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International Conference On Food Science and Engineering 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028
1234567890

Preliminary analysis on hybrid vigor in Indonesian indigenous

and crossbred cattle population using data from published
studies
S Prastowo1, TSM Widi2, N Widyas1*),
1
Animal Science Department, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta Indonesia
2
Department of Animal Production, Animal Science Faculty, Gadjah Mada
University, Yogyakarta Indonesia
*)
E-mail : nwidyas@gmail.com

Abstract. Hybrid vigor or heterosis is the phenomenon where a crossbreed progeny has better
performance compared to its parents. Heterosis can be quantified relative to the mid-parents
value or relative to one of its parent’s population average by crossing two breeds.
Crossbreeding is aimed to increase the production performance of local breeds. According to
the Indonesian government policy, crossbreeding program is one of main strategies to achieve
meat self-sufficiency. We explore the possibilities observing of heterosis exhibited by crossing
Bali and Peranakan Onggole (PO) cattle as local breed with the exotic breed based on the
published data. In this paper, growth and reproductive traits from Bali and PO from year 2000-
2010 were used for analysis. Moreover, Limousine and Simmental exotic breed data were
collected from official information of artificial insemination (AI) centre. Data in growth trait
(chest girth, mature weight, weaning weight and yearling weight) in all breeds and their crosses
were then analysed using standard heterosis estimation method. Result, shows that crossbred
offspring perform better in the growth trait in relative to Bali and PO as local breed.
Specifically in Bali crossed with PO, the offspring shown better estimated heterosis effect in
yearling weight compared to both parents. Despite heterosis were observed in some traits,
careful planning of crossbreeding program is a must in order to avoid the loss of genetic
variance.

1. Introduction
Indonesian government has aimed for meat self-sufficiency in 2026 and one of the strategies is by
implementing crossbreeding program [1]. Local or indigenous breeds have lower production
performance compared to the exotic ones; however, they excel in the fitness and robustness against
local environment and resources [2,3]. Although exotic breeds might originally have higher productive
capacity, without the ability to adapt, the desired performance will be far from expectation. Studies
had been made to learn about crossbreeding of local cattle (Bali and PO) with exotic Taurus and
Indicus breeds. They reported that crossbred cattle indeed perform better in production traits such as
growth traits [4–7] and vital statistics [4,7,8] but they have poor reproductive performance [4,9].
Crossbreeding is expected to be a solution to bring out the advantages of different breeds as well as to
overcome within breed weakness.

The phenomenon where a crossbred progeny has better characteristics compared to its inbred parents
is called the hybrid vigor or heterosis [10]. This concept has been extensively used to increase
production performance in livestock and crops. Although studies revealing the advantages of
crossbred in Indonesia are abundant and the concept of heterosis is widely known, very less are
concerned about formally exploring them in term of traits heterosis. Heterosis can be quantified
relative to the mid-parents value or relative to one of its parent’s population average. In a country like
Indonesia, where the importance of crossbreeding is to increase the production performance of local
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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International Conference On Food Science and Engineering 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028
1234567890

breeds, the former type of heterosis is more relevant. Presenting the difference of characteristics
among breeds in heterosis term is more feasible for further and advanced analyses from genetics and
economic perspectives. This paper explores existing studies on the characteristic of both indigenous
and crossbred cattle in Indonesia and presents them in term of heterosis relative to the indigenous
parents.

2. Study methods
Mean and standard deviation data are collected from growth and reproduction related traits from
studies on Bali and PO cows and their crosses during the year of 2000 – 2010. Presented in table 1 are
girth of chest (CG) and mature weight (MW) on PO cows. All crosses were from female PO crossed
with Bos taurus males using artificial insemination (AI). Semen for AI was produced in Government
AI facilities. Information of Taurus semen in this paper was obtained from Singosari AI centre in East
Java, CG and MW are obtained from official catalogue. The mature weight (MW) variable was
estimated based on the Chest girth, thus was named estimated mature weight (EMW). Least square
means corrected for the origin of the data effect are presented in table 1 and 2.

