EC Lecture03 L - UdoKlein

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 28 March & 4 April 2024
Graphics: © https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electrical-circuit.htm#
VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Electrical and Computer Engineering Study Program
Electric Circuits
Udo Klein
Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 3.1
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Lecture Topic 3
Simple Linear Circuits
Electric Circuits
Udo Klein
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
For personal use only! 1

Course Contents
• The electric circuit variables: voltage and current
• Linear circuit elements: resistors and sources
• Simple linear circuits
• Linear circuit analysis
• Simple nonlinear elements and circuits
• Alternating voltage and current
• Capacitance and inductance
• Power in ac circuits
• Three-phase electric circuits
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Objectives
After today’s class you will
• be able to recognize resistors connected in series and in
parallel and use the rules for combining series-connected
resistors and parallel-connected resistors to yield equivalent
resistance.
• know how to design simple voltage-divider and current-divider
circuits.
• be able to use voltage division and current division
appropriately to solve simple circuits.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Objectives (cont.)
• be able to determine the reading of an ammeter when added
to a circuit to measure current; be able to determine the
reading of a voltmeter when added to a circuit to measure
voltage.
• understand how a Wheatstone bridge is used to measure
resistance.
• know when and how to use delta-to-wye equivalent circuits to
solve simple circuits.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Equivalent Circuits
Reducing more complex circuits into simpler, equivalent
circuits:
• acquaint ourselves thoroughly with the laws underlying

more sophisticated methods
• allows us to be introduced to some circuits that have
important engineering applications
• A dc (direct current) source is a constant source, that is

voltages and currents are invariant with time.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Resistors in Series
KCL:
KVL:
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Resistors in Series (cont.)
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Resistors in Parallel
• Parallel-connected circuit elements have the same
voltage across their terminals.
KCL:
Ohm’s law:
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Resistors in Parallel (cont.)

• two parallel resistors:
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Example 1
Find is, i1, and i2 in the

circuit shown on the right.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Exercise
1. For the circuit shown, find (a)
the voltage v, (b) the power
delivered to the circuit by the
current source, and (c) the
power dissipated in the 6-Ω.
resistor.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

The Voltage Divider

applying Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws:
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Loaded Voltage Divider

A load on any circuit consists of one or more circuit elements
that draw power from the circuit.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Example 2
The resistors used in the

voltage-divider circuit
shown on the right have a
tolerance of ±10%. Find the
maximum and minimum
value of vo.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
The Current Divider

applying Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws:
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Example 3
Find the power dissipated

in the 6-Ω resistor shown
on the right.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Voltage Division
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Current Division
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Example 4
Use current division to find

the current io and use
voltage division to find the
voltage vo for the circuit on
the right.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Measuring Voltage and Current

• An ammeter is an instrument designed to measure current;
– it is placed in series with the circuit element whose current is
being measured.
• A voltmeter is an instrument designed to measure voltage;
– it is placed in parallel with the element whose voltage is being
measured.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Measuring Voltage and Current (cont.)

• An ideal ammeter or voltmeter has no effect on the circuit variable it
is designed to measure.
– An ideal ammeter has an equivalent resistance of 0 Ω (short
circuit in series)
– An ideal voltmeter has an infinite equivalent resistance (open
circuit in parallel)
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Digital Meters
• Digital meters measure at discrete points in
time, called the sampling times.
• The signal is converted from an analog signal to
a digital signal.
• Advantages:
– introduce less resistance into the circuit
– easier to connect
– greater precision of the measurement due to
the readout mechanism
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Analog Meters
• Analog meters are based on the d’Arsonval
meter movement.
– movable coil placed in the field of a
permanent magnet
– deflection of the pointer is proportional to
the current in the movable coil
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Real Meters
actual meters are nonideal:
• Any instrument used to make physical measurements extracts
energy from the system while making measurements.
• Real meters introduce resistance into the circuit:
– A real ammeter has an equivalent resistance that is not zero.
– A real voltmeter has an equivalent resistance that is not infinite.
• How much these meters disturb the circuit being measured depends
on the effective resistance of the meters compared with the
resistance in the circuit.
– rule of 1/10th:
The effective resistance of an ammeter should be no more than
1/10th of the value of the smallest resistance in the circuit.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Example 5
Using a d'Arsonval Ammeter:

