Classification of Amplifiers

Voltage Amplifier

RFT re Avi
open
circuit
RL Vo Mis

iip Us
a
is
voltage
FEKETE
Current Amplifier

TTT TTT
QAiti
Rs Ri
op is
current
TO

tyg
Eg Ipo Re
 Trans conductance Amplifier

ilp is t
g IJit
current

gg
ftp

Vs

Trans resistance Amplifier

FETT olpis
ilp is
OF I
Vo a
a Ré Rafi e voltage
current
tenet
Ri K RS
ZERO
Ro K R
ZERO
 Basic Concept of feedback

I.tn w I1 load
sinkhole
YI.iBwEnigatnmPgtier

n Feedback Y

Network B

Basic BlockDiagram of feedbackAmplifier

A gain of basic amplifier Ye
ratio
feedbackgain feedback
B
feedback factor
of the amplifierwithfeedback Es
Af gain
positve feedback Negative feedback

Vé VstVf Vi Vs Vf

E five
Af Y É É Af
E
tÉÉ its
Afp FAT
Stability is poor
Distortion M Afp FAB
Noise Unwantedsignal
 g
Sampling Networks

withgain A mplifier
rans
esistance I
amplifier

51 Network p

B Fron
p 9 1 0 10

current c Basic amplifier

amplifier withgain A
Re
Trans C
conductance
amplifier I
Feedback
Network B
 Miner Network

ÉPÉE
Basic Amplifier
withgain a
Voltage

network
Feedback Trangconductan

Amplifier

current
Amplifier
TransGresistance
IÉÉ ftp.aqiggmpg
amplifier

am
Network B
 FEED BACK
Ients
TOPY.LI blocks
connected
are

vs
Voltage
amplified
y p

feed back
network B

Series feedback amplifier

Voltage
series shunt feedback amplifier

current
Ri
Us amplifier
IL
0J

network B

Shunt Series feedback amplifier

current shunt feedback amplifier
got
Transconductan
a
Amplifier

D
I

Current series f b Amplifier

series series flb Amplifier

i in
feedback
network B

Shunt Shunt 7lb amplifier

voltage shunt 7lb amplifier

I
General Characteristics of negative 7lb Amplifiers

Desensitization or Stabilization of gain

IAnÉ in t.su

Af TAB
inv

in a in
differentiating w g t A

day HIIIII dat 4th

t tape sides
on
both
divividing with Af

9ft Hat Ift

dit 414,1
sensitivity
Éf Ias
Stabilized voltage gain
Enhancedfrequency response
Reduction in Noise
Increase in Linearity
Lower of impedance E Higher ilp impedance
 Entention of Bandwidth
GainedB

BW
BWF
reduced
Crain will be
Using feedback be enhanced
BW will

BWF BW I Amid

Noise Reduction

B I
 It A

t
Vo Vs.IE ptVn fgp
avg.ae
IÉÉIE
Reduction in Non Linear Distortion y
Vo withoutfeedback

µ
Vi

withfeedback

Transfer characteristics
Af FA
f
Input Output Resistances of feedback Amplifiers

Voltage series fib amplifier

I upstage elp
sampler
voyage nottage

ri
th TÉ
vs EFE Ri Avi

Applying
Bro Le ve
Ku to ilpside
Bro
Ri Ii
Vs Ri Ii Vf
The op voltage

Vo AUGEREAU
Vs Ii Rit B Ig Vi Iori
Av Ii Ri
Ii Rit B
Vs
Us Ii Ri Itp
Ri HP A v
Rit YE
Ri ABA
Rit
 ilp elp
voltage voltage

My
Ve Bro
Applying Kul to op loop
t
V
EI
V
Y.FI
Applying KUL to elploop V41
Vs Vit Vf 0
O for finding
Vs Vf Vs
Vi
ZERO
opresistance

Vi Vf Bro
The op resistance with feed back

Roy 0
HIA opencircuit
voltagegain

load into account

The op resistance with feedback by taking
14
Rofl RoflRe
IF 111 it
Roy É I Av
 Current Series fl b
Current
i p Voltage of

f r TÉ

Vs LÉI

Applying KUL to ilp loop

Ii Rit Vf
Ii Rit B Io
Vs
The op current is given by
Gam ve
In Gmvip1

Vs Ii Rit B GmVi
Ii Ri
Vs Ii Rit B Gm

Ri It B Gm
Rit YE
Ri HB Gm
Rif
 Current
ilp Voltage of

Vs É

not ÉI

t
Rot
Riffraff
 current shunt feedback
Current opps current
ilp

Is OFFÉILETTE
KCL at node
Applying Ii
Is If Ii B Iot
Theop currentis givenby
Ati Ii
Io
AiIiI
B A i Iet Ii
Is
Is Ii It BAE
Him
Rit Es Ici
I
Rif att
 Current opps current
ilp

