lj1fg / k|ljlw (Science and Technology )

Gopi Chandra Poudel ( M. Sc./M. Ed.)

lj1fg
Nol6g efiffsf] “Scientia” af6 c+u|]hLdf
x'G5 h;n] 1fg cyf{t Knowledge nfO{ hgfpF5 .
Science
To;}n] Science is a systematic body of knowledge, lj1fg s|dj4 1fgsf] z/L/ xf] .
Science is the complete study of everything, k|To]s kbfy{sf] k"0f{ cWoog g} lj1fg xf] .
Science is a heap of truth lj1fg ;Tosf] y'k|f] xf] .
k|ljlw
s'g} klg sfo{nfO{ ;/n, ;xh / sd ;dodf ;DkGg ug{ ckgfOg] pkfo, tl/sf jf ljlw
lj1fg k|ljlwsf] ljsf;af6 dfgj hLjgdf k/]sf k|efjx? M
lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ljZj g} Pp6f ;fgf] ufpF (Global Village) sf] ?kdf v'Drg k'u]sf] 5 . o;n] cfly{s,
;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, ;fF:s[lts cflb If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efj j}1flgs cfljisf/ cflbn] dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;DkGgtf lt/ nu]sf]
5 . Technology sf] If]qdf Bio-technology, information and communication technology, space
technology, nano technology, robotics cflbn] ljZjnfO{ ;DkGgtfdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fydf k|fs[lts
jftfj/0fsf] ljgf;, k|b"if0f, ljgf;sf/L, xftxltof/sf] xf]8jfhL, gofF /f]ux?sf] dfxfdf/L, cfly{s ;DkGgtf / ljkGgtf ljr
lje]b h:tf gsf/fTds c;/x? klg ;fydf cfO/x]sf 5g\ .

;sf/fTds k|efjx? gsf/fTds k|efjx?

