Assignment Title

3R in Waste Management and Sustainable City

Course Name: Planning Sustainable Cities and Regions

Course No: URP-5006

Submitted By
Sazneen Sheela
Roll: 718
Department of Urban & Regional Planning,
Jahangirnagar University.
Introduction
Waste management refers to the collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste
materials in a manner that minimizes environmental impact, protects public health and conserves
resources. It involves various processes and activities aimed at managing waste from its generation
to its final disposal. Effective waste management practices aim to minimize waste generation,
maximize resource recovery, and reduce environmental impact through sustainable waste
management strategies, policies, and technologies. By managing waste responsibly, communities
can protect public health, preserve natural resources, and promote environmental sustainability.

The 3R Initiative aims to promote the "3Rs" (reduce, reuse and recycle) globally to build a sound-
material-cycle society through the effective use of resources and materials. It was agreed upon at
the G8 Sea Island Summit in June 2004 as a new G8 initiative but in order to formally launch the
3R Initiative, a ministerial meeting in Japan was hold in the spring of 2005.
The principle of reducing waste, reusing and recycling resources and products is often called the
"3Rs." Reducing means choosing to use things with care to reduce the amount of waste generation.
Reusing involves the repeated use of items or parts of items, which still have usable aspects.
Recycling means the use of waste itself as resources. Waste minimization can be achieved in an
efficient way by focusing primarily on the first of the 3Rs, "reduce," followed by "reuse" and then
"recycle."
The 3R approach—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—is fundamental in waste management and building
sustainable cities. It emphasizes minimizing waste generation (reduce), finding new uses for
materials (reuse), and reclaiming resources from waste (recycle). Implementing these principles
can significantly reduce environmental impact, conserve resources, and promote a circular
economy within cities.

Sustainable city
A sustainable city is designed and developed to meet the needs of its current inhabitants without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Key features of sustainable
cities include

Efficient Use of Resources:

Sustainable cities prioritize efficient use of resources such as water, energy, and materials. This
often involves promoting renewable energy sources, implementing water conservation measures,
and encouraging sustainable transportation options like public transit and cycling.

Green Spaces:

Incorporating green spaces such as parks, gardens, and urban forests helps improve air quality,
provide habitats for wildlife, and enhance the overall well-being of residents.
Waste Management:

Sustainable cities employ strategies to minimize waste generation, increase recycling and
composting rates, and promote responsible disposal practices to reduce environmental pollution.

Walkability and Public Transportation:

Designing cities with pedestrian-friendly infrastructure and efficient public transportation systems
reduces reliance on cars, decreases traffic congestion, and lowers greenhouse gas emissions.

Social Equity:

Sustainable cities aim to create inclusive communities where all residents have access to essential
services, healthcare, education, and employment opportunities regardless of socioeconomic status.

Resilience:

Building resilience to climate change and natural disasters is crucial for sustainable cities. This
involves implementing measures such as flood management systems, green infrastructure, and
disaster preparedness plans.

Innovation and Technology:

Embracing innovation and technology can help cities become more efficient and sustainable. This
includes adopting smart city solutions, implementing energy-efficient technologies, and utilizing
data to optimize urban planning and resource management.
Overall, sustainable cities strive to achieve a balance between economic prosperity, environmental
protection, and social equity to create vibrant, liveable communities for present and future
generations.
Importance of 3R approach
The 3R concepts—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—are crucial for achieving sustainability in several
ways:

Resource Conservation: By reducing consumption and waste generation (Reduce), the 3R

approach helps conserve natural resources such as water, energy, and raw materials. This reduces
the strain on ecosystems and promotes environmental sustainability.

Waste Minimization: Reusing items whenever possible (Reuse) helps minimize the volume of
waste sent to landfills or incinerators. This reduces pollution, conserves landfill space, and
decreases greenhouse gas emissions associated with waste disposal.

Resource Recovery: Recycling materials (Recycle) allows valuable resources to be reclaimed and
reused in the production process, reducing the need for virgin materials. This conserves energy,
reduces pollution from resource extraction, and lowers greenhouse gas emissions.

