CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
NAME: _____________________________________ DATE: ________________ SCORE: _______________
Instructions: Choose the best answer.
1. Which of the following does not affect the
accuracy of an analytical method?
i. Sample volume ii. Reagent degradation iii.
Reaction temperature change iv. Inconsistent
mixing
a. i, ii
b. iii only
c. i, ii, iii
d. iv only
2. It is the capacity of an assay to give repeated
results on the same sample that agree with one
another.
a. Analytic specificity
b. Accuracy
c. Reproducibility
d. NOTA
3. It is the degree by which a method is easily
repeated.
a. Reproducibility
b. Reliability
c. Practicability
d. NOTA
4. Describe the level of accuracy and precision of
the image below.
a. High accuracy, High precision
b. High accuracy, Low precision
c. Low precision, Low accuracy
d. High precision. Low accuracy
5. Describe the level of accuracy and precision of
the image below.
a. High accuracy, High precision
b. High accuracy, Low precision
c. Low precision, Low accuracy
d. High precision. Low accuracy
6. Precision is not possible without accuracy, but
accuracy is possible without precision.
a. First statement is true, second statement is false. b.Occupational Safety and Health Administration
b. Both statements are correct.
c. First statement is false, second statement is true. d.National Fire Protection Association
d. Both statements are incorrect.
7. Which statement involving intralab quality control equipment and instrument that processes and
is incorrect?
a. It involves the analyses of control samples
together with the patient specimens.
b. It detects changes in performance between the
previous operation and the “stable” operation.
c. It detects both random and systematic errors in a
daily basis.
d. NOTA
8. Which of the following is not true regarding the
preparation of homemade pooled control sera?
a. Date of preparation and expiry date as well as
the technicians’ initials should be included in the
label
b. Pools usually last for about 3 – 4 months
c. Aliquots should be stored in an upright position in
boxes or large beakers
d. Left over samples are deep freeze at 20 degrees
Celsius.
9. Which of the following is not an advantage of an
homemade pooled control sera?
a. It closely resembles analytical sample
b. It involves no reconstitution
c. It can be obtained easily
d. It has better accuracy
10. Which statement regarding interlab quality
control is incorrect?
a. It is used to determine state-of-the-art
interlaboratory performance.
b. it involves proficiency testing programs
c. CAP proficiency program is the gold standard for
clinical laboratory external quality control testing.
d. NOTA
11. These are errors encountered in the collection,
preparation, and measurement of samples,
including transcription and releasing of laboratory
results.
a. Random error
b. Systematic error
c. Constant error
d. Variations
12. The clinical chemistry section performs
qualitative analytical procedures on a variety of
body fluids. But primarily on serum or plasma that
has been processed from whole blood.
A.First statement is true, second statement is false.
B.First statement is false, second statement is true.
C.Both statements are true.
D.Both statements are false.
13. Inaccurately performing tests procedures
with result the following, except:
a.There would be an oversight of disease
b.Mismanagement of the patient's prognosis
c.Both A and B
.None of the above
14. An organization authorized to create
regulations and conduct on-site inspections for
mandatory safety standards.
a.Centers for Disease Prevention and Control
c.World Health Organization
15. What symbol is required to be visibly seen in all
contain infectious agent?
a.Skull and crossbones
b.Exclamation Mark
c.Biohazard
d.Fire
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
16. When should a laboratory personnel must wash a. Interference
their hands? b. Recovery
a.After removing gloves c. Interferents
b.After contact with any infectious sample d. Matrix
c.Between every patient 27. Decision criteria to determine if an analytical
d.AOTA run is in control.
17. This type of error varies from sample to sample a. Levey Jennings Chart
usually due to chance. b. Multirule procedure
a. Constant error c. Both A and B
b. Systematic error d. Neither
c. Random error 28. One control observation exceeding +/- 2s.
d. Percent error a. 12s
18. This type of error exists when the difference b. 22s
between the test method and the comparative c. 13s
method is proportional to the analyte concentration. d. NOTA
a. Constant error 29. A Gaussian distribution is usually?
b. Systematic error a. Bell shaped
c. Random error b. Rectangular
d. Variations c. Uniform
19. It is used to observe values of control materials d. Skewed
over time to determine reliability of the analytical 30. The following chloride (mmol/L) results were
method. obtained using a new analyzer:
a. Statistics 106 115 83 120 111 127 119 100
b. Quality control program 105 106
c. Our eyes a. 98.2
d. QC charts b. 119
20. This plot will give the earliest indication of c. 109.2
systematic errors and can be used with the 13s rule. d. Data incomplete
a. Gaussian curve 31. When diluting an acid solution. The diluent is
b. CUSUM added first, then the acid solution or sample is
c. Youden plot added next.
d. NOTA a. The statement is false.