!= s'g} klg sfd ;xh, ;/n / l56f] ug{ ;lsg] != dfgjsf] l;h{gzLntf nf]k x'g] / d]lzgsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'g]
@= l56f] ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg x'g] @= dflg;sf] /f]huf/L u'Dg]
#= gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; #= dfgjLo ;DaGw / ;+j]bgzLntfsf] cGTo eO :jfyL{ efjgfsf]
$= pTkfbgdf j[l4 ljsf; x'g]
%= yf]/} ;do / ;fwgaf6 w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsg] $= uf]kgLotf e+u eO gofF ck/fwsf] ljsf; x'g]
^= cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u %= k/Dk/fut k]zf Joj;fo nf]k x'g]
&= ljZj Ps ufpFsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'g] ^= snf, wd{ ;+:s[ltdf x|f;
&= jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'g]
lj1fgsf ljleGg ljwfsf ;|i6fx? -lj1fgsf lktf_ (Father of Science)
qm=;+= ljwf -lj1fg_ ;|i6fx? -lktf_
!= Father of Science lj1fg cNj6{ cfO{G:6fO{g
@= Father of physics ef}lts zf:q cfOhs Go"6g
#= Father of Biology / Zoology hLj lj1fg / k|fl0fzf:q Pl/:6f]6n
$= Father of Botany jg:klt zf:q lyof]k|]m6;
%= Father of Chemistry /;fog lj1fg /j{6 af]O{n
^= Father of Microbiology dfOqmf]jfof]nf]hL n'O kf:r/
&= Father of Genetics hgg lj1fg u|]u/ d]08n
*= Father of Modern Genetics cfw'lgs hgg lj1fg ljlnod j]6];g
( Father of Taxonomy hLjsf] juL{s/0f sf/f]n; lng]c;
!) Father of Medical science lrlsT;fzf:q lxKkf]lqm6;
!!= Father of Ayurveda cfo'{j]b wgjGt/L, r/s
!@= Father of Geometry Hofldlt o"lSn8
!#= Father of Mutation pTk/Ljt{g xo'uf] l8= e]/fO{h
!$= Father of Computer ;';fª\Vo oGq rfN; Aofj]h
!%= Father of Anatomy zl// /rgf lh= s'leo/
!^= Father of Nuclear chemistry cf0fljs lj1fg c6f]xfg
!&= Father of Experiment k|of]u cfls{ldl8h
!*= Father of Invention cflj:sf/ yf]d; PNjf Pl8;g
!(= Father of Electricity/ Prince of Experiment ljw't dfO{sn kmf/f8]
@)= Father of Evolution / Natural selection s|dljsfz / k|fs[lts 5gf]6 rfN;{ 8flj{g
@! Father of Blood Group sfn{ Nof08l:6lgo/
@@= Father of Blood Circulation ljlnod xfj{]
@#= Father of History x]/f]8f]6\;
k|d'v j}1flgs cGj]if0f / cfljisf/x?, k|l;4 j}1flgs / ltgsf] of]ubfg
!= cfls{ldl8h (Archimedes) -O=k"= @*& – O=k"= @!@_ lu|;,
Give me a place to stand on, I will move the earth" cfls{ldl8h
-k|of]ufTds lj1fgsf lktf (Father of Experiment)
pgsf cfljisf/x?df,
• pWj{rfksf] l;4fGt, • ;"o{, rGb|dfsf] Jof; gfKg] tl/sf,
• Knjgsf] lgod (Principle of floatation), • w]/} 7"nf] ;+VofnfO{ ;fgf] cfsf/df n]Vg]
• ;fk]lIft 3gTjsf] l;4fGt, ljlw,
• pQf]nssf] l;4fGt, • Water screw cflb 5g\ .
• l3gL{,
• =22/7,
@= lgsf]n; sklg{s; -;g\ !$&#–!%$#_ kf]Nof08
;"o{ s]lGb|t l;4fGt ( Helio centric theory) k|ltkfbg ;g\ !%$#
#= Giordino Bruno ( 1548- 1600) -O6fnL_
;"o{ s]lGb|t l;4fGt ( Helio centric theory) k|rf/ u/] jfkt lhpb} cfuf] nufOPsf] j}1flgs
$ Uoflnlnof] UoflnnL -;g\ !%^$–!^$@_ -O6fnL, lk;f_
Uoflnlnof]sf lktf leG;]Ghf] UoflnnL ul0ft1 tyf ;uLtsf/ lyP .
Little Balance k':ts Uoflnlnof]n] n]v]sf x'g .
UoflnnLsf cfljisf/x?df –
• k]G8'nd, • s'g} j:t'nfO{ ) b]lv () sf] sf]0fdf k|If]lkt
• 6]ln:sf]k, ubf{ To;sf] af6f] cg'j[lQo (Parabolic)
• tfkqmddfks oGq, x'G5,
• Hofldlto sDkf;, • j[x:kltsf] pku|x u]lgd]8 kQf nufPsf
• xfO8\f]:6fl6s t/fh', • zlgnfO{ c08fsf/ l/ªn] w]/]sf] 5,
• k[YjL uf]nf] 5, • cfsf;u+ªufsf] lgdf{0f w]/} tf/fx? ldn]/
• rGb|dfsf] cfˆgf] k|sf; 5|}g, jg]sf] x'G5 cflb .
• rGb|dfsf] ;txdf vfN8fv'N8L /x]sf] kQf
nufPsf
%= ;/ cfOHofs Go'6g -;g\ !^$@–!&@&_ OªNof08
k|d'v cfljisf/x?
• rfnsf] # j6f lgod, • Optics -!&)$_(English efiffdf_
• u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] lgod, • ;g\ !^*( / !&)! Dff ;;bdf k|ltlglwTj
• ;g !^&@ df /f]on ;f];fO6L n08gsf] ;b:o
• k|sf;sf] ls/0fdf ;ftj6f /ª x'g],
• ;g\ !&)# df /f]on ;f];fO6L n08gsf] cWoIf eO
• Calculus cflhjg sfo{ u/] .
• pgsf k|d"v s[ltx?df • ;g \!&)% df Go'6gnfO{ Sir pkflw lbOof] .
• Principia - !^*&_ (Latin efiffdf_
^= hf]g 8fN6g (John Dalton) -;g\ !&^^–!*$$_ O{ªNof08
My head is too full of triangles, chemical properties and electrical experiments to think much of
marriage. hf]g 8fN6g
d"Vo cfljisf/df
• kf/df0fljs /rgf (Atomic structure)
• ck"0f{rfksf] l;4fGt (Dalton's Law of partial pressure),
• xfOu|f]ld6/ x'g .
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