Efficient economy: The 3R approach promotes a efficient economy where materials are
continuously reused, recycled, and reintegrated into the production cycle. This minimizes the need
for extracting new resources and reduces the environmental impact of resource extraction and
waste disposal. Implementing the 3R concepts can lead to cost savings for businesses,
governments, and individuals by reducing the need for purchasing new materials, lowering waste
management costs, and creating opportunities for revenue generation through recycling and
resource recovery.

Community Engagement: Encouraging individuals and communities to embrace the 3R principles

fosters environmental awareness, responsibility, and stewardship. This can lead to behaviour
change and collective action towards achieving sustainability goals at the local and global levels.
Overall, the 3R concepts play a vital role in promoting resource efficiency, reducing environmental
impact, and advancing the transition towards a more sustainable and resilient society

Conventional method of waste management and its consequences

Conventional waste management methods typically involve collecting and disposing of waste in
landfills or incinerating it. While these methods offer short-term solutions for waste disposal, they
have significant consequences:

1.Environmental Pollution: Landfills produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and can
contaminate soil and groundwater with hazardous substances. Incineration releases pollutants such
as dioxins and heavy metals into the air, contributing to air pollution and respiratory problems.
2. Resource Depletion: Conventional methods often result in the loss of valuable resources that
could be recovered through recycling or composting. This contributes to resource depletion and
perpetuates a linear "take-make-dispose" model of consumption.

3. Health Risks: Improperly managed landfills and incinerators pose health risks to nearby
communities due to exposure to pollutants and hazardous waste. This can lead to respiratory
illnesses, cancer, and other health problems.

4. Land Use Issues: Landfills require large amounts of land, leading to land use conflicts and loss
of valuable natural habitats. Additionally, the expansion of landfill sites can encroach upon
communities, displacing residents and disrupting ecosystems.

5. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Both landfilling and incineration contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions, exacerbating climate change. Methane produced in landfills is a potent greenhouse gas,
while incineration releases carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere.

6. Economic Costs: Conventional waste management methods incur significant economic costs
for waste collection, transportation, and disposal. Additionally, the long-term environmental and
health impacts can result in additional expenses for remediation and healthcare.

In summary, conventional waste management methods have serious consequences for the
environment, human health, and economy. Transitioning to more sustainable waste management
practices, such as the 3R approach (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and advanced waste treatment
technologies, is essential for mitigating these negative impacts and building a more sustainable
future.

Positive impact of 3R approach

The 3R approach—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—offers numerous positive benefits:
1. Resource Conservation: By reducing consumption and waste generation, the 3R approach
helps conserve natural resources such as water, energy, and raw materials. This promotes resource
efficiency and minimizes the environmental impact of resource extraction and production.

2. Waste Reduction: Implementing the 3R principles helps minimize the volume of waste sent to
landfills or incinerators. This reduces pollution, conserves landfill space, and decreases greenhouse
gas emissions associated with waste disposal.

3. Energy Savings: Recycling materials requires less energy than producing new materials from
virgin resources. By recycling, we conserve energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
associated with resource extraction, processing, and manufacturing.

4. Cost Savings: The 3R approach can lead to cost savings for businesses, governments, and
individuals. By reducing the need for purchasing new materials, lowering waste management
costs, and creating opportunities for revenue generation through recycling and resource recovery,
the 3R approach can be economically beneficial.

5. Promotion of Circular Economy: Embracing the 3R principles promotes a circular economy

where materials are continuously reused, recycled, and reintegrated into the production cycle. This
reduces reliance on finite resources, minimizes waste, and creates economic opportunities for
recycling industries and green businesses.

6. Environmental Protection: The 3R approach helps protect ecosystems, reduce pollution, and
mitigate climate change by conserving resources, minimizing waste, and decreasing greenhouse
gas emissions. This contributes to overall environmental sustainability and the preservation of
biodiversity.

7. Community Engagement: Encouraging individuals and communities to embrace the 3R

principles fosters environmental awareness, responsibility, and stewardship. This can lead to
behavior change and collective action towards achieving sustainability goals at the local and global
levels.

Overall, the 3R approach offers a holistic and sustainable solution to waste management,
promoting environmental protection, resource conservation, and economic prosperity for present
and future generations.