a) A 50 mV, 1 mA d'Arsonval movement is to be used
in an ammeter with a full-scale reading of 10 mA.
Determine RA.
b) Repeat (a) for a full-scale reading of 1 A.
c) How much resistance is added to the circuit when
the 10 mA ammeter is inserted to measure current?
d) Repeat (c) for the 1 A ammeter.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Example 6
Using a d'Arsonval voltmeter:

a) A 50 mV, 1 mA d'Arsonval movement is to be used
in a voltmeter in which the full-scale reading is 150
V. Determine Rv.
b) Repeat (a) for a full-scale reading of 5 V.
c) How much resistance does the 150 V meter insert
into the circuit?
d) Repeat (c) for the 5 V meter.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Measuring Resistance
The Wheatstone bridge circuit is used to precisely measure
resistances of medium values.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Δ-to-Y (π-to-T) Equivalent Circuits
Simplification requires Δ-to-Y or π-to-T equivalent circuits.
Δ or π configuration Y or T configuration
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Δ-to-Y (π-to-T) Equivalent Circuits (cont.)
Δ-to-Y: Y-to-Δ:
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Example 7
Find the current and power supplied by the 40-V source

in the circuit shown below.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Summary
• Series resistors can be combined to obtain a single equivalent
resistance according to the equation
• Parallel resistors can be combined to obtain a single

equivalent resistance according to the equation
When just two resistors are in parallel, the equation for

equivalent resistance can be simplified to give
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Summary (cont.)
• When voltage is divided between series
resistors the voltage across each
resistor can be found according to the
equations
• When current is divided between parallel

resistors the current through each
resistor can be found according to the
equations
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Summary (cont.)
• Voltage division is a circuit analysis tool that is used to find the voltage
drop across a single resistance from a collection of series-connected
resistances when the voltage drop across the collection is known:
where is the voltage drop across the resistance Rj and v is the voltage
drop across the series-connected resistances whose equivalent
resistance is Req.
• Current division is a circuit analysis tool that is used to find the current
through a single resistance from a collection of parallel-connected
resistances when the current into the collection is known:
where ij is the current through the resistance Rj and i is the current into
the parallel-connected resistances whose equivalent resistance is Req.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Summary (cont.)
• A voltmeter measures voltage and must be placed in parallel
with the voltage being measured. An ideal voltmeter has infinite
internal resistance and thus does not alter the voltage being
measured.
• An ammeter measures current and must be placed in series
with the current being measured. An ideal ammeter has zero
internal resistance and thus does not alter the current being
measured.
• Digital meters and analog meters have internal resistance,
which influences the value of the circuit variable being
measured. Meters based on the d'Arsonval meter movement
deliberately include internal resistance as a way to limit the
current in the movement's coil.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Summary (cont.)
• The Wheatstone bridge circuit is used to make precise
measurements of a resistor's value using four resistors, a dc
voltage source, and a galvanometer. A Wheatstone bridge is
balanced when the resistors are such that the resulting
galvanometer reading shows 0 A.
• A circuit with three resistors connected in a Δ configuration (or a
π configuration) can be transformed into an equivalent circuit in
which the three resistors are Y connected (or T connected). The
Δ-to-Y transformation and the Y-to-Δ transformation are given
on slide 31.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Exercises
1. For each of the circuits shown,
a) identify the resistors connected in series,
b) simplify the circuit by replacing the series-connected
resistors with equivalent resistors.
c) Find the equivalent resistance seen by the source.
(a) (b) (c)
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Exercises
a) identify the resistors connected in parallel,
b) simplify the circuit by replacing the parallel-connected
resistors with equivalent resistors.
c) Find the equivalent resistance seen by the source.
(a) (b) (c)
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Exercises
a) find the equivalent resistance Rab,
b) find the power delivered by the source.
(b)
(a)
(c)
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Exercises
4. For the circuit shown, calculate
a) vo and io.
b) the power dissipated in the
6-Ω resistor.
c) the power developed by the
current source.
5. In the voltage-divider circuit
shown, the no-load value of vo is
4 V. When the load resistance,
RL is attached across the
terminals a and b, vo drops to 3
V. Find RL.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Exercises
6. For the circuit shown,
a) Calculate the no-load voltage vo for the
voltage-divider.
b) Calculate the power dissipated in R1
and R2.
c) Assume that only 0.5-W resistors are
available. The no-load voltage is to be
the same as in (a). Specify the smallest
ohmic values of R1 and R2.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Exercises
7. The no-load voltage in the voltage-divider
circuit shown is 8 V. The smallest load
resistor that is ever connected to the
divider is 3.6 kΩ. When the divider is
loaded, vo is not to drop below 7.5 V.
a) Design the divider circuit to meet the specifications just
mentioned. Specify the numerical values of R1, and R2.
b) Assume the power ratings of commercially available
resistors are 1/16,1/8,1/4,1, and 2 W. What power rating
would you specify?
c) Assume the voltage divider has been constructed from 1-W
resistors. What is the smallest resistor that can be used as
RL before one of the resistors in the divider is operating at its
dissipation limit?
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Exercises
8. Find vo in the circuit shown.
9. The current in the 12-Ω

