Chapter 1 - Introduction To Rotary Drilling

VIETNAM OIL AND GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
DRILLING ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Rotary Drilling
Lecturer : Dr. Nguyen Van Hung

Plan of course
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Rotary Drilling

CHAPTER 2 – Introduction to Geomechanics in Drilling
CHAPTER 3 – Drilling fluids
CHAPTER 4 – Cementing
CHAPTER 5 – Drilling hydraulics
CHAPTER 6 – Rotary drilling bits
CHAPTER 7 – Casing design
CHAPTER 8 – Directional drilling
CHAPTER 9 – Fuldamentals of drillstring design
CHAPTER 10 – Drilling problems
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
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Content
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Rotary Drilling
1. Foreword.
2. History of Drilling.
3. The Drilling Team.
4. Drilling Rigs.
5. Drilling Rig Systems.
6. Marine Drilling.
7. Drilling Cost Analysis.

3
Purpose of chapter 1
v When you complete this chapter, you should be able

to:
• Understand the rotary-drilling process.
• Familiarize the student with the basic rotary-
drilling equipment.
• Introduce the student to fundamental operational
procedures.
• Drilling cost evaluation.

4
1. FOREWORD
• In engineering, a well will be drilled connecting the

energy source to the surface.
• The planning and execution is the job of drilling
engineers.
Oil & gas well drilling consist of two such forms are:
ü Engineering
ü Technology

5
1. FOREWORD
Engineering:
ü Engineering is the science of machines. It is primarily
connected with analysis of mechanisms involved, design,
construction, operation and maintenance of the machines.
ü So Drilling Engineering is the science of machines which

are involved in drilling a petroleum well or simply a well.

6
1. FOREWORD
Technology:
ü It is basically the science of Methods . When methods are
standardized we call them Techniques. When techniques
are used for commercial purpose, we call them
Technologies.
ü So Drilling Technology is the science of standard methods

or techniques which are used / employed for drilling an oil
or gas well(commercial purpose).

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2. HISTORY OF DRILLING
v A true milestone for the drilling industry occurred

in 1859, in Titusville, Pennsylvania, USA. This is
the first well which planned for oil in the United
States.
v Even though there are archaeological records of

the Egyptians using rotary drilling mechanisms as
early as 3000 B.C., the process was little used in
the early days of the industry because of its
complexity compared to percussion drilling.

8
Development of Rotary Drilling
• In 1899 Higgins partnered with Captain Anthony

Francis Lucas, try again to drill a proper test well in
the region. Their first try was failures in July 1899 .
Their second well, Lucas Spindletop was finally
succeeded in reaching the objective.
• The Lucas well is considered by many as the birth of

the modern oil industry.

9
Figure 1.1 – The Lucas Spindletop well

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3. THE DRILLING TEAM
Ø The expertise and number of engineers and technicians

involved in the planning and execution of a drilling
operation will depend on the type of well being drilled, its
purpose, the well location, its depth, and the complexity of
the operation.
Ø The first exploration well are performed by a company’s

geological team, which usually is responsible for
recommending locations for wildcat wells, while the
reservoir team will be responsible, on a later phase, for
locating development wells.
Ø In either situation, the drilling team will be responsible for

the planning and execution of the operation including its
budget (cost estimation) and contingency plans.

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8 F  S D E
Geological and Geophysical Analysis
Seismic Survey
Drill Exploration Well

Drill Appraisal
Well
Mud Logging
(Lithological and textural description of formation from drill
cutting, hydrocarbon shows)
Coring
(Lithological and textural description from massive sample. Samples
used for lab analysis – porosity, permeability, capillary pressure etc.)
Well Logging
(Electrical, Radioactive and Sonic tools provide quantitative
assessment of fluid types and distribution)
Well Testing
(Following the well allows large representative samples of the reservoir
fluid to be recovered. Pressure response of reservoir allows extent,
producibility and drive mechanisms of the reservoir to be evaluated.)
Evaluated Information Gathered Above
From exploration and appraisal well information, compile

geological model
Compile Economic Model
Drill Development Wells

Figure 1.1 Role of drilling during field development. 12
Figure 1.2 – Drilling operations in the Chinook Field, Gulf of Mexico, Alaska and
Brazil’s Amazon jungle
13
Figure 1.3- Typical drilling rig organization (Bourgoyne et al, 1998)

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lOMoARcPSD|10166054
Where do I fit in?