Bangladesh & 3R approach

Bangladesh has implemented a multifaceted 3R strategy for solid waste management across
various administrative levels, including municipalities, city corporations, and other authorities.
Here's an overview of how each entity contributes to the 3R approach:
1. Municipalities:

- At the municipal level, local authorities are responsible for implementing solid waste
management programs and initiatives.

- Municipalities focus on waste reduction, reuse, and recycling through community engagement,
awareness campaigns, and waste segregation programs.

- They establish waste collection systems, including door-to-door collection and community
bins, to ensure efficient waste collection and segregation at the source.

- Municipalities collaborate with local NGOs, community-based organizations, and waste

management cooperatives to promote recycling and support informal waste pickers in collecting
recyclable materials.

2. City Corporations:

- City corporations oversee waste management in larger urban areas, such as major cities and
metropolitan areas.

- They develop and implement comprehensive solid waste management plans that integrate the
3R principles into waste management practices.

- City corporations establish recycling facilities, material recovery facilities, and composting
plants to process and recycle waste materials.

- They enforce regulations and policies related to waste management, including waste
segregation, littering fines, and incentives for recycling industries.

3. Other Authorities:
- Besides municipalities and city corporations, other authorities, such as environmental agencies
and government departments, play a role in implementing the 3R strategy for solid waste
management.

- Environmental agencies provide technical assistance, capacity building, and regulatory

oversight to ensure compliance with environmental standards and regulations.

- Government departments responsible for urban development, housing, and infrastructure

collaborate with local authorities to incorporate waste management considerations into urban
planning and development projects.
 - Educational institutions, research organizations, and civil society groups contribute to the 3R
strategy through research, advocacy, and knowledge dissemination initiatives aimed at promoting
sustainable waste management practices.

Overall, Bangladesh's 3R strategy for solid waste management involves collaboration and
coordination among municipalities, city corporations, and other authorities to achieve sustainable
waste management practices, reduce environmental pollution, and promote resource conservation.

EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility)

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach that places the responsibility for
managing the end-of-life disposal of products on the producers, rather than on consumers or
municipalities. EPR aims to incentivize producers to design products that are more easily
recyclable, reusable, or environmentally friendly, and to take responsibility for the environmental
impact of their products throughout their life cycle.

In Bangladesh, the concept of EPR has gained traction in recent years as part of efforts to address
the growing problem of waste management and environmental pollution. While specific legislation
or regulations mandating EPR may not yet be fully developed or implemented nationwide, there
are initiatives and discussions underway to introduce EPR principles into waste management
policies and practices.

Some key aspects of EPR implementation in Bangladesh may include:

1. Legislative Framework: Developing and implementing legislation or regulations that establish

EPR requirements for certain product categories, industries, or sectors. This may involve
collaboration between government agencies, industry stakeholders, and civil society organizations
to draft and enact EPR laws.

2. Producer Responsibility Organizations (PROs): Establishing PROs or similar entities to

oversee the implementation of EPR programs, including collection, recycling, and disposal of end-
of-life products. PROs may work with producers to ensure compliance with EPR requirements and
facilitate the proper management of waste materials.

3. Product Design and Innovation: Encouraging producers to design products with end-of-life
considerations in mind, such as using recyclable materials, reducing packaging waste, or designing
products for reuse or refurbishment. This may involve providing incentives or support for product
design and innovation that aligns with EPR objectives.
4. Collection and Recycling Infrastructure: Investing in infrastructure and facilities for the
collection, sorting, and recycling of end-of-life products. This may include establishing recycling
centers, material recovery facilities, or reverse logistics systems to facilitate the proper
management of waste materials.

5. Consumer Awareness and Education: Educating consumers about the importance of proper
waste management, recycling, and the role of EPR in promoting sustainable consumption and
production practices. This may involve public awareness campaigns, outreach programs, and
educational initiatives to inform consumers about their responsibilities and opportunities to
participate in EPR programs.

While EPR implementation in Bangladesh may still be in the early stages, there is growing
recognition of the need to adopt proactive measures to address waste management challenges and
promote sustainable development. By integrating EPR principles into waste management policies
and practices, Bangladesh can work towards reducing environmental pollution, conserving
resources, and creating a more sustainable future for its citizens.