&= dfOsn kmf/f8] (Michael Faraday)-;g\ !&(!–!*^&_ OªNof08 -Go' ljGu6g+_

Nothing is too wonderful to the true of it be consistent with the laws of nature - dfOsn km/f8]
Prince of experiment
cfljisf/x?df
• ef]N6fOs ;]n, • Kof/fDofUg]l6Hd,
• h]g]/]6/, • 8fODofUg]l6Hd,
• Snf]/Lg, • ljB't ljR5]bgsf] l;4fGt, ljB't n]kg
• kfgL tfGg] d]l;g, • ljB't r'Djlso pkkfbgsf] lgod (Law of
• j]GhLg, Electro magnetic induction) cflb 5g\ .
• sfj{g ˆnf]/fO8,
*= rfN;{ 8flj{g -Charles Darwin -;g\ !*)(–!**@_ OªNof08sf] y|'hj/L
A man who dares to waste an hour of life has not discovered the value of life. rfN;{ 8flj{g
ljsf;jfbL l;4fGtsf lktf cNk|m]8 /;]n jfn]; ;+u ;xsfo{ u/]sf
j]un (Beagle) hxfh r9]/ ufnfkfuf]; (Galapagos) 6fk'df cWoog u/]sf lyP .
pgsf dxTjk"0f{ s[ltx?df
• 'The origin of species and Natural selection (1859),
• The Verification of Animals and plants under domestication (1868),
• The descent of man and selection in relation to sex (1871) k|l;4 5g\ .
pgsf l;4fGtx?df,
• Theory of Natural selection, • origin of species x'g\ .
• struggle for existence,
• survival of the fittest
(= n'O{ kfZr/ (Louis Pasteur) -;g\ !*@@–!*(%_ k|mfG;
“Do not put forward anything that you can not prove by experimentation” n'O; kf:r/
cfljisf/x?df
• Germ Theory, • kf:r/fOh];g k|ljlw -!*^%_
• 3fp kfSg] sf/0f JofS6]l/of -!*^!_, • /]ljh /f]u -xfO8«f]kmf]ljof_ sf] cf}ifwL, -;g\
• Ifo/f]u (TB) sf] cf}ifwL, !**%_ cflb
• t/n kbfy{nfO{ %% l8u|L ;]lN;o; tfkqmddf cfwf 306f /fVbf To;df /x]sf hLjf0f'x? gi6 x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f
pgn] b'wnfO{ %% l8u|L ;]lN;o; ;Dd pdfn]/ To;df ePsf hLjf0f' gi6 u/L k|dfl0ft u/]sf lyP.
• ld:6/ hf];]km gfd u/]sf ( jlif{o jfnssf] k]6df !$ j6f ;'O nufP/ /]ljh ;"Osf] k|of]u klxnf]k6s n'O
kf:r/n] u/]sf lyP . -!^ h'g !**%_
!)= cNk|m]8 jg{xf8{ gf]j]n -;g\ !*##–!*(^_ :jL8]g
OlGhlgo/ tyf /;fogljb cNk|m]8 gf]j]nn] æ8fOgfdfO6Æ sf] cfljisf/ u/] .
oLgsf] ;DklQnfO{ sf]ifsf] ?kdf /fvL ;g\ !()! b]lv gf]j]n k'/:sf/ lbg yflnof] .

!!= yf]d; PNjf Pl8;g (Thomas Alva Edison) -;g\ !*$&–!(#!_ cd]l/sfsf] cf]xfof] /fHo
• cfˆgf] gfd cfkm} lj;{g] j}1flgs • ;g\ !*^! df /]ndf g} 5fk]/ /]ndf g} j]lrg]
• cfljisf/sf lktf klqsf Grand Trunk Herald k|sflzt
• !)(# eGbf j9L cfljisf/ u/]sf
• ;g\ !()$ df ef}lts zf:q tkm{sf] gf]a]n • dxTjk"0f{ cfljisf/x?
k'/:sf/ k|fKt . • Ps} rf]6L b'O{ nfOgjf6 ;dfrf/ k7fpg ;lsg]
• Hello zAbsf] klxnf] rf]6L k|of]u u/]sf], 6]lnu|fd -!*^*_,
• dt u0fgfoGq -!*^(_,
• u|fdf]kmf]g -!*&&_,
3
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

