribute greatly to the abnormal cementing job pressures.
2. Cement Testing
2.4. Permeability testing
❖ Routine permeability testing of cement has been

abandoned by the oil and gas industry.
❖ The API RP-65 Task Group discounted cement
permeability as a cause for natural gas migration
occurrences.
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3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

Cements
1. Construction Industry Cement Designations
❖ API Spec. 10A (2002) and its equivalent standard,
ISO 10426-1 (2006), have defined eight (six in ISO
10426-1) standard classes and three standard
types of cement for use in wells.
❖ The chemical and physical requirements for the
various types and classes are given in API Spec.
10A. The majority of oilwell cements are Class G
and Class H.

Cements
3.1. Construction Industry Cement Designations
Figure 4.3: Five basic types of Portland cements are used commonly
in the construction industry in the USA
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Cements
3.2. Standard Cements
The product obtained by grinding Portland cement clinker,
consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, usually
containing one or more forms of calcium sulfate as an interground
additive.
• Using when special properties are not required.
• Available only in ordinary (O) Grade (similar to ASTM C
Class A 150, Type I).
• Conditions require moderate or high sulfate-resistance.

• Available in both moderate sulfate-resistant (MSR) and
ClassB high sulfate-resistant (HSR) Grades (similar to ASTM C
150, Type II).

Cements
2. Standard Cements
• Conditions require high early strength.
• Available in ordinary (O), moderate sulfate resistant
Class C (MSR) and high sulfate-resistant (HSR) Grades (similar
to ASTM C 150, Type III).
• Conditions of moderately high temperatures and

pressures.
Class D • Available in moderate sulfate-resistant (MSR) and high
sulfate-resistant (HSR) Grades.
• Conditions of high temperatures and pressures.

Class E • Available in moderate sulfate-resistant (MSR) and high
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Cements
• conditions of extremely high temperatures and
pressures..
Class F • Available in moderate sulfate-resistant (MSR) and high
• No additives other than calcium sulfate or water. Using

as a basic well cement
Class G • Available in moderate sulfate resistant (MSR) and high
• No additives other than calcium sulfate or water. Using

as a basic well cement
Class H • Available in moderate sulfate-resistant (MSR) and high

Cements
Figure 4.4: Normal water content of cement
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Cements
3.3. Nonstandard Cements
❖ Nonstandard cements are often used for special

applications and do not fall into any specific API,
ISO, or ASTM classification

Cements
Pozzolan-Portland Cements.
❖ Dry blended with Portland cements including API, ISO, or
ASTM cements to produce “lightweight” (low-density)
slurries.
❖ Include any natural or industrial siliceous or silica-aluminous
material.
❖ Reducing permeability and protects cement from chemical
attack by corrosive formation waters.
❖ In most cases, pozzolanic materials can reduce the effect of
sulfate attack.
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Cements
Gypsum Cements.
❖ Composed of API Class A, C, G, or H cement and the
hemihydrate form gypsum (CaSO4 .0.5H2O).
❖ Using in low-temperature applications for primary casing or
remedial cementing work.
❖ A cement with high gypsum content has increased ductility
and acid solubility.
❖ A 50:50 gypsum cement is frequently used in fighting lost
circulation, to form a permanent insoluble plug.

Cements
Microfine cements
❖ Composed of (1) sulfate-resisting Portland cements, (2)
Portland cement blends with ground granulated blast
furnace slag, and (3) alkali-activated ground granulated
blast furnace slag.
❖ Have a high penetrability and ultrarapid hardening.
Applications for unsound formations and repair of casing
leaks in squeeze operations.
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Cements
Expanding Cements.
❖ Improving the bond of cement to pipe and
formation.
❖ Compensate for shrinkage in neat Portland cement
❖ Expansive cements were developed in the 1950s
and 1960s that are hydraulic in nature and have
controlled expansion that occurs just after setting.

Cements
Calcium Aluminate Cements.

❖ The first developed for industrial use as a solution
to the degradation of mortars and concretes in
ground containing large quantities of sulfate.
❖ Today, these cements are used primarily in
refractory concretes, but they are also widely used
in construction for rapid setting and controlled
expansion or shrinkage compensation.
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Cements
Latex Cement.
❖ A special cement was blended of API and ISO
Class A, G, or H with latex.
❖ Latex is a colloidal suspension of polymer in water.
❖ Latex cement are generally copolymer systems that
incorporate more than one type of polymer to
optimize film formation and flexibility.

Cements
Resin or Plastic Cements.

❖ Used for selectively plugging open holes,
squeezing perforations, and primary cementing of
waste-disposal wells, especially in highly
aggressive, acidic environments.
❖ These cements may be composed of resins and
catalysts alone or contain fillers such as silica sand.
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Cements
Sorel cement
❖ Sorel is a magnesium-oxychloride cement used as
a temporary plugging material in well cementing.
❖ The cement is made by mixing powdered
magnesium oxide with a concentrated solution of
magnesium chloride.
4. Cement Additives
The cement additives available can be subdivided

into these functional groups:
► (1) density-control additives,
► (2) setting-time-control additives
► (3) lost-circulation additives
► (4) filtration-control additives
► (5) viscosity-control additives
► (6) special additives for unusual problems.
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4. Cement Additives
Figure 4.5: Sumary of oilwell cementing additives (1)

4. Cement Additives

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4. Cement Additives

5. Cement Placement Techniques
Figure 4.8: Common cementing applications.

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5.1. Cement Casing
Figure 4.9: Primary cementing


5.1. Cement Casing
❖First, the drillstring is tripped out of the hole, and the casing string
is made up and run into the hole.
❖Next, the cementing head is installed. A cementing head is
designed to attach to the top joint of well casing.
❖Before the cement is pumped, a spacer may be pumped into the
casing. It can also enhance the removal of gelled drilling fluid,
allowing a better cement bond.
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5.2. Stage Cementing
❖It can be used to reduce the potential for gas flow after
cementing.
❖The first stage of the cementing operation is conducted in the
conventional manner. After the slurry hardens, a bomb is
dropped to open a side port in a staging tool placed in the
casing string.
❖The second-stage cement then is pumped through this side
port and into the annulus above the set first-stage cement.