EPR and Producers Responsibilities

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a regulatory system that holds brands and other
enterprises accountable for the waste their products produce.

EPR was introduced as a concept in the early 1990s. which describes it as “an environmental
policy approach, in which a producer’s responsibility for a product is extended to the post-
consumer stage of a product’s life cycle.” Extended producer responsibility laws vary from country
to country, which means the exact process is different depending on where your business is
located. Although the specific requirements for EPR plans vary, they can include reducing plastic
packaging, recycling materials efficiently, or investing in plastic recovery projects.

Once the EPR plan is in place, a third party will carry out regular audits to make sure the producer
is compliant with the law.

Comparison of EPR functions in both developed and developing countries

Obligated businesses will need to implement a detailed EPR plan, which will help them tackle the
waste problem by outlining how the business will reduce waste production rates.

Although the specific requirements for EPR plans vary, they can include reducing plastic
packaging, recycling materials efficiently, or investing in plastic recovery projects.

Once the EPR plan is in place, a third party will carry out regular audits to make sure the producer
is compliant with the law.
A growing number of countries are implementing EPR laws in a bid to cut back on waste.

As with any complex policy, EPR is not a one-size-fits-all solution, which means the success seen
in some countries is not guaranteed in others — this is largely down to funding and resources. Let’s
compare how EPR functions in both developed and developing countries.

EPR in developed countries

Many nations in the European Union (EU) have had EPR legislation in place for a while now. In
fact, EPR law was first formally introduced in 1990, by Thomas Lindhqvist in a report to the
Swedish Ministry of the Environment.

France has also long been one of the pioneers, having implemented EPR for specific materials as
far back as 1992. The policy has been incredibly successful, with recycling rates for
batteries soaring to 80% in the past 20 years, and packaging waste recovery growing by 50% since
the schemes began.

Countries like Canada, Belgium, and South Korea have also seen recycling rates exceed 75% for
materials targeted by EPR.

The packaging industry takes EPR seriously, and is planning for the arrival of tighter restrictions
in countries like the UK, France, and Germany. Even in the US, where recycling rates are
incredibly low, more states are adopting the policy.

All of these countries have one key thing in common: the resources and funding needed to support
EPR. It’s an expensive policy to implement, requiring new reporting tools, data-gathering
knowledge, and waste management facilities to process more recycled material.

Unfortunately, the nations that suffer the most from the waste crisis face the biggest hurdles to
introducing EPR.

EPR in developing nations

Despite experiencing some of the worst effects of waste pollution, many developing countries are
yet to implement EPR regulations.

Unfortunately, people living in these areas are likely to experience serious health issues because
of high levels of waste. In fact, anywhere between 400,000 and 1 million people die each
year from diseases caused by mismanaged waste in developing countries.

Although EPR laws could alleviate some effects of plastic pollution, the laws require infrastructure
and funding that many of these nations simply don’t have access to.
A lot of fundamental waste management processes need to be improved in developing nations
before EPR can be implemented with any success.

Dr. Lewis Akenji, a former director at The Institute for Global Environmental
Studies, suggests one of the barriers is that “many developing countries are trying to apply the
EPR model that was developed for and by industrialized countries”.

Despite these challenges, the Philippines released its first-ever EPR legislation in July 2022, to
combat its plastic waste crisis — a historical move for the country.

With this law in place, large enterprises are now responsible for the packaging they generate and
are required to recover 80% of their plastic waste by 2028.

EPR legislation to reduce waste exports to developing countries

By introducing EPR regulations, developed countries won’t be exporting as much waste to

countries with lower GDP.

Around 5 million tons of plastic waste was traded globally in 2020, with developed countries often
exporting this waste to poorer nations, rather than recycling it or disposing of it properly.

Although this figure is shockingly high, it’s shrunk by over a third since 2010 thanks to new
environmental legislation around the world, including EPR.

The introduction of EPR means brands are now incentivized to track the full lifecycle of their
waste, not just the production of it. Encouraged by reduced fees, companies are more likely to
design material that actually gets recovered, meaning less of it gets sent overseas.

Top 5 benefits of EPR legislation

There are plenty of benefits to introducing more stringent EPR laws around the world — the most
obvious one being that it helps tackle the waste issue.