Typical Land Drilling Organizational Chart
Drilling Manager
Technical
Other Safety IT and Data Operations Engineering

Services Coordinator Management Superintendent Manager
Rig Supervisor Drilling Engineer
Mud Rig Tool Directional

Mud Logger
Engineer Pusher Driller
Driller
Assistant Driller Derrickman Floor Hands
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung

Harold Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 30 8-Jan-19
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charge centrifugal pumps (Figure 2.18). At least two sludge pumps are installed on the
rig. At shallow depths they are usually connected in parallel to deliver high flow rates.
4. DRILLING RIGS
CIRCULATION Swivel
SYSTEM
Rotary
Stand House
Pipe
Discharge
Line
Mud
Tank
Suction Kelly
Line
Drill
Pipe
Degasser
Mud
Pump
Desilter
Return Figure 1.4- The rotary drilling

Desander
Line process/circulating system
(Bourgoyne et at, 1991)
Annulus
Shale Steel
Shaker Drill
Tank
Collar
Drill Bit
Figure 2.17 Different components showing rig circulating

Chaptersystem.
1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung 16
4. DRILLING RIGS
Figure 1.5- Rotary rig classification (Bourgoyne et at, 1986)

17
4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.1 Land Rigs.
q Mobile rigs tend to be more easily transported, while the

conventional rigs will take longer to be moved from one location
to another.
q Special rigs that are built in a way that rig pieces, when
disassembled, will never exceed a certain weight, allowing
transportation by helicopter.
q Mobile rigs have a cantilever derrick or a portable mast that is

raised and lowered as a whole rather than being constructed
piecemeal. The rig-up and rig-down operation is less time-
consuming than on conventional rigs.

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4. DRILLING RIGS
The cantilever derrick has its components assembled
horizontally on the ground and then is raised using the rig
hoisting equipment (see Fig. 1.11).
Rigs with portable masts usually are mounted on a truck
together with its hoisting system. Upon arrival on
location, the telescoped portable mast is easily raised to
vertical and extended to its fully operational position. Fig.
1.12 shows a mobile rig with portable mast.
Figure 1.6- Rig with cantilever derrick Figure 1.7- Mobile Rig with portable mast

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4. DRILLING RIGS
Land Rigs

Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 2 20
8-Jan-19
4. DRILLING RIGS
Information contained in the rig specifications generally
addresses the following items:
• Derrick type
• Drawworks type
• Maximum operating depth
• Hookload capacity
• Mud pumps (number, manufacturer, horsepower)
• Engines (type, horsepower)
• Topdrive or rotary table
• Well-control equipment
• Fishing tools
• Main rig equipment information
• Drillstring and accessories
• Circulating system and mud-processing equipment
• Miscellaneous equipment

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4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.2 Marine Rigs.
Offshore drilling rigs can be bottom-supported or floating vessels.
* Bottom-supported :
Drilling barges are widely used in areas such as
the Gulf of Mexico and the Niger basin marsh
areas, and in coastal waters immediately adjacent
to land areas.
Barges are not used when wave height exceeds

5 ft (1.5 m).
Figure 1.8- submersible drilling barge “ mr. Charlie,” circa 1954

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4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.2 Marine Rigs.
* Bottom-supported:
-Fixed platforms (Fig. 1.15) are usually
of jacket-type construction and are
supported by piling. Normally, fixed
platforms are used for development of
fields in water depths up to 1,500 ft (460
m).
Figure 1.9- Typical fixed-platform structure

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4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.2 Marine Rigs.
* Bottom-supported :
- The primary and most widely used bottom-supported marine
vessel for oilwell drilling is the jackup rig (Fig. 1.16).
As with any bottom-supported rig, jackups cannot operate in a
deepwater environment. Water depths will vary from a few feet to
approximately 350 ft (~106 m).
Figure 1.10- Jackup rig Courtesy of maerisk Drilling

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4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.2 Marine Rigs.
* Bottom-supported:
• Flatform: The rig is self-contained and carries all drilling
equipment, materials, life-support systems, and crew
quarters.
• The barge usually is divided into two or three decks. The

top deck contains the rig, pipe racks, and occasionally the
living quarters. The lower decks contain all support
drilling equipment, such as pumps and mud systems, and
the auxiliary barge equipment.

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4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.2 Marine Rigs
* Floating rigs :
a) Semisubmersible:
• Semisubmersible rigs generally are not
self-propelled.
• Semisubmersible rigs have already

drilled in water depths exceeding 8,000
ft (~2440 m)
Figure 1.11- An anchored semisubmersible drilling rig

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4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.2 Marine Rigs.
+ Floating rigs :
b) Drillships:
Ø Anchored drillships (Fig. 1.18)

normally are built with a central turret
where the anchoring system is installed.
This allows vessel rotation around the
central turret in order to always keep the
ship facing the waves, reducing wave
action.
Ø Dynamically positioned drillships

have already drilled in water depths
greater than 10,000 ft (~3000 m).
Figure 1.12- An anchored drillship (Lake 2006)

27
4. DRILLING RIGS
1.4.3 Deepwater rigs.
• Carry up-to-date technology and a high level of automation
• Contain: tension leg platform (TLP) and spar platform.
• Spar platforms and TLPs are primarily production

structures that may have drilling capability.