5.2. Stage Cementing
Figure 4.10: Stage cementing

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5.3. Inner-String Cementing
❖Reducing the cementing time and the amount of cement left

in the shoe joint of large-diameter casing.
❖The cement then is displaced down the inner drillpipe or
tubing string rather than the casing.
❖When the float collar or shoe is equipped with a
backpressure valve or latch-down plug, the inner string can
be withdrawn immediately after displacing the cement.

5.4. Annular Cementing Through Tubing.
❖Consists of pumping cement through tubing run in the

annulus between two casing strings or between the casing
and the open hole.
5.5. Multiple-String Cementing.
❖A multiple completion method that involves cementing

several strings of tubing in the hole without the use of an
outer casing string.
❖This type of completion is an alternative to the more
conventional multiple-completion method.
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5.6. Reverse-Circulation Cementing.
❖Consists of pumping the slurry down the annulus and

displacing the mud back through the casing.
❖This method use in extremely-low-strength formations were
present near the bottom of the hole.
5.7. Delayed-Setting Cementing.
❖Used to obtain a more uniform mud displacement from the

annulus than is possible with the conventional cement-
placement technique.
❖This method consists of placing retarded cement slurry
having good filtration properties in the wellbore before
running the casing.

5.8. Cementing Liners
Figure 4.11: Conventional placement techniques for cementing a liner

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5.9. Plug Cementing
Figure 4.12: Placement technique used for setting cement plug


5.10. Squeeze Cementing
Figure 4.13 : Squeeze cementing technique

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6. Well Parameters Affecting Cement

Design and Operations
❖ Depth: influential in the selection of hole and casing sizes.

❖ Wellbore Geometry and Drilling-Fluid Removal. The geometry of
the wellbore is important in determining the amount of cement
required for the cementing operation.
❖ Temperature. The temperatures of the wellbore are critical in the
design of a cement job.
❖ Formation Pressures: To maintain the integrity of the wellbore,
the ECD must not exceed the fracture gradient of the weakest
formation in the uncased part of the hole
6. Well Parameters Affecting Cement

Design and Operations
❖ Formation Chemical Characteristics: Some formations may

also contain flowing fluids, high-pressure fluids, and
corrosive gases or other complex features that require
special attention
❖ Formation Permeability: The key problem was a filter-cake-
induced hole-diameter decrease that formed an annular-
flow restriction across the high-permeability interval.
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Summary
We need to know the following knowledge:
► Composition of Portland Cement and formular to Calculate the

percentages of C₃S, C₂S, C₃A, and C₄AF.
► Nonstandard Tests and Modeling to find the root cause for
abnormally high cement-displacement pressures in liner
cementing.
► Standard Cements about type I II III IV V and Class
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H.
► Properties of Nonstandard Cements such as gypsum cement,
microfine cement…
► Sumary of oilwell cementing additives .
► Well Parameters Affecting Cement Design and Operations such
as depth, temperature formation pressure…
THE END.
29

Chapter 4 - Cementing - M

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11/5/2022

TẬP ĐOÀN DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM

CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Rotary Drilling

1. Composition of Portland Cement.

• The primary objectives of cementing

► Cementing is used in the drilling operation to

1. Composition of Portland Cement

► Portland cement is the main ingredient in almost all

1. Composition of Portland Cement

Raw material feed

1. Composition of Portland Cement

C2S = 2.87 S - 0.754 C3S

C3A = 2.65 A – 1.69 F

1. Composition of Portland Cement

Oxide Weight Percent

1. Composition of Portland Cement

► API Spec 10A/ISO 10426-1 (2002), RP 10B-2/ISO 10426-2 (2005), RP

► A pressurized mud balance for determining the slurry density

Mud balance. Courtesy of Halliburton

Figure 4.2: Example of (a) pressurized and (b) atmospheric consistometers.

Example 4.2 The torque required to hold the

T  78.2 520  78.2

2.2. Strength Tests

❖ The standard tests for cement compressive strength are published

2.2. Strength Tests

2.3. Nonstandard Tests and Modeling

❖ Routine permeability testing of cement has been

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

• Conditions require moderate or high sulfate-resistance.

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

• Conditions of moderately high temperatures and

• Conditions of high temperatures and pressures.

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

• No additives other than calcium sulfate or water. Using

• No additives other than calcium sulfate or water. Using

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

Figure 4.4: Normal water content of cement

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

❖ Nonstandard cements are often used for special

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

Calcium Aluminate Cements.

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

Resin or Plastic Cements.

3. Standard and Nonstandard Drilling

The cement additives available can be subdivided

Figure 4.5: Sumary of oilwell cementing additives (1)

Figure 4.6: Sumary of oilwell cementing additives (2)

Figure 4.7: Sumary of oilwell cementing additives (3)

5. Cement Placement Techniques

Figure 4.8: Common cementing applications.

5. Cement Placement Techniques

Figure 4.9: Primary cementing

5. Cement Placement Techniques

5. Cement Placement Techniques

5. Cement Placement Techniques

Figure 4.10: Stage cementing