Table 1. Phenotype data on PO-cross

Breed Pedigree CG (cm) EMW (Kg)
Limousine Sire 223.25 912.00
PO Dam 161.41 329.50
LimPO1 Offsp 169.25 402.00
Simmental Sire 217.65 969.00
PO Dam 161.41 329.50
SimPO2 Offsp 172.94 413.25
1
Limousine sire crossed with PO dam (via AI)
2
Simmental sire crossed with PO dam (via AI)

Data from Bali cows on weaning weight (WW) and yearling weight (YW) are presented in Table 2.
Data were tabulated from published papers. Bali cows’ data are the averages of many observations in
different areas around the island of Bali; whereas pure Taurus and Indicus data were obtained from
Singosari AI centre catalogue.

Table 2. Phenotype data on Bali cows and the crosses

Breed WW (Kg) YW (Kg)
Bali 86.00 130.00
Brahman 223.50 372.00
Simmental 235.50 430.00
Limousine 225.00 394.50
PO 102.13 134.30
Simbal1 131.61 179.21
Limbal2 128.75 176.80
Brahbal3 115.90 157.60
PObal4 111.66 148.25
1
Cross between Simmental sire and Bali dam
2
Cross between Limousine sire and Bali dam
3
Cross between Brahman sire and Bali dam
4
Cross between PO sire and Bali dam

2
International Conference On Food Science and Engineering 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028
1234567890

Considering the purpose of crossbreeding in Indonesia is to increase the production performance of

indigenous cattle, we used standard heterosis (= economic/useful heterosis) estimation method as
follows:
̅̅̅
𝐹1 −𝑠𝑡𝑑
𝑈𝐻(%) = 𝑠𝑡𝑑
× 100 (1)

where UH is the percentage of standard heterosis, 𝐹1 is the performance of immediate offspring and
std is the standard breed phenotype. In this study standard breed referred to PO and Bali.

Results and discussions

This paper focused on the crossing of indigenous PO and Bali cows with exotic sires, however, the
available information between the crosses differ. Records on chest girth and estimated mature weight
were available for PO crosses while for Bali crosses, only data from weaning weight and yearling
weights were presented. First step taken in analyzing the data was performance comparison among
breeds to confirm the presence of heterosis that is when the crossbred offspring perform better than the
standard. In this case, the standard was the performance of local dam populations.

Figure 1. Performance of PO cows and the crosses

Figure 1 presented the performance difference among PO cows and the crosses. Left graph showed the
mean chest girth for LimPO dan SimPO group in centimeter unit while the right graph showed the
mature weight in kilograms. Each group consisted of three bars. The first bar is the standard or
average performance of the dam breed (PO dam), middle bar is the F1 crossbred and the last bar is the
performance of exotic sire.

3
International Conference On Food Science and Engineering 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028
1234567890

Figure 2. Performance of Bali cows and the crosses

The performance of Bali cows and the crosses are presented in Figure 2 (same explanations as Figure
1 apply). The presence of heterosis is confirmed by the fact that offspring’s performance excelled its
average dam population in all traits.

Table 3. Usefull (standard) heterosis for both crossbred

Standard Breed UH (%)
PO CG MW
LimPO 4.80 22.00
SimPO 7.14 25.41

Bali WW YW
SimBal 53.03 37.85
LimBal 49.70 36.00
BrahBal 34.76 21.23
POBal 29.83 14.03

The amount of heterosis varied among breeds and traits. In PO cross, CG trait has lower heterosis
compared to MW trait while in Bali cross WW has higher heterosis than YW trait. The degree of
heterosis depends on the genetic constitution of the traits. Traits with lower heritability tend to have
more benefit from heterosis. Weaning weight on cattle are reported to have lower heritability while
yearling weight has moderate heritability [11,12]. On the other hand, the relatedness distance among
breed also has an effect in heterosis. The further away parental breeds in the phylogenic tree, the
heterosis will be higher [10].

Conclusions
Based on the estimated heterosis values analysis, it’s concluded that Taurus and Indicus cross, perform
better growth trait in relative to Indicus. However, the use of heterosis doesn’t come without cost.
Crossbreeding without careful design and program might destroy the genetic constitution in a
population or worse, lead to germ plasm extinction. Management cost between indigenous and

4
International Conference On Food Science and Engineering 2016 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 193 (2017) 012028 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/193/1/012028
1234567890

crossbred animals are also differed. Further analysis on the origin as well as the prediction of the
economic value of the heterosis shall be made to understand its genetic background and economic
efficiency as to weigh between the lost and benefit of undergoing a crossbreeding program.

References
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