IOFITÉEILETI
i

f
 Voltage shunt feedback
op
cat Pent Ro Voltage

IE

IgÉIiQ

Is

at ilp side
KCL Vo
Iit B
Is Iet If
as
The op Voltage is given

B mIi
Go
Rmtip.tt

Rm Ii
Is Iit B

Ii It P Bn
Is is given as
resistance with feedback
Input
Rif VET IIIIen
Rif
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 op
ilp voltage
current Ro

M
II

qjEI.EE

Rot ÉÉ ÉI
htt
a
 oscgignaffgenerators

Classification of oscillators
generated
According tothe waveform
Transistor
Sinusoidal Oscillator region
operative

µ
Relaxation
Oscillator
nagging.gg E region

Hath

mechanism
According to fundamental
oscillator
Negative
resistance
Tunnel
Ey
posite 7lb
Feed back oscillator
 According to frequency generated
Audio freq oscillator up to 20kHz

Oscillator 20kHzto 30MHz

Radiofreq
Osc 30MHz to 30014112
Very High freq
Osc 300MHz to 3442
Ultrahigh freq
Osc 3942
Microwave freq

circuit used
According to type of
LC tuned oscillator
oscillator
RC tuned
CRITERION
Oscillations
BARKHAUSEN
Condition for
A 1B
Amplitude
Amplifier
Basic Limiter
with gain A
of 1800

Kitiara
Network B

Ap 118 Assassinations

ARI
as
A AM
360 of phase shift
 O
General form of an LC Oscillator

1 2

E
Amplifier
É

Etta
Eat Eat
LoadImpedance 2

i psi de impedance

E
ITE
Ze
ZE CZ't Zz

It Is It t
E

It Eietietzshie
It tFzizs
n.ec
 hi
I Engilgthie
IT
niecEE.EE

Voltage gain without

feedback

Ave 4ft
Feedback fact

Vo
Ii
I

Effie
71 73

3
É ÉÉ
It

g
Vo E hietz.IE
feedback voltage
I
Vfb fzhintie
 MT EE
feedback factor

B
y Itf
nieEttTizs
oscillations AB
Condition for sustained

t
htgf.netItziz
TT.EE t

nÉÉÉI t Zzz t 7173

hie Zit Zit 23
hfe Zzz
773 0
hie Zit Zit 3 t Z Zz l thee
T
General equation of
theoscillator
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Ganesh
 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

tip
adf.IEIain
f If
leg Lithtany
Mutual
Inductance

Agis
773 0
hie Zit Zit 2 t Zizzflthfe
join
where Z jwh
substitute
JW lat Jam
Zz in general equation
oscillator
of
Zz

JWhielli that 2m at 4th Gtm the If O

tgaoares.TT frequency
 0
whie
fit ht 2M

O
L t let 2m
ta
WI
ut
Fyn
w

W
Jem
F
Atar oscillation
operating frequency of
frequency
f IFL
sustained oscillations is
Condition to maintain
im

g
o
it m thee

Ktm the
Je
 Mhfe
L txt 2M It hhfe t M t

hee Lum
4th

hee YET
COLPITT'S OSCILLATOR

THEE
a

ZE WE
Iida Zz jul
Substitute above
impedances

in general equation of
oscillator

ÉÉI too
I jEg where
car Ea
f FEE Eeg
f Éreq
 oscillations
Condition for sustained
in eg
substitute f key
hee E
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

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1
L.ge

LEIFHEIT

ÉE
 0
Rct Ic Il RI at hfeRcIb

RIb 0
Rt In
RI t

Ib O
OI RIL t Rt
E
RtRc J Xe R hee Re

R f

R 2k J Xe
p
p
g

matrin O
Det
O
j4RRcXcTJXI
R't R'Rc 3thfe 5k Xi Roxie Gjpixe
0
imaginarypart
At operating frequency
GRXct4RRcXc XE
O

Xe TIRED
25ft
opt
 F
atÉf k

4 for R
R F IF
sustained oscillations
condition for
Xi 5kt Rc 0
3 thee
R R'Rc

471 0
294g 23 hfe

hee
23 29 44
56
Jf R Rc hfe
 WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
Lag
Lead
NIO

No
FEILETTE

ID
I
Yet

t I
R Es
Vols
Vitti

WILL REI

If the bridge is balanced

it to zero
and equating
simplifying above equation
Fo LITRE
 4 4 to
If RFR 4 art
Vp s
Vols.LI p
jvt qtE.vos
ERIE
VHS
VK.EE Irc
Vp S VK.jp
z Y.H

AB
sm

1
pt
A 5RE3st
above expression
in
substitute S
JUG f É Etf're
Wo

A 3
 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

5 To piezoelectric
material
quartztourmaline
rochelle salt

f IF
I
Kii l thickness
P 12,3
g density ofthe
material

y Y Young's modulus

Temperature
symbol
dependent
Electrical

IyY
equivalent
circuit

Cp

r f
at
mum
111 3 freq 4th