• rnlrq Sofd/f / k|f]h]S6/ -!*&(_ • laB'taf6 rNg] k]g -d]df]u|fkm_,

• ljh'nL lrd -!*&(_, • :6f]/h
] Jof6«L,
• ljB't /]n dfu{ -!**)_, • nfp8:kLs/, cflb 5g\ .
!@= Dof8d So"/L -;g\ !*^& –!(#$_ kf]Nof08
• kf]Nof08sf] jf;f{df hGd]sL Dof8d So"/Lsf] jfNosfnsf] gfd dfl/of :snf]bf]j:sL lyof] .
• logn] /]l8od kQf nufP jfkt ;g\ !()# df >Ldfg\ lko/] So"/L / u'? x]g/L j]s'/]nsf ;fydf ef}lts zf:q
tkm{sf] gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/L gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] dlxnf algg .
• ;g\ !(!! df kf]nf]lgod kQf nufP jfkt /;fog zf:q tkm{sf] gf]j]n k'/:sf/ kfOg .
• oLgsL 5f]/L cfO/]g So"/L / HjfO{ k|m]8/Ls h'lno6n] X- ray Radiography kQf nufP jfkt ;g\ !(#% df
/;fog zf:q tkm{sf] gf]j]n k'/:sf/ kfPsf lyP .
• o;/L Pp6} kl/jf/df # k6sdf $ hgfn] u/L % j6f gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .
• So"/Ln] lkrAn]8jf6 /]l8od / kf]nf]lgod cfljisf/ u/]sL lyOg . 1 gm /]8Lodsf nflu * 6g lkrAn]8 vr]{sf
lyP .
• >Ldfg\ >LdtL b'j}nfO{ SofG;/ eP klg >Ldfg\ sf/ b'3{6gfdf ;g\ !()^ / >LdtL SofG;/sf sf/0f ;g\ !(#$
d/]sf lyP .
!#= u'lUnNdf] dfsf]{gL(Guglielmo Marconi) -;g\ !*&$–!(#&_ O6fnL
• Every days see humanity more victorious in the struggle with space and time. Dffsf]{gL
• O6fnLsf] jf]nf]Ugf ;x/df hGdsf] dfsf]{gLsf] jfNosfnsf] gfd (Billy) ljNnL lyof] .
• pgn] tf/ ljgfsf] 6]lnu|fkm -;g\ !*(&_ cfljisf/ u/] jfkt ;g\ !()( df gf]j]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/] .
• ;g\ !()! l8;]Dj/ !@ df pgn] o"/f]kjf6 cd]/Lsf Wireless Telegraphy n] hf]8]sf lyP .
• ;g\ !()@ df r'Djlso l86]S6/ jgfP, ;g\ !(!^ df Short–wave jgfO{ /]l8of] ;Gb]z k7fP .
• dfsf]{gL /]8Lof]sf cfljisf/s x'g\ .
!$= cNj6{ cfO:6fOg (Albert Einstein) -;g\ !*&(–!(%%_ hd{gL -pNd_
• God may be sophisticated, but he is not malicious. cfOG:6fOg
• cd]l/sfsf] Go" h;L{sf] lk|G:6g eGg] :yfkgf &^ jif{sf] pd]/df d[To' ePsf] lyof] .
• cfOG:6fOgn] ;fk]Ifjfbsf] l;4fGt (Theory of Relativity) -;g\ !()%_,
• ;fdfGo ;fk]Iftfsf] l;4fGt (General Theory of Relativity) -;g\ !(!^_,
• k|sf;sf] ljB'lto c;/ (Photo electric effect),
• ljB'lto r'DjsTj (Electro magnetism) / u'?Tjfsif{0f (Gravitaion) nfO{ ;+of]hg u/L (Unified field
theory) -;g\ !(@)_
• E= mc2 cflb kQf nufPsf lyP .
• k|sf; ljB'lto c;/sf] lgodsf nflu ;g\ !(@! df gf]j]n k'/:sf/ lbOPsf] lyof] .
• pgsf] dl:tisnfO{ cd]l/sfsf] lk|G:6g c:ktfndf ;"/lIft /flvPsf] 5 .
!%= c6f]xfg (Otto Hahn) -;g\ !*&(–!(^*_ hd{gL -k|mfGskm6_
• kmfb/ ckm Go"SnLo/ s]d]i6«L
• Go"lSnP/ lkm;g (Nuclear Fission) k|ltlqmof u/fO{ zlQm pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{ u/] jfkt ;g\ !($$ df gf]j]n
k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/] .
• oLgsf] l;4fGtdf P6djd lgdf{0f eof] .
!^ hulbz rGb| jf]; -;g\ !**%–!(#&_
jf]6 lj?jfdf klg r]tgf x'G5 elg kQf nufpg] ef/lto j}1flgs jg:kltsf] ljsf;s|d gfKg] oGq s|]:sf]u|fkm cflj:sf/
u/]sf lyP .