21. What is the most widely used QC chart in the b. The statement is true.
clinical laboratory? c. The statement is uncertain.
a. Shewart Levey-Jennings Chart d. Need more facts to make a conclusion.
b. V-Mask 32. Used for general mixing and preparing
c. Youden/Twin Plot reagents.
d. Westgard control chart a. Graduated cylinder
22. It indicates a gradual loss of reliability in the b. Erlenmeyer flask
analytical method usually caused by deteriorating c. Beakers
reagents. d. Both B and C
a. Shift 33. This pertains to the force required to separate
b. Trend two phases in a centrifuge.
c. Outliers a. Revolutions per minute
d. Systematic error b. Relative centrifugal force
23. This is formed by control values that distributes c. Either
themselves on one side or either side to the mean d. Neither
for six consecutive days. 34. Which of the following statements is incorrect
a. Shift regarding the weekly or biweekly maintenance of a
b. Trend centrifuge?
c. Outliers a. interior components, including sample buckets,
d. Systematic error should be cleaned with soap and water
24. Which of the following does not measure the b. Use a stopwatch and check the centrifuge timer
central tendency of analytical values? and to determine how long the centrifuge motor is
a. Mean spinning.
b. Midpoint c. Clean the interior and exterior components of the
c. Standard deviation centrifuge using household bleach solution.
d. Both A and B d. All of the above
25. It is used to verify the acceptability of new 35. In the maintenance of the centrifuge this device
methods prior to reporting patient test result. is used in monitoring the revolutions per minute of a
a. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments centrifuge.
b. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) a. Stopwatch
c. Proficiency Program b. Barometer
d. Method Evaluation c. Tachometer
26. The ability of an analytical test to measure d. None of the above
known amount of analyte.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
36. All of the following are basic disciplines in the c. Mercury vapor lamp
field of analytical chemistry, except. d. Tungsten filament bulb
i. Spectrometry 47. What does LASER stands for?
ii. Electroaalytic methods a. Light Amplifier by Stimulated Emission by
iii. Luminescence Radiation
iv. Chromatography b. Light Amplification of Stimulated Emission by
v. Colorimetry Radiation
a. i, ii, iii, iv, v c. Light Amplification by Stimulation Emitting
b. i, ii, iii, iv Radiation
c. i, iii, v d. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
d. NOTA Radiation
37. It is used to describe the relationship between 48. All the following emits limited radiation and
wavelength and energy. wavelength except:
a. Planck’s Formula a. Hollow Cathode lamp
b. Frequency b. Xenon Discharge lamp
c. Energy c. Mercury Vapor lamp
d. NOTA d. Sodium Vapor lamp
39. Beer’s Law states that, the concentration of the 49. What are the factors that needs to be
unknown substance is directly proportional to the considered when choosing a light source?
absorbed light and is inversely proportional to the i. Range ii. Spectral Distribution w/in range
transmitted light. iii. Source of radiant production
a. The statement is correct. iv. Stability of the radiant energy
b. The statement is incorrect. v. Temperature vi. Wavelength
c. The statement is inconsistent. a. i,ii,iii,v,vi
d. The statement is considerable. b. iii,iv,v,vi
40. It is the measurement of light intensity using a c. i,ii,iii,iv,v
specific wavelength. d. i,ii,iii,iv,v,vi
a. Colorimetric measurement 50. Which of the following alternative light bulbs
b. Spectrometric measurement can be used under visible spectrum?
c. Photometric measurement a. Mercury Arc
d. Spectrophotometric measurement b. Merst Glower
41. A process of vaporization of liquid followed by c. Hydrogen Lamp
condensation in a separate part of the system. d. Lobar
a. Deionization 51. Which of the following is not descriptive of
b. Distillation single-beam spectrophotometer?