To get a more detailed understanding, check out the top five benefits below.

1. Reduces waste pollution

Researchers suggest that there are over 170 trillion pieces of plastic in the ocean. As if this wasn’t
bad enough, global waste levels are set to reach 3.4 billion metric tons by 2050 — a 70% increase
from today’s levels.

Introducing more stringent EPR legislation can prevent this from escalating.
If implemented correctly, these laws can hold companies accountable for their waste, meaning we
can clean up the plastic that’s already littering the planet, and prevent the buildup from continuing.

2. Economic benefits
It’s not just the environment that benefits from EPR laws — the economy does too. For
example, the US recycling industry supports nearly 20,250 manufacturing jobs and provides an
economic impact of $9.8 billion each year to the sector.

And with some developing nations, such as the Philippines, beginning to roll out EPR legislation,
we can expect more environmentally friendly job opportunities to become available.

3. Promoting a circular economy

To reduce the amount of waste on the planet, we need to ditch single-use products and embrace the
circular economy — EPR laws play a crucial part in this transition.

Not only will this benefit the environment and wildlife, but humans too. The World Economic
Forum suggests that a circular economy provides a $4.5 trillion growth opportunity by 2030 by
avoiding waste, making businesses more efficient, and creating new employment avenues.

4. Helps to conserve natural resources

With an effective EPR strategy in place, countries can conserve finite natural resources by
promoting recycling, material recovery, and the creation of a circular economy.

We need to adopt this approach urgently, since resource extraction has more than tripled since
1970, according to the United Nations.

And future consumption levels are looking equally bleak — especially as events like Black
Friday continue to gain popularity. Global material use could double to 190 billion tons by 2060,
leading greenhouse gas emissions to increase by 43%.

5. Businesses can benefit from EPR incentives

As well as strengthening the economy, businesses can benefit from EPR programs. In some
countries, business costs related to EPR activities are considered necessary expenses, which means
they’re deductible from gross income.

Case studies

Several countries around the world have adopted the 3R approach to waste management as part of
their efforts to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impact. Here are some major
examples:
These countries serve as examples of successful implementation of the 3R approach to waste
management, demonstrating the effectiveness of policies, infrastructure investments, and public
participation in achieving sustainable waste management outcomes.

Certainly, let's delve deeper into the waste management strategies of the mentioned countries and
how they contribute to attaining sustainable cities:

1. Japan:

➢ Comprehensive Recycling Programs: Japan has implemented extensive recycling

programs that cover a wide range of materials, including paper, glass, plastic, and metal.
Citizens are required to sort their waste into multiple categories for recycling.

➢ Advanced Waste-to-Energy Technologies: Japan utilizes advanced waste-to-energy

technologies to convert non-recyclable waste into electricity and heat. This reduces
reliance on landfills and fossil fuels for energy generation.

➢ Strict Regulations and Enforcement: Japan has strict regulations governing waste
management, including penalties for improper disposal and incentives for recycling.
Enforcement of these regulations helps ensure compliance and fosters a culture of waste
reduction and recycling.

2. South Korea:

➢ Waste Charging Schemes: South Korea has implemented waste charging schemes where
residents are charged based on the amount of waste they generate. This incentivizes waste
reduction and encourages recycling.

➢ Expanded Recycling Infrastructure: South Korea has invested in expanding recycling

infrastructure, including recycling facilities and collection systems. This ensures efficient
collection, sorting, and processing of recyclable materials.

➢ Waste-to-Energy Facilities: South Korea utilizes waste-to-energy facilities to generate

electricity from non-recyclable waste, reducing the volume of waste sent to landfills and
offsetting the use of fossil fuels for energy production.

3. Germany:
 ➢ Mandatory Separation of Recyclables: Germany mandates the separation of recyclable
materials at the source, ensuring that households and businesses sort their waste into
designated bins for recycling.

➢ Deposit-Refund Systems: Germany operates deposit-refund systems for beverage

containers, incentivizing recycling and reducing littering. Consumers receive a refund for
returning empty containers to designated collection points.

➢ Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Germany has implemented EPR schemes

where producers are responsible for the collection, recycling, and disposal of their products
at the end of their life cycle. This encourages product design for recyclability and reduces
waste generation.