!&= :6]lkmg ljlnod xlsG; (Stephen William Hawking) -!($@–@)!*_OªNof08 -cS;kmf]8{_

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) jf6 lk8Lt dxfg vuf]n zf:qL
4
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

rlr{t /rgfx?
• A Brief History of Time -;g\ !(**_
• Black Holes and Baby Universe and Other Essay -;g\ !(($_
• The Universe is a Nutshell -;g\ @))!_
• On the Shoulders of Giants. The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy -;g\ @))@_
• God Created the integers: The Mathematical Break Through That Changed History -;g\ @))%_
• The Grand Design -;g\ @)!)_
5f]/L n';L;+u ;+o'Qm n]vgsf afnsyf
George's Secret Key to the Universe-;g\ @))&_ George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt -;g\ @))(_
rnlrqx?
• A Brief History of Universe -;g\ !((!_ • Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe -;g\
• Stephen Hawking's Universe -;g\ !((&_ @))*_
• Horizon: the Hawking Paradox -;g\ @))%_ • Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking -;g\
• Masters of Science Fiction -;g\ @))&_ @)!)

j}1flgs cGj]if0f ÷vf]h÷ l;4fGt / To;sf k|ltkfbsx?

j}1flgssf] gfd cfljisf/÷of]ubfgsf] If]q
kfO{yfuf]/; -O{=k"= %*@_ u|L; ul0ft
lxKkf]qm]l6h -O{=k"= $^) _ o'gfg z/L/ lj1fg , zNolrlsT;f
Pl/:6f]6n -O{=k"= #*$ _ o'gfg hLj lj1fg÷k|f0fL zf:q
o'lSn8 - O{=k"=##)–@^(_ cn]Sh]l08«of Hofldltsf lktf
cfls{ldl8h -O{=k"= @*&–@!@,_ u|L; ;fk]lIft 3gTj, pQf]ns Pj+ l3gL{sf] l;4fGt
lnof]gfbf{] bf leGrL -;g\ !$%@, O6fnL _ O{lGhlgol/ª\u, Hof]ltif lj1fg, e"ue{zf:q
lgsf]n; sf]klg{s; -;g\ !$&#, kf]Nof08_ vuf]nzf:q, ul0ft, ;"o{s]lGb|t l;4fGt
Uoflnlnof] Uoflnln -;g\ !%^$–!^$@, O{6fnL_vuf]nzf:q, 6]ln:sf]k
hf]xfg; s]Kn/ -;g\ !%&!–!^#), hd{gL_ vuf]nLo lk08x?sf sIf, u|xx?sf] ultsf]
ljZn]if0f
cfO{Hofs Go"6g -;g\ !^$@–!&@&, O{FUNof08_ u'?Tjan, SofNs'n;, k|sfzsf] j0f{k6 rfnsf]
lgod
hf]g 8fN6g -;g\ !&^^–!*$$, O{FUNof08_ k/df0f'sf] l;4fGt, ck'0f{ rfksf] l;¢fGt
hh{ ;fO{dg cf]xd\ -;g\ !&*&–!*%$, hd{gL_ ljB't cj/f]wsf] l;4fGt (Ohm's law)
yf]d; cNjf Pl8;g -;g\ !*$&–!(#!, cd]l/sf_ father of invention, sl/a !)(# cfljisf/x?