c. Reverse osmosis a. Considered as the simplest type of absorption
d. Both A and B spectrophotometer
42. What is the charge of a cathode? b. The absorbance of the sample can be recorded
a. Positive directly
b. Negative c. Designed to make single measurement at a time
c. Either at a specified wavelength
d. Neither d. Maximum absorption of an analyte is required to
43. HEPA stands for: be known in advance
a. High-Efficiency Particle Air 52. When conducting quality assurance for
b. Highly Efficient Particulate Air spectrophotometers, what is the holmium oxide
c. Highly Effective Particle Adjustment filter used to assess?
d. High-Efficiency Particulate Air a. Absorbance accuracy
44. What is the purpose of Safety Data Sheet? b. Wavelength accuracy
a. Provides employees informed list of health risks c. Linearity
associated with those chemicals. d. Stray light
b. It maintains the hazard warning labels on 53. In spectrophotometric analysis, what is the
containers received. purpose of the reagent blank?
c. Source of safety information when handling a. Correct for interfering chromogens
hazardous materials. b. Correct for lipemia
d. Both A and C c. Correct for protein
45. These are substances that is determined to be d. Correct for color contribution of the reagents
cancer causing. 54. In spectrophotometric analysis, what is the
a. Teratogens purpose of the sample blank?
b. Mutagens a. Correct for interfering chromogens
c. Carcinogen b. Correct for lipemia
d. Androgen c. Correct for protein
46. Which of the following lamps provides a d. Correct for color contribution of the reagents
continuous spectrum of radiant energy in the visible 55. In spectrophotometric analysis, what is the
and near infrared regions of the spectrum? most common cause of the loss of linearity at high-
a. Hydrogen analyte concentration?
b. Deuterium a. Band transmittance
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
b. Absorbance error b. it has higher dynamic and lower noise compared
c. Straylight to PMT
d. Source of radiant energy c. it is most useful as a simultaneous single-
56. This refers to any wavelengths outside the band channel detector
transmitted by the monochromator towards the d. It measures light at a multitude of wavelengths
signal processor. 38. What is the appropriate wavelength in order to
a. Band transmittance observed the violet color?
b. Absorbance error a. 380-440
c. Straylight b. 440-500
d. Source of radiant energy c. 500-580
57. Which of the following prevents scattered light d. 580-600
from passing through the monochromator system? 66. What is the appropriate wavelength in order to
a. Filters observed the green color?
b. Entrance slit a. 380-440
c. Prisms b. 440-500
d. NOTA c. 500-580
58. Which of the following statements is not true d. 600-620
regarding diffraction gratings? 67. Which of the following statements does not
a. it is the most commonly used monochromator describe blanking technique?
b. wavelengths are bent as they pass a sharp a. It means the blank contains serum but without
corner of the glass the reagents to complete the assay
c. it provides better resolution than filters b. It corrects absorbance caused by the color of
d. NOTA reagents
59. Which of the following does isolate specific or c. It measures absorbance of the sample and
individual wavelength of light? reagent in the absorbance of the end product
a. Prisms d. NOTA
b. Diffraction gratings 68. It determines the amount of scattered light by a
c. Filters particulate matter suspended on wavelength in a
d. AOTA turbid solution?
60. Which of the following types of cuvette is more a. Titrimetric
commonly used? b. Turbidimetry
a. Borosilicate glass c. Nephelometry
b. Quartz d. Fluorometry
c. Alumina silica glass 69. It determines the amount of light emitted by a
d. Soft glass molecule after excitation by electromagnetic
61. Which of the following statements does not radiation.
describe a cuvette? a. Volumetric
a. Cuvettes with scratches on their optical surface b. Turbidimetry
scatter light should be discarded c. Nephelometry
b. Alkaline solutions should not be left standing in d. Fluorometry
cuvettes for prolonged periods of time since it may 70. It pertains to the migration of small ions?
cause etching a. Electrophoresis
c. Quartz cuvettes are used in the UV region to b. Capillary electrophoresis
avoid light absorption c. Iontophoresis
d. NOTA d. Zone electrophoresis
62. Which of the following component of a 71. It pertains to the migration of charged
spectrophotometer detects and coverts transmitted macromolecules in a porous support medium?
