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About the course

• Normal duration: (12 weeks)
30 hours of lectures and 18 hours of TD +TP.
• In TD :
Exercises on object handling.
• En TP :
– Simulation on the realization of combinatorial circuits.
– Simulation on the realization of sequential circuits.
– Simulation of machine code execution.
Mokrani Hocine • Evaluation:
dr.mokrani@gmail.com
Examen + TPs + mini-project + Contrôle.
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Course objectives Bibliography

 Basic computer architecture.
 Notion of compilation/interpretation. • [681-451-4éd] M. Koudil, S.L. Khelifati. STRUCTURE
 Basic memory architecture. DES ORINATEURS. Office des Publications
 MIPS processor architecture. Universitaires.
 Assembler programming (Machine Code).
 Interruption and exception handling.
• [681-780] Paolo Zanella, Yves Ligier. ARCHITECTURE ET
TECHNOLOGIENDES ORDINATEURS.Dunod.

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Bases de l’architecture des Chapiter I (Introduction)

Ordinateurs
• Coding natural numbers.
• Coding real numbers.
• Character coding.  Computer architecture
• Combinatorial logic.
First Semester
• Combinatorial circuits.  Central memory organization
• Sequential circuits.
– Flip-flops.
– Synthesis of a sequential circuit.

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Ordinateur

Basic architecture

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Von Neumann architecture

Basic model variants
Main Central I/O
memory unit Interfaces

Central I/O I/O

Main
BUS unit Interface Interface(
memory
(1) 2)
• Universal model (Von Neumann model)
o A central unit: consisting of two units: control and processing units.
o Central memory: memory (RAM) for storing data (variables, arrays,
BUS(1) BUS(2)
structures, etc.) and instructions (programs).
o Input/output interfaces: components that enable communication with
input/output peripherals such as keyboards and displays.
o Bus: Component used to exchange data from the central unit to and from
main memory and I/O interfaces.
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Example of real architecture Central Unit

• Composed by the microprocessor.

• How it works:
o Interpret and execute instructions.
o Read and save results in memory.
o Communicate with exchange units.
• Characteristic:
o Clock frequency: MHz and GHz.
o The number of instructions executed per second.
o The size of the data to be processed (in bits).
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Main memory
It contains the instructions of the program(s)
currently running and the data associated with
that program.
 ROM (Read Only Memory ) This is a read-only
memory.
 RAM (Random Access Memory ) data is lost when
the computer is switched off.
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Central memory organization
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Input/output interfaces
• They enable communication between the microprocessor
and peripherals.
• The interfaces communicate with external components
using different protocols.
• Serial : consists in transmitting information bit by bit.
• Parallel : Consists in transmitting bits of data in parallel.
Note :
• keyboard, monitor and sensors are Peripherals.
• Interfaces: USB, UART, PIO are interfaces.
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Logical memory
• Logical memory is how the processor (or programmer) sees
(physical) memory.
• Memory is defined as a set of N consecutive bytes whose first
address is 0 and whose last address is N-1.
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Logical memory Conclusion

• Data is stored in memory in binary form. We already know,

what a computer is and how memory is organized in general.
• Each byte can be addressed separately.

• Data can be stored in one or more memory locations. (A

memory cell may or may not be used).

• The data and instructions (commands) of a program are

stored in memory.

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