k|d'v j}1flgs cfljisf/ / ltgsf cfljisf/s Pj+ k|ltkfbs

l;4fGt÷cfljisf/ k|ltkfbs÷cfljisf/s /]l8od Dof8d So'/L
xfG; lqmlZrog cf]P:6]8 /]l8of] dfsf]{gL
Electromagnetism
/]lk|mh/];g h]= sIf kfls{;
Heliocentric theory lgsf]n; sf]klg{s; /f8f/ /a6{ jf6\;g
Principle of buoyancy, cfls{ldl8h /j/ 6fo/ 8gnk
principle of lever ;fOsn Dofsldng
Quantum theory DofS; Knf+s l;d]G6 Hf];]km cf:kl8g
Theory of electro - dfOsn ˆof/f8] 38L P=Pn= la|u]6
magnetic induction 6]ln:sf]k Uoflnlnof] Uoflnln
Theory of DofS; j]n 6]lnkmf]g u|fxd j]n
electromagnetic waves 6]lnlehg h]=Pn=j]o8{
Theory of evolution rfN;{ 8flj{g 8fOgfdfO6 cNk|m]8 gf]j]n
a|]nlnkL n'O; a|]n
Theory of gravitation, cfOHofs Go'6g
cf0fljs l/ofS6/ Pgl/sf] kmdL{
law of motion cfO{;ls|d h]/fN8 l6:;}g
Theory of relativity cNa6{ cfOG;6fOg clS;hg lk|i6n]
5
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

df]6/ uf8L sfn{ j]~r Plne]6/ Pln;f lh=cf]l6;

dfO{qmf];sf]k /j6{ x's Pkm Pd /]l8of] P8ljg cfd{i6ǻ
e];lng /j6{ r]yj|f] Po/ slG8;g ljnL; s]l/o/
Eofs'd d]l;g cfO{le; Eofsu]eL PS; /] /f]PG6h]g
h]g]/]6/÷8fOgfdf] dfO{sn kmf/f8] sDKo'6/ Charles Babbage
jfl;ª d]lzg rfN;{ :6f]g sf]sfsf]nf hf]g o:68{g
Jfik O{lGhg h]D;jf6 Sofd]/f hf];]km lgo;L
Jof/f]ld6/ 6f]l/;]Nl Sofns'n]6/ kf:sn
Jof6«L ef]N6f u|fdf]kmf]g yf]d; cNjf Pl8;g
k]6«f]n O{GhLg c§f] Uof; O{lGhg 8fO{dn/
k|];/ s's/ 8]g]; kflkg Uofn]S;L, Big bang theory P8ljg xAan
lk|lG6ª d]lzg s]S;6g x]lnsf]K6/ j|]:s]6
Kof/f;'6 h]= Jn]grf8{ xjfO{hxfh cf]/len / lj/en /fO{6
k]G8'nd 3l8 xfO{h]G; ydf]{ld6/ Uoflnlnof] Uoflnln
lk|lG6ª k|]; u'6]gju{ k/df0f' jdsf] l;4fGt c6f]xfg
k];d]s/ 8f= kfpnhf]n k|fs[lts 5gf]6sf] l;4fGt, rfN;{ 8flj{g
kfZr/fOh];g, k|lt/]ljh ;'O{ n'O{ kfZr/ qmdljsf;sf] l;4fGt
kmpG6]g k]g Jff6/ d]g k|sf;sf] ult /f]d/
kmf]gf]u|fkm yf]d; PNjfPl8;g
kmf]6f]u|fkm n'O{l8u'/] The Germ theory , n'O; kf:r/
kmf]6f]skL d]lzg r]i6/ sfn{;g kf:r/fO{h]zg, /]ljhEoflS;g
l;:df]u|fkm /j6{ Hydrogen Gas x]g/L Sofe]l08;
l;nfO{ d]l;g Plnof; xf]j] Oxygen Gas h] lk|:6n]
l6=jL lrlsT;f /j6{ sf]r Tffksf] cljgfl;s / h'n
l8h]n O{GhLg ?8f]Nkm l8h]n ydf]{8fO{gfldS; l;4fGt
86k]g Nf;hf] lj/f] Tffksf] ultjfbL l;4fGt s]lNeg
lrofkQL yf]d; ;'lnEofg x;fpg] Uof; lke;fn
nfO{6lgª /8 j]Ghfldg k|m]s+lng lkmª\u/ lk|G6 ;/ km|lG;n UofN6g
n]h/ rfN;{ 6«fp6 o'/flgod ljv08g x]g/L cf]s'/]n
O{G;'lng /km a]+l6ª ;kgf lj:n]if0f l;udG8 km|fo8
O{n]S6«f]g h] h] yf]d;g
O{n]lS6«s df]6/ lgsf]nf t];nf
pQ/L w|'j{sf] vf]h Pd08;]g
P6d ad c6f] xfg /]l8of] PlStlel6 x]g/L j]s'/]n -!*(^_
Pg]:y]l;of ldN6g Snfs{
Pl:kl/g xd{g 8|];/
Plgd];g Pldn /]gfp8
lj1fgsf ljleGg ljwfsf] cWoog
Agronomy – jfnL lj1fg Epidemiology – /f]u ;DjlGw lj1fg
Anatomy – z/L/sf] lr/kmf/ ug]{ lj1fg Ethnology – s'g} hflt ljz]ifsf] cWoog
Anthropology– dfgj ljsf; cWooglj1fg Genetics – j+zf0f' lj1fg
Apiculture – df}/L lj1fg Geology – e"ud{ lj1fg
Aerology – jfo' ;DjGwL cWooglj1fg Hydrology – -kfgL_ hn lj1fg
Archaeology– k'/ftTj cWoog ug]{ lj1fg Horology - 38L tyf ;do lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL cWoog
Astrology – Hof]tLif lj1fg Metallurgy – vlgh lj1fg
Astronomy – cGtl/If lj1fg Microbiolog – ;'Id hLj cWoog lj1fg
Bacteriology – hLjf0f' ;DjGwL lj1fg Morphology – hLjsf] jgfj6 cWoog lj1fg
Biology – hLj lj1fg Mycology – kmGhfO ;DjGwL cWoog lj1fg
Botany – jg:klt lj1fg Oncology – SofG;/ lj1fg
Chemistry – /;fog lj1fg Optics – k|sf;sf] cWoog lj1fg
Cosmology – j|xdf08 lj1fg Ornithology – k+IfLx?sf] cWoog lj1fg
Cytology – sf]ifsf] cWoog ug]{ lj1fg Pathology – /f]usf] sL6f0f'sf] cWoog lj1fg
Criminology – ck/fw zf:q Paleontolog – hLjfjz]ifsf] cWoog lj1fg
Entomology ls/fx?sf] cWoog lj1fg Pharmacology - cf}ifwL lgdf{0f af/]df cWoog
6
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