light into photoelectric energy? a. Electrophoresis
a. Monochromator b. Capillary electrophoresis
b. Cuvette c. Iontophoresis
c. Photodetector d. Zone electrophoresis
d. Read-out device 72. It determines the concentrations of metabolites
63. Which of the following is false about with very small sizes in biological samples utilizing
photovoltaic cell? separation and mass-to-charge ratio techniques.
a. it is temperature sensitive a. Osmometry
b. it is the basic photodetector b. Proteomics
c. it requires external voltage source c. Densitometry
d. has low internal resistance d. Metabolomics
64. What is the most sensitive photodetector? 73. The light source of the flame emission
a. Phototube photometer is a flame. That also serves as the
b. Photocell absorption cell.
c. Photodiode a. First statement is true, second statement is false.
d. Photomultiplier tube b. First statement is false, second statement is true.
65. Which of the following statements describes a c. Both statements are correct.
photodiode photodetector? d. Both statements are incorrect.
a. It is more sensitive than photomultiplier tube
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 1
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
79. These are the minimum numbers of digits 93. In electrophoresis, what stain is best used for
needed to express a particular value in scientific the visualization for CSF protein electrophoresis?
notation without loss of accuracy, a. Ponceau S
a. Scientific notation b. Coomassie Blue
b. Nonzero numbers c. Fat Red 7B
c. Significant Numbers d. NOTA
d. Significant Figures 94. Which of the following statements does not
84. How many significant figures are in 0.007521? describe densitometry?
a. 2 a. Measures the absorbance of stain.
b. 3 b. Scans electrophoretic pattern
c. 4 c. It uses a photodetector
d. 5 d. NOTA
85. It determines the amount of light blocked by a 95. Which of the following is not an advantage of
particulate matter in a turbid solution. Isoelectric focusing?
a. Titrimetric a. It has the ability to resolve mixture of proteins
b. Turbidimetry b. It detects isoenzymes in serum samples
c. Nephelometry c. It can identify genetic variations of proteins
d. Fluorometry d. It can detect serum oligoclonal banding
86. It is used for measuring the amount of antigen- 96. It determines the actual, real-time condition of
antibody complexes. the cells.
a. Nephelometry a. Osmometry
b. Turbidimetry b. Proteomics
c. Osmometry c. Densitometry
d. Flame Emission Photometry d. Metabolomics
87. Light scattering is highly dependent on 97. Which of the following represents a primary
wavelength and particle size. advantage of performing fluorometric over
a. The statement is true. spectrophotometric methods of analysis?
b. The statement is false. a. Increased sensitivity and specificity.
c. Neither b. Increased specificity but decreased sensitivity.
c. Either c. Purity of reagents used not as critical
88. Light scattered by particles is measured at an d. Ease of performing assays
angle, typically 180 degrees to the beam incident 98. Nephelometry is based on the measurement of
on the cuvette. light that is
a. First statement is true, second statement is false. a. Absorbed by particles in suspension
b. First statement is false, second statement is true. b. Scattered by particles in suspension
c. Both statements are correct. c. Produce by fluorescence
d. Both statements are incorrect. d. Produced by excitation of ground-state atoms
89. Which of the following statements is descriptive 99. Which of the following best describes
of fluorometry? chemiluminescence?
a. measures the amount of light intensity present a. electron excitation caused by radiant energy
over a zero background. b. enzymatic oxidation of a substrate produces light
b. It utilizes two monochromators emission
c. it determines the amount of light emitted by a c. chemical energy excites electrons that emit light
molecule after excitation by electromagnetic upon return to ground state
radiation d. employs a fluorescent label that produces light
d. AOTA 100. What is the function of the flame in atomic
90. In flurometry, the purpose of the primary filter is absorption spectrophotometry?
to select the best wavelength that is absorbed by a. absorb the energy emitted from the metal analyte
the solution to be measured. in returning to ground state
a. The statement is true. b. Supply the thermal energy needed to excite the
b. The statement is false. metal analyte
c. Neither c. bring the metal analyte to its ground state
c. Either d. supply the light that is absorbed by the metal
91. What analytical method is greatly affected by analyte
quenching?
a. Fluorometry
b. Chemiluminescence
c. Osmometry
d. Electrophoresis
92. This method it requires no excitation and as
well as monochromators.
a. Fluorometry
b. Chemiluminescence
c. Osmometry
d. Electrophoresis