resistor in the circuit shown is
1 A.
a) Find vg.
b) Find the power dissipated
in the 20-Ω resistor.
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
Exercises
10. A d'Arsonval voltmeter is shown.
a) Find the value of Rv for each of the
following full-scale readings: (i) 50
V, (ii) 5 V, (iii) 250 mV, and (iv) 25
mV.
11. Suppose the voltmeter is used to
measure the voltage across the 45-Ω
resistor in the figure shown.
a) What will the voltmeter read?
b) Find the percentage of error in the
voltmeter reading if
measured value
% error = − 1 × 100
true value
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

Exercises
12. The circuit model of a dc voltage source
is shown. The following voltage
measurements are made at the terminals
of the source: (1) With the terminals of
the source open, the voltage is measured
at 50 mV, and (2) with a 15-MΩ resistor
connected to the terminals, the voltage
is measured at 48.75 mV.
All measurements are made with a digital voltmeter that has a
meter resistance of 10 MΩ.
a) What is the internal voltage of the source vs?
b) What is the internal resistance of the source Rs?
Spring 2024
28/03/2024
End of Lecture 3
Spring 2024
28/03/2024

EC Lecture03 L - UdoKlein

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

EC Lecture03 L - UdoKlein

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 28 March & 4 April 2024

Simple Linear Circuits

For personal use only! 1

For personal use only! 2

• acquaint ourselves thoroughly with the laws underlying

• A dc (direct current) source is a constant source, that is

For personal use only! 3

Resistors in Series (cont.)

For personal use only! 4

Resistors in Parallel (cont.)

For personal use only! 5

Find is, i1, and i2 in the

For personal use only! 6

The Voltage Divider

Loaded Voltage Divider

For personal use only! 7

The resistors used in the

The Current Divider

For personal use only! 8

Find the power dissipated

For personal use only! 9

Use current division to find

For personal use only! 10

Measuring Voltage and Current

Measuring Voltage and Current (cont.)

For personal use only! 11

For personal use only! 12

Using a d'Arsonval Ammeter:

For personal use only! 13

Using a d'Arsonval voltmeter:

For personal use only! 14

Δ-to-Y (π-to-T) Equivalent Circuits

Simplification requires Δ-to-Y or π-to-T equivalent circuits.

Δ-to-Y (π-to-T) Equivalent Circuits (cont.)

For personal use only! 15

Find the current and power supplied by the 40-V source

• Parallel resistors can be combined to obtain a single

When just two resistors are in parallel, the equation for

For personal use only! 16

• When current is divided between parallel

For personal use only! 17

For personal use only! 18

(a) (b) (c)

(a) (b) (c)

For personal use only! 19

For personal use only! 20

For personal use only! 21

9. The current in the 12-Ω

For personal use only! 22

For personal use only! 23

You might also like