Physics – ef}lts lj1fg Sericulture – /]zd v]tL lj1fg

Physiology – hLjg k|lqmofsf] cWoog lj1fg Seismology e"sDk lj1fg
Pisciculture – df5f lj1fg Virology – efO/; ;DjGwL lj1fg
Pomology – kmnkm'n lj1fg Zoology – hLjhGt'sf] cWoog ug]{ lj1fg

s]lx dxTjk"0f{ pks/0fx?

Altimeter – prfO{ gfKg] pks/0f
Ammeter – ljB't wf/f gfKg] pks/0f
Anemometer – xfjfsf] ult gfKg] pks/0f
Arboriculture - ?v lj?jf cWoog
Audio phone – sd>j0f zlQm ePsfn] ;'Gg]
Audiometer – >j0f zlQm gfKg] pks/0f
Audiphones - ;'Gg db\bt ug{] oGq
Auxanometer– jg:kltsf] j[l4 gfKg] oGq
Barometer – jfo'd08nLo rfk gfKg]
Binocular – b"/bz{s oGq
Cardiogram – d'6'sf] hfRg] oGq
Cardiograph – d'6'sf] rn b]vfpg]
Cardiometer – d'6'sf] :kGbg gfKg] pks/0f
Chromatograph - /Ësf] ld>0f 5'6\ofpg]
Climatology – hnjfo' lj1fg
Colonoscopy – dn4f/af6 leq x]g{] ,hFfRg] oGq
Compass – lbzf ;"rs oGq
Cybernetics – dfgj / d];Lgsf] ;DaGw cWoog
Demography – hg;+Vof cWoog
Dynamo – oflGqs zlQmnfO{ ljB't zlQmdf
kl/jt{g ug{ pks/0f
Electroscope - ljB't rfh{ hfRg] oGq
Endoscope – z/L/ leq x]g{ ;lsg] oGq
Fathometer–gbL, tfn ;d'Gb|sf] ulx/fO{ gfKg] pks/0f
Galvanometer – sd dfqfsf] ljB't gfKg]oGq
Gynecology - :qL/f]u ;DalGw lj1fg
Helios cope – ;"o{ x]g{ k|of]u ul/g] oGq
Horology - ;do lgwf{/0f -38L_ ;DjlGw lj1fg
Horticulture – jfujfgL lj1fg
Hydrometer – t/nsf] 3gTj gfKg] oGq
Hydrophone - kfgL leqsf] cfjfh gfKg]oGq
Hygrometer– ;fk]lIft cfb|tf gfKg] pks/0f
j|]ynfOh/ – cNsf]xn ;]jg u/] gu/]sf] hfFRg] oGq
Lactometer – b'wsf] 3gTj gfKg] pks/0f
Micrometer – 5f]6f] nDafO gfKg] oGq
Microscope - ;"Id hLj x]g{] oGq
Neurology - g;f tyf dl:t:s lj1fg
Ohmmeter – c:df]l6s k|];/ gfKg] oGq
Orology – kxf8sf] cWoog lj1fg
Osteology – xf8sf] cWoog lj1fg
Pedology – df6f] lj1fg
Photometer – k|sf;sf] ltj|tf gfKg] pks/0f
Potometer – pT:j]bg gfKg] pks/0f
Psychology – dgf]lj1fg
Radiology – k|sf;sf] ls/0f ;DalGw cWoog
Rain Gauge – jiff{sf] dfqf gfKg] pks/0f
Seismometer - e"sDksf] ult jf j]u gfKg] oGq
Seismometer– e'sDksf] ult jf j]u gfKg] pks/0f
Spectrometer – j0f{k6sf k|sf;sf ls/0fsf]
t/ËnDafO gfKg] oGq
Sphygmomanometer– /Qmrfk gfKg] pks/0f
Spiro meter - d[uf}nfsf] Ifdtf gfKg] oGq
Stethoscope– z/L/sf] leqsf] cfjfh ;'Gg] oGq
Telescope – b"/bz{s oGq
Theodolite - sf]0f gfKg] oGq –OlGhlgo/n] k|of]u ug{]
_
Thermometer – tfkqmd dfks oGq
Toxicology – ljif ;DjlGw lj1fg
Voltameter – ljB't ljR5]bg ug]{ pks/0f
Voltmeter – kf]6]gzLon km/s gfKg] pks/0f
Xanthometer - ;d'Gb|, tfnsf] kfgLsf] /Ë gfKg] oGq