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4. DRILLING RIGS
Ø TLP :
A TLP is a floating deepwater-compliant structure designed for
offshore hydrocarbon production with its hull moored to the
ocean floor by high-strength cables, giving the platform vertical
and lateral stability. The drilling equipment and production
facilities, as well as crew quarters, are installed at surface on top
of the structure.
Ø Spar platform:
The spar platform concept comprises a huge cylindrical steel hull
that supports both the drilling operations and production facilities.
Compartments on the upper portion of the cylinder provide
buoyancy, while water-filled tanks on the bottom give weight and
stability. The hull is attached to the seafloor by catenary mooring
systems.

29
Offshore Structures 4. DRILLING RIGS
Platform Jackup FPSOs (and
TLP
Semisub drillships)
Not shown:
Spar

Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 3 30
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4. DRILLING RIGS
Offshore Drilling Rigs

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lOMoARcPSD|10166054
4. DRILLING RIGS
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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS
Although the objective is to select the most cost-effective

rig that will drill the well, some other factors must be
considered, including:
• Technical design requirements
• Rig’s manpower (i.e., experience and training)
• Track record
• Logistics
• Rigsite requirements
• Market availability
• Long-term contractual commitments.

33
Drilling rigs have six basic systems. Traditionally, rig systems

are classified as:
v Power system
v Hoisting system
v Circulating system
v Rotary system
v Well-control system
v Well-monitoring system
Additionally, floating offshore rigs will have a seventh system

comprising special marine equipment required to deal with the
particularities of offshore drilling.

34
1.5.1 Rig Power System:

Ø Equipment that requires power includes :
§ Drawworks
§ Mud pumps,
§ Rotary system,
§ Life-support system.
Ø The power loading may be continuous or intermittent. The power
system usually are diesel engines.
Ø Total power requirements for most rigs are from 1,000 to 3,000 hp
(750 to 2,200 kW).
Ø Power is transmitted via one of the following systems:
§ Mechanical drive
§ Direct-current (DC) generator and motor
§ Alternating-current (AC) generator, silicon-controlled rectifi er
(SCR), and DC motor

35
ü Internal combustion engine or a

turbine that is the source of
power for driving equipment on
the Rig.
ü A drilling rig in which the source

of power is one or more internal-
combustion engine and in which
power is distributed to rig
components through devices such
as chains, sprockets, clutches and
shaft is said to be a Mechanical
Rig.
Figure 1.13- Internal- combustion engine

36
Psp : shaft power

Psp = ωT ω : the angular velocity
T: torque
Q= ṁf H
ηsp :power efficiency
ṁf : fuel consumption
η sp = Psp / Q H: heating value
Q: internal-combustion engines

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lOMoARcPSD|10166054

Hoisting SystemSystem:
1.5.2 Hoisting

38
Harold Vance
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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS lOMoARcPSD|10166054
1.5.2 Hoisting System:

Hoisting System
Drawworks
Cathead
Winch/tugger
Dr. NguyenAllVan Hung© 2008 PETEX

rightsHarold
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Petroleum Chapter
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(Petroleum Service), The University
The principal items in the hoisting system are as follows:
· Drawworks
· Block and tackle
· Derrick and substructure
· Ancillary equipment such as elevators, hooks, and bails
+ Drawworks :The drawworks is the

equipment that uses the energy from the
power system to apply a force to the
cable.
ü The hoisting mechanism on a
drilling rig.
ü It is essentially a large winch that
spools off or takes in the drilling line
and thus raises or lowers the drill
stem and bit.
Figure 1.14- Drawworks

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hoisting system. The main components of hoisting system are derrick (i.e. steel tower/
5. DRILLING
mast) and substructure, drawworks, and block & tackle.RIG SYSTEMS
The assembly and components
of a hoisting system are shown in Figure 2.10.
Derrick
Crown Block
Drilling Line Dead Line
(8 lines are
Strung
Drum Traveling Block

Fast Line
Drawworks Storage
Dead Line Anchor
Reel
Hook
Drum Break
Load Indicator
Figure 2.10 Different components of hoisting

