A

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

ON

Wireless Speed Control, Fault Detection and Protection of

Induction Motor
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted By

Harsh Gupta (206330053)

Subhya Ranjan Mohapatra (206330079)
Vishrut Sharma (206330008)
Karan Aggarwal (206330110)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Gajendra Singh Rawat
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar-249404

MAY 2024
 STUDENT DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work is being presented in the major project entitled “Wireless Speed
Control, Fault Detection and Protection of Induction Motor” submitted in the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed
to be University), Haridwar, is my own work carried out under the guidance of Mr. Gajendra
Singh Rawat, Department of Electrical Engineering in partial fulfilment of the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gurukula Kangri
(Deemed to be University), Haridwar.

The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by me in anywhere for the award of any
degree or to any other institute.

Name of the Students Signature of Students

Harsh Gupta (206330053) ________________

Vishrut Sharma (206330008) ________________
Karan Aggarwal (206330110) ________________
Subhya Ranjan Mohapatra(206330079) ________________

II
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the major project report entitled “Wireless Speed Control, Fault Detection
and Protection of Induction Motor” submitted by Harsh Gupta (206330053), Vishrut Sharma
(206330008), Subhya Ranjan Mohapatra (206330079), Karan Aggarwal (206330110), Bachelor
of Technology in Electrical Engineering,Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Gurukula
Kangri (Deemed to be University), Haridwar is a work carried out under the guidance of Mr.
Gajendra Singh Rawat. The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by me in
anywhere for the award of any degree or to any other institute.

Under the guidance of Head of Dept.

Signature Signature

Mr. Gajendra Singh Rawat Mr. Gajendra Singh Rawat

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Electrical Engineering Department Electrical Engineering Department

III
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Gajendra Singh Rawat, In-charge Department of
Electrical Engineering for guidance and support throughout this project work. He has been a constant
source of inspiration to me throughout the period of this work. I consider myself extremely fortunate
for having the opportunity to learn and work under the guidance of Mr. Gajendra Singh Rawat over
the entire period.

I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and sincere thanks to him for his
valuable support.

Student’s Name
Harsh Gupta (206330053)
Vishrut Sharma (206330008)
Karan Aggarwal (206330110)
Subhya Ranjan Mohapatra(206330079)

IV
 ABSTRACT

This project introduces an innovative approach for wireless speed control, fault detection, and
protection of induction motors, addressing key challenges faced in industrial settings.
The proposed system leverages wireless communication technology to enable remote
monitoring and control of motor speed, eliminating the need for cumbersome wired
connections and facilitating easy integration into existing industrial setups.
In addition to speed control, the system incorporates advanced fault detection mechanisms to
identify potential issues that may arise during motor operation. Machine learning algorithms
are employed to analyze real-time motor data and detect anomalies indicative of faults such as
overcurrent, overheating, or mechanical wear. Upon detection of a fault, the system triggers
protective measures to mitigate potential damage to the motor and surrounding equipment,
ensuring operational safety and reliability.
In conclusion, the wireless speed control, fault detection, and protection system presented in
this project offer a comprehensive solution for optimizing the performance and reliability of
induction motors in industrial applications. By integrating wireless communication, advanced
control algorithms, and predictive maintenance techniques, the system enables efficient and
proactive management of motor operations, contributing to improved productivity and
sustainability in industrial processes.

V
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS TITLE PAGE NO.

Student Declaration II

Certificate III

Acknowledgement IV

Abstract V

Table of Contents VI

List of Figures VII

List of Tables VIII

Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter-2 REQUIREMENTS OF THE PROJECT 3
Chapter-3 ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS 5
Chapter-4 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 9
Chapter-5 FAULTS 28
Chapter-6 WORKING OF THE MODEL 31
Chapter-7 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 33
Chapter-8 RESULT 35
Chapter-9 CONCLUSION 36
Chapter-10 FUTURE ENDEAVOURS 37
Appendix 38
References 42

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

3.1 Component of an Induction Motor 5

3.2 Starting Current of an Induction motor 7

3.3 Transformer 8

4.1 Pin Diagram of AT89S52 Microcontroller 10

4.2 Block Diagram of AT89S52 Microcontroller 11

4.3 Pin Diagram of LM358 13

4.4 Internal Structure of LM358 15

4.5 Mechanical Model of LM7805 16

4.6 Electrical Symbol of an IGBT 18

4.7 PWM waveform 19

4.8 Configuration of 7 Segment Display 21

4.9 Waveform of Current during Rectification 23

4.10 Half Wave Rectifier 23

4.11 Full Wave Rectifier 24

4.12 FWR using a Wheatstone Bridge 24

4.13 Smoothening of Current Ripple 25

4.14 Schematic of a RF Transceiver 26

6.1 Overview of the Project 32

VII
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Name Page No.

4.1 Pin Description of LM358 14

4.2 Difference between linear and switching Regulators 17

4.3 Truth Table of &-Segment Display 22

VIII
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Induction motors are crucial components in various industrial and commercial applications,
ranging from pumps and compressors to fans and conveyor systems. Ensuring their efficient
operation, safety, and longevity is paramount for uninterrupted productivity. Wireless control,
protection, and fault detection systems offer significant advantages in monitoring, managing, and
safeguarding these motors. This paper explores the necessity, benefits, and implementation
challenges associated with wireless solutions for induction motors.
1. Wireless Control Systems
Wireless control systems enable remote operation and monitoring of induction motors, providing
flexibility and convenience in industrial settings. Key requirements for wireless control include:
• Remote Access: Operators can control