s]lx ef}lts kl/df0f / ltgsf PsfO{

ef}lts kl/df0f PsfO{ %= tfk h'n÷Sofnf]/L
!= e"sDk /]S6/ :s]n ^= jn Go"6g
@=;fdYo{ jf6 &= WjgLsf] ltj|tf 8];Ljn
#= rfk kf:sn *= ljB'twf/f PDkLP/
$= zlQm÷sfo{ h'n (= 3gTj lsnf]u|fd÷3gld6/
7
 Gopi Chandra Poudel / M.Sc, M.Ed

!)= kf]6]gzLon km/s ef]N6 !@=ljlzi6 tfkwf/0fzlQm h'n÷s]hLl8u|L ;]N;Lo;

!!= n]G;sf] ;fdYo{ 8foK6/
s]xL j:t'df kfOg] tTj
;"tL{ – lgsf]l6g v';f{gL – SofK;fOl;g
lrof – 6]lgg xl/of] kft – Snf]/f]lkmn
skmL – Soflkmg l;:gf]n] kf]Nbf, sldnfn] 6f]Sbf –ldyfgf]Os jf kmld{s
b'w – sf]lhg Pl;8
/S;L – Oyfgf]n af?nf, df}/Ln] 6f]Sbf – Pl;l6s Pl;8
;"o{d'lv km"n – clShg
Phobia
Aerophobia xfjfb]lv 8/fpg' Hydrophobia kfgLb]lv nfUg] 8/
Androphobia k'?ifb]lv nfUg] 8/ Ophidiophobia ;k{b]lv 8/fpg'
Authophobia k'mn b]lv 8/fpg' Ornithophobia r/fb]lv 8/fpg'
Autophobia PsfGtkg b]lv 8/fpg' Pogonophobia bfx|L b]lv 8/fpg'
Bibliophobia k':ts b]lv 8/fpg' Pyrophobia cfuf]b]lv 8/fpg'
Eisoptrophobia P]gf b]lv 8/fpg' Theophobia eujfgb]lv 8/fpg'
Gamophobia ljjfx ug{b]lv 8/fpg' Xenophobia ljb]zL b]lv 8/fpg'
Gynophobia dlxnfb]lv nfUg] 8/ Zoophobia hgfj/b]lv nfUg] 8/
Hematophobia /ut b]lv 8/fpg'
• g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lj1fg lbj; c;f]h ! sf lbg dgfO{G5 . ljZj lj1fg lbj; !) gf]e]Da/ sf lbg dgfOG5 .