Figure system.
1.15- Block and tackle arrangement
41
+ Block and Tackle: The block and tackle is the primary link between
the drawworks and the loads that will be lowered into or raised out of
the wellbore.
It is composed of the crown block, the traveling block, and the drilling
line. The principal function of the block and tackle is to provide a
mechanical advantage, which permits easier handling of large loads.
q Permit easier handling of large load
q Simple pulley system
q Force/Distance trade off
q How a block and tackle works

42
1.5.2 Hoisting System: 𝑊
+ Block and tackle: 𝑀=
30
𝐹!
F  S D E
Fd
Derrick
Leg
Tf
Td
Dead
Fast Line
Tf
Line
W W W W W W
Ff n n n n n n
Fs
Draw
Works Anchor
whl C
D
A
B
W
drawworks
anchor
Figure 2.12 Derrick/mast of the hoisting system.
Figure 1.16- Block

where; and tackle arrangement
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1:WD = total compressive
Introduction to Rotary load on the derrick, lb f
Drilling
n = number of drilling lines through the travelling block 43

+ Derrick and Substructure:
The derrick provides the height necessary for the hoisting
system to raise and lower the pipe. Derricks can handle sections called
stands, which are composed of two, three, or four joints of drillpipe.
Because common drillpipes are between 8 and 10 m long
(approximately 26 to 33 ft), a derrick designed to handle three-drillpipe
stands will be taller than a 10-story building.
The substructure provides the height required for the blowout
preventer stack on the wellhead below the rig floor.
The derrick and the substructure must have enough strength to support
all loads, including the hook load, pipe set in the derrick, and wind
loads.

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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMS lOMoARcPSD|10166054
1.5.3 Circulating System:

Circulating
System
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Harold

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Circulating System: Surface
Dr. Nguyen VanHaroldHung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

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of Texas
The fluid-circulating system

provides hydraulic power to the drilling
fluid so that it can be pumped from
surface into the drillstring, travel all the
way down the bottom of the hole, and
then return to surface through the
annulus, carrying the rock cuttings
produced by the action of the bit
against the rock.
Figure 1.17- Schematic of drilling fluid path

47

The main components of the rig’s circulating system are the
mud pumps, mud pits, mud-mixing equipment, and contaminant-
removal equipment.
+ Mud pumps are designed for pressure output, flow rate,

and horsepower requirements. High pressures are required to
circulate heavy muds in deep wells and to optimize hole cleaning
below the bit. Flow rate must exceed a minimum required to
clean the hole.
Pump Suction Design
Pulsation Dampeners
Centrifugal Pumps
Drilling-Fluid-Handling Equipment

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lOMoARcPSD|10166054
Circulating System Desander
(small) mud tank

Triplex mud pumps
Shale shaker
Desilter

Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 9 8-Jan-19
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5. DRILLING RIG SYSTEMSlOMoARcPSD|10166054

Other Circulating System Components

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Figure 1.18- Centrifugal pump diagram (Sahdev 2008)

51
+Mud pits:
A series of open tanks, usually made
of steel plates, through which the drilling
mud is cycled to allow sand and
sediments to settle out. Additives are
mixed with the mud in the pit, and the
fluid is temporarily stored there before
being pumped back into the well. Mud
pit compartments are also called shaker
pits, settling pits, and suction pits,
depending on their main purpose.
Figure 1.19- Mud pits

52
+ Standpipe :
ü A vertical pipe rising along the
side of the derrick or mast.
ü It joins the discharge line leading
from the mud pump to the rotary
hose and through which mud is
pumped going into the hole.
Figure 1.20- Standpipe

53
+ Mud Return Line :

A trough or pipe, placed
between the surface connections at
the well bore and the shale shaker.
Drilling mud flows through it upon
its return to the surface from the
hole.
Figure 1.21- Mud return line

54

+ Shale Shaker:
A series of trays with sieves or
screens that vibrate to remove
cuttings from circulating fluid in
rotary drilling operations.
The size of the openings in the
sieve is selected to match the size of
the solids in the drilling fluid and the
anticipated size of cuttings. Also
called a shaker.
Figure 1.22- Shale Shaker

55

+ Desander & Desilter:
Desander - a centrifugal
device for removing sand from the
drilling fluid to prevent abrasion
of the pumps.
Desilter - also a centrifugal
device for removing free particles
of silt from the drilling fluid to
keep the amount of solids in the
fluid at the lowest possible point.
Figure 1.23- Desander and Desilter

56
1.5.4 The Rotary System:
+ The main parts of the rotary system with a rotary table are the swivel, kelly,
and drillstring.
a) The rotary swivel: serves two important functions in the drilling process is
a connecting point between the circulating system and the rotary system and
provides a fluid seal that must absorb rotational wear while holding pressure.
Figure 1.24- Rotary

swivel

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b) Kelly: The kelly is the first section of pipe below

the swivel. The outside cross section of the kelly is
square or (most commonly) hexagonal to permit it to be
gripped easily for turning.