4. Sweden:

➢ Waste Incineration for Energy: Sweden incinerates non-recyclable waste to generate heat
and electricity for district heating systems and power grids. This reduces reliance on fossil
fuels and mitigates greenhouse gas emissions.

➢ Waste Prevention Initiatives: Sweden emphasizes waste prevention through public

awareness campaigns, product labeling, and sustainable consumption initiatives. This
reduces the overall volume of waste generated and promotes resource conservation

➢ Circular Economy Policies: Sweden promotes a circular economy approach to waste

management, where materials are reused, recycled, and reintegrated into the production
cycle. This minimizes waste and maximizes resource efficiency.

5. Taiwan:

➢ Comprehensive Recycling Programs: Taiwan operates comprehensive recycling

programs that cover a wide range of materials, including paper, plastic, glass, and electronic
waste. Citizens are required to sort their waste into designated bins for recycling.

➢ Waste Charging Schemes: Taiwan has implemented waste charging schemes where
residents pay for garbage bags based on the volume of waste they generate. This
incentivizes waste reduction and encourages recycling.
➢ Community-Based Composting: Taiwan promotes community-based composting
initiatives to divert organic waste from landfills and produce compost for agriculture and
landscaping. This reduces methane emissions from decomposing organic matter and
improves soil health.
6. Singapore:
 ➢ Waste Minimization: Singapore emphasizes waste minimization through public education
campaigns, packaging reduction initiatives, and sustainable procurement practices. This
reduces the overall volume of waste generated and promotes resource conservation.

➢ Waste-to-Energy Facilities: Singapore utilizes waste-to-energy facilities to incinerate

non-recyclable waste and generate electricity. This reduces the volume of waste sent to
landfills and offsets the use of fossil fuels for energy production.

➢ Recycling and Resource Recovery: Singapore has invested in recycling infrastructure and
resource recovery technologies to process recyclable materials and recover valuable
resources from waste streams. This promotes a circular economy approach to waste
management.

7 . Nigeria

➢ Recycling Infrastructure: Invest in the development of recycling facilities and

infrastructure for processing recyclable materials such as plastics, paper, glass, and metals.

➢ Resource Recovery: Promote the recovery of resources from waste through recycling,
composting, and other innovative technologies to reduce reliance on landfills and
incineration.

➢ Waste-to-Energy: Explore opportunities for waste-to-energy projects to convert non-

recyclable waste into electricity, heat, or biogas, contributing to renewable energy
generation and waste diversion from landfills.
➢ Circular Economy: Embrace the principles of the circular economy to maximize the value
of resources and minimize waste generation, promoting the reuse, repair, and recycling of
materials throughout the product lifecycle.

➢ Job Creation: Recognize waste management as a source of employment and economic

opportunity, creating jobs in waste collection, sorting, processing, recycling, and the
manufacturing of recycled products.

➢ Community Engagement: Engage with local communities and stakeholders to ensure

their participation and ownership in waste management initiatives .

3R approach to achieve sustainable cities

The 3R approach stands for Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle, plays a crucial role in attaining
sustainable cities by
 ▪ Promoting responsible consumption

▪ Production patterns minimizing waste generation

▪ Maximize resource efficiency

▪ Promoting resource conservation

▪ Waste minimization and circular economy principles.

By adopting the Reduce, Reuse and Recycle approach cities can achieve significant environmental,
social and economic benefits, ultimately contributing to the creation of livable, equitable and
sustainable urban communities .
Thus 3R approach helps cities transition towards more sustainable and resilient urban
environments. Overall, the waste management strategies of these countries contribute to attaining
sustainable cities by promoting waste reduction, recycling, resource recovery, and energy
efficiency. These strategies help minimize environmental impact, conserve resources, and create
cleaner, healthier urban environments for residents.

Referances

https://www.unep.org/ietc/resources/publication/waste-management-outlook-mountain-regions-
sources-and-solutions

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/d3f9d45e-115f-559b-b14f-
28552410e90a

https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/circular-economy-in-europe

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363431940_Urban_sustainability_in_theory_and_pract
ice_Circles_of_sustainability
https://www.oecd.org/environment/extended-producer-responsibility.htm
https://calrecycle.ca.gov/epr/