58
Kelly/block system Kelly drive system
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Figure 1.25- Kelly

59
Rotating System: Kelly drive system

All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum Extension Service), The University
of Texas Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering
60
12 8-Jan-19
Modern rigs use a topdrive to replace the

kelly, kelly bushings, and rotary table.
Drillstring rotation is achieved through
hydraulic or electric motors. One type of
topdrive is shown in Fig. 1.29.
Figure 1.26- Topdrive

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lOMoARcPSD|10166054

Rotating System: Top Drive
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nj3rd3iGLLE

Harold
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Well Control: System
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University of Texas Courtesy SPE, Bourgoyne, et al

63

The drillstring connects the surface equipment with the drill bit at the
bottom of the well. The drillstring is basically composed of two major
portions, the drillpipes and the bottomhole a ssembly (BHA).
Figure 1.27- a) Drillpipe tool joint ; b) drillpipe; c) drills collar

64
1.5.5 The Well-Control System:
The well control system prevents the
uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from the
wellbore. The flow of formation fluids into the
well in the presence of drilling fluid is called a
kick. The well-control system enables the driller
to:
• Detect the kick
• Close the well at the surface
• Circulate the well under pressure to
remove the formation fluids and increase
the mud density Figure 1.28- Annular preventer
• Move the drillstring up and down with
the well closed
• Divert the flow away from rig personnel
and equipment

65
Failure in detecting a kick or a malfunction in the well-control
system may result in an uncontrolled flow of formation fluids into the
wellbore. This unwanted fluid production is called a blowout. Blowouts
can cause loss of lives, drilling equipment, the well, much of the oil and
gas reserves in the underground reservoir, and can cause damage to the
environment.
Figure 1.29- Annular Figure 1.30 - Preventer rubber

Preventer (Hydril)
66
Figure 1.31 – BOP rams

67
Figure 1.32- Surface/Land BOP Stack Figure 1.33- Subsea BOP Stack

68
1.5.6 Well-Monitoring System:
A modern rig will have devices that display and simultaneously record most
of the important parameters related to the drilling operation. Parameters that
cannot be determined automatically, such as mud properties, will be measured,
recorded, and controlled constantly as well. Some of the most important
parameters include:
• Well depth • Flow return

• Weight on bit • Rate of penetration
• Rotary speed • Hookload
• Rotary torque • Fluid properties (e.g., density, temperature,
• Pump pressure viscosity, gas and sand content, salinity, solids
• Pump rate content)
• Fluid-flow rate • Pit level

69
1.5.6 Well-Monitoring System:
Monitoring the mud system is an important task that must be

fulfilled to maintain well control. The mud gives warning signs
and indications of kicks that can be used to reduce the severity of
the kicks by early detection, avoiding a large influx of gas into the
wellbore.

70
6. MARINE DRILLING
For deep and ultradeep water, where anchoring systems are not
feasible, an anchorless system was developed is the vessel has large thrusters
(Fig. 1.36),
This system is called dynamic positioning (DP), and it works to counteract
the forces to which the drilling vessel is subjected while on location.
Figure 1.34- Thruster with controllable patch propeller

71
6. MARINE DRILLING
The wind, waves, and maritime currents will tend to displace the
vessel from its station. Sensors at the vessel detect these actions and require
the thrusters to counteract the forces accurately.
Figure 1.35- DP control room

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6. MARINE DRILLING
The derrick of a drillship often is designed to withstand as much as
a 20° tilt with a full load of drillpipes standing in the derrick.
The subsea BOP ensures that the well can be closed even in severe weather,
such as a hurricane.

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6. MARINE DRILLING
In such extreme conditions, the BOP can be closed, and the

marine riser disconnected from the top of the BOP system,
allowing the vessel to go to a safer place.
when weather conditions get back to normal, the vessel returns to

the location and the riser is reconnected to the BOP so that the
operation can resume
If the drillstring is in the well and an emergency disconnection is

necessary, the BOP’s shear ram is used to cut off the drillpipe.
Then, the BOP’s blind ram also is closed, keeping the well shut.
Later, after the reconnection, the portion of the drillstring remaining

in the well can be fished (special tools are used to retrieve the
original drillpipe), the damaged pipe substituted, and the operation
resumed.

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6. MARINE DRILLING
The sequence of operation for deepwater well spud-in is as follows :
• Run the conductor and its wellhead housing and jet it in place.
• Release the running tool and drill ahead with the bit and BHA
previously connected with the running string and positioned inside the
conductor.
• After conclusion of drilling, retrieve the drillstring and the running tool
to surface.
• Run the next casing with the high-pressure wellhead. The casing is run
with a running tool connected to the wellhead, and casing length is
calculated so that, when the casing shoe is in place, the wellhead is
landed on the wellhead housing. After landing the wellhead, cement the
casing and then retrieve the running tool and running string back to
surface.
• Run the BOP with the riser already connected on its top. The BOP is
then landed on the high-pressure wellhead.
• With the BOP and riser in place, the operation to drill the next section
can be carried out.

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6. MARINE DRILLING
lOMoARcPSD|10166054
Drillstring
Spiral DC’s
Drillpipe on rack Hardbanding
DP vs DC
Box & pin end

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6. MARINE DRILLING
lOMoARcPSD|10166054
Drillstring Handling
Elevators
Slips
Courtesy Devereux/Pennwell
DP vs DC
Courtesy Devereux/Pennwell
All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum Extension Service), The University of Texas

Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 25 8-Jan-19 77
6. MARINE DRILLING
lOMoARcPSD|10166054
Operations: Tripping with top drive

Casing topdrive Topdrive bails,
elevators, stabbing
guide, saver sub
All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX® (Petroleum

Extension Service), The University of Texas
Courtesy TESCO
Sequence
(RIH)

Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering 26 8-Jan-19 78
6. MARINE DRILLING
lOMoARcPSD|10166054
Tripping Stabbing pipe

Monkey board/derrickman/racking fingers

University of Texas
Standing back DP Pipe racked back
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Harold Vance Department of Petroleum

®
Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling
All rights reserved © 2008 PETEX (Petroleum Extension Service), The University of Texas
Engineering 79 8-Jan-19
27
lOMoARcPSD|10166054
6. MARINE DRILLING
Types of rigs: Unconventional
• Coil Tubing
Xtreme Coil Tubing Drilling, Inc
• Casing while
drilling

7. DRILLING COST ANALYSIS
Ø Drilling Cost Prediction:
The Most exploration ventures are very risky, presenting a high
possibility of resulting in “dry wells.” It is very common in modern
industry for companies to make joint ventures to explore a new area. In
such cases, normally one company is responsible for the operations (the
operating partner), while others share the costs and eventually the
associated profits of the project.
Drilling costs tend to increase exponentially with depth, and it is a good

policy for drilling engineers to rely on past data to estimate drilling time
and cost for future operations.
Cdc = adc exp(bdc s)

81
7. DRILLING COST ANALYSIS
These additional drilling operations usually can be broken into the

general categories of
• Wellsite preparation
• Rig movement and rigging up
• Formation evaluation and borehole surveys
• Casing placement
• Well completion
• Drilling problems

82
8. SUMMARY
We need to know the following knowledge:
• Distinguishing technology and engineering.

• Know Development of Rotary Drilling.
• The function of the Drilling team and rotary-drilllig
process.
• Diagram drilling rig organization.
• Rotary rig classification and characteristic.
• Drilling rig systems and equipment.
• The feature of Marine drilling.
• Drilling cost evaluation.

83
REFERENCES
1. Robert F. Mitchell and Stefan Z. Miska: Fundamentals of Drilling Engineering,

Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, TX, 2011.

84
Assessment
Question 1
Technology necessary for extracting oil and gas reserves is

a) Drilling
b) Coiled tubing
c) Hydraulic fracturing
d) None of the above
Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling 85

Assessment
Question 1
Technology necessary for extracting oil and gas reserves is

a) Drilling
b) Coiled tubing
c) Hydraulic fracturing

Assessment
Question 2
A well that helps to determine the presence of hydrocarbons is

called well.
a) Wildcat
b) Development
c) Exploration

Assessment
Question 2
A well that helps to determine the presence of hydrocarbons is

called well.
a) Wildcat
b) Development
c) Exploration

Assessment
Question 3
A well drilled in a land known to have proven commercial oil is

a/an
a) Wildcat well
b) Appraisal well
c) Injection well

Assessment
Question 3
A well drilled in a land known to have proven commercial oil is

a/an
a) Wildcat well
b) Appraisal well
c) Injection well

Assessment
Question 4
In rotary drilling, drill cuttings are removed by

a. Drilling mud
b. Bailer
c. Water
d. Acidizing

Assessment
Question 4
In rotary drilling, drill cuttings are removed by

a. Drilling mud
b. Bailer
c. Water
d. Acidizing

Assessment
Question 5
Which one is responsible for transmitting power to other rig

systems?
a) Hoisting system
b) Power system
c) Circulating system
d) Rotary system

Assessment
Question 5
Which one is responsible for transmitting power to other rig

systems?
a) Hoisting system
b) Power system
d) Rotary system

Assessment
Question 6
Which one of the following is responsible for lowering or lifting

the drillstring, casing string in and out of the hole?
a) Hoisting system
b) Power system
c) Circulating system d) Rotary system

Assessment
Question 6
Which one of the following is responsible for lowering or lifting

the drillstring, casing string in and out of the hole?
a) Hoisting system
b) Power system
d) Rotary system

Assessment
Question 7
Which one is not a component of power system of drilling rig?

a) Drawworks
b) Mud pumps
c) Rotary table
d) Drilling line

Assessment
Question 7
Which one is not a component of power system of drilling rig?

a) Drawworks
b) Mud pumps
c) Rotary table
d) Drilling line

Assessment
Question 8
Shale shakers are used to remove

a) Gases from the drilling mud
b) Large cutting fragments
c) Fine clays
d) Small size solids and silts

Assessment
Question 8
Shale shakers are used to remove

a) Gases from the drilling mud
b) Large cutting fragments
c) Fine clays
d) Small size solids and silts

Well completion
The Basis for Well Completion Design

Key Issues
Ø Reservoir Management requirements

Ø Well Concept & Completion Type Selection
Ø Inflow Performance Modeling
Ø Outflow Performance Modeling
Ø Zonal Isolation requirements
Ø Well Impairment minimization, control & removal
Ø Sand Control requirement & method
Ø Reservoir Fluids Properties
Ø Tubing String Material specification
Ø Well Operations Philosophy (operable over well life)
Ø Well Servicing & Intervention requirement (maintainable well life)
Ø Well Abandonment requirement

Well completion
Functional Requirements of a Well Completion (Outflow
System)
v to hold back (control) reservoir pressure and fluids.
v to provide a communication between the reservoir and the well bore.
v to enable flow of the desired (optimum) production rates.
v to isolate the reservoir fluids from the casing-tubing annulus.

v to enable circulation between the tubing and the annulus.
v to enable monitoring of the Reservoir behavior & performance.
v to enable pressure testing of the completion string.

v to ensure tubing free movement
v to ensure component long life
v to provide safety devices down-hole to enable control of fluids flow to

surface
v to enable re-entry and intervention into the tubing string

Well completion
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS TUBING
STRING 1
REQUIREMENT COMPONENT
Control reservoir fluids Casing, liners
Reservoir > well communication Perforations / open hole /

gravelpack & screen
Optimum production Tubing size
Casing tubing isolation Packer & seals

Tubing hanger seals
Tbg-ann comm. SSD / SPM
Chemical injection SPM & injection valve
Installation of plugs and gauges Landing nipples & locking mandrels
Artificial lift SPM, downhole pump

Well completion
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS TUBING
STRING 2
REQUIREMENT COMPONENT
Tubing string movement Seal assembly, PBR, expansion joint,

tbg anchor
Well killing Kill wing valve, annulus connection
& tbg/ann comm
Safety SSV, SSC-SSSV,
SC-SSSV, SC-ASV
Tubing long life Blast joints, flow couplings
Tubing support Tubing hanger

Flow control choke
Well entry x-mas tree with swab valve

Well completion
Functional Requirement No 1:
to provide Reservoir to Wellbore connection
- Perforations, open-hole
CASING
PERFORATIONS

Well completion
to enable optimum flow rates
- Tubing
Tubing
PERFORATIONS

Well completion
to protect the Casing from reservoir fluids by creating Casing-Tubing
annulus
- Packer
Packer
PERFORATIONS

Well completion
to ensure safe-guard down-hole against uncontrolled well flow.
- SSVs & ASVs
Flow Couplings (FC)

Landing Nipple for SC-SSSV
1/4 “ Hydraulic
Control line
PERFORATIONS

Well completion
to enhance Tubing long-life as well as enable pressure-testing of
conduit : - Blast Joints, Flow Couplings and Landing Nipples
Flow Couplings (FC)

1/4 “ Hydraulic
Control line
Blast - Joint
PERFORATIONS -
2 Landing Nipple
(LN)
PERFORATIONS -
1

Well completion
to facilitate well-killing through enabling circulation between Tubing - Annulus
- SSD and wellhead piping manifold
Flow Couplings (FC)

1/4 “ Hydraulic
Control line Sliding Sleeve
(SSD)
Blast - Joint
PERFORATIONS -
2
Landing Nipple
(LN)
PERFORATIONS - 1

Well completion
to enable routine well re-entry and routine down-hole
operations: - Xmas Tree
} Xmas Tree
Flow Couplings (FC)

1/4 “ Hydraulic
Control line Circulating Sleeve (SSD)
Blast - Joint
PERFORATIONS -
2
No-Go Landing Nipple
(LN)
PERFORATIONS - 1

Well completion
Single Completion - Natural Flowing Well
HYDRAULIC FLOW COUPLING ( FC)
CONTROL LINE
SC-SSV LANDING
NIPPLE
FLOW COUPLING (FC)
SELECTIVE LANDING NIPPLE
(LN)
CIRCULATING SLEEVE (SSD)
PRODUCTION PACKER
“NO-GO” NIPPLE
RESERVOIR

Well completion
Single Completion - Gaslift Well
GAS LIFT MANDRELS
GAS IN CASING - TUBING

ANNULUS
FLOW COUPLING (FC)
PRODUCTION SELECTIVE LANDING NIPPLE
PACKER
CIRCULATING SLEEVE (SSD)
“NO-GO” NIPPLE
RESERVOIR

Well completion
FLOW COUPLING AND SC-SSV

LANDING NIPPLE FC
LN
INSTALLED IN EACH STRING FC FC
LN
FC POSSIBLE GASLIFT
MANDRELS
SSD SSD DUAL PRODUCTION

PACKER
BLAST JOINT
RESERVOIR (2)
SSD
RESERVOIR (1)

Well completion
Multiple Zones – 2 Zones 2 Packers
v Key Features
§ Independent production
through dual tubing strings
§ Blast joint protection across
upper interval
§ Both packers retrievable
§ Thru-tubing perforation of
lower zone possible

Well completion
The lower part of a Completion String
for pressure gauge installation
Landing Nipple
Pup Joint
Packer
Cross Over
Landing Nipple
Perforated Joint
No-Go, hang-off press gauge
Pup Joint
Wireline Re-entry Guide

Well completion
Multiple Zones – 3 Zones 3 Packers
v Key Features
§ Several zones produced
through one tubing string
§ Flow controlled by wireline
retrievable separation tool
§ Up to five zones have been
produced using this method

Well completion

Well completion

Well completion

Well completion

Well completion

Well completion
End

Chapter 1 - Introduction To Rotary Drilling

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VIETNAM OIL AND GAS GROUP

Lecturer : Dr. Nguyen Van Hung

CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Rotary Drilling

CHAPTER 1 – Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

v When you complete this chapter, you should be able

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

• In engineering, a well will be drilled connecting the

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

ü So Drilling Engineering is the science of machines which

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

ü So Drilling Technology is the science of standard methods

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

v A true milestone for the drilling industry occurred

v Even though there are archaeological records of

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Development of Rotary Drilling

• In 1899 Higgins partnered with Captain Anthony

• The Lucas well is considered by many as the birth of

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Figure 1.1 – The Lucas Spindletop well

Ø The expertise and number of engineers and technicians

Ø The ﬁrst exploration well are performed by a company’s

Ø In either situation, the drilling team will be responsible for

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Geological and Geophysical Analysis

Drill Exploration Well

Evaluated Information Gathered Above

From exploration and appraisal well information, compile

Compile Economic Model

Drill Development Wells

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Figure 1.3- Typical drilling rig organization (Bourgoyne et al, 1998)

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Where do I fit in?

Other Safety IT and Data Operations Engineering

Rig Supervisor Drilling Engineer

Mud Rig Tool Directional

Assistant Driller Derrickman Floor Hands

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung

Return Figure 1.4- The rotary drilling

Figure 2.17 Different components showing rig circulating

Figure 1.5- Rotary rig classification (Bourgoyne et at, 1986)

q Mobile rigs tend to be more easily transported, while the

q Mobile rigs have a cantilever derrick or a portable mast that is

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Barges are not used when wave height exceeds

Figure 1.8- submersible drilling barge “ mr. Charlie,” circa 1954

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

1.4.2 Marine Rigs.

Figure 1.9- Typical fixed-platform structure

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

Figure 1.10- Jackup rig Courtesy of maerisk Drilling

1.4.2 Marine Rigs.

• The barge usually is divided into two or three decks. The

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling

1.4.2 Marine Rigs

• Semisubmersible rigs have already

Figure 1.11- An anchored semisubmersible drilling rig

Dr. Nguyen Van Hung Chapter 1: Introduction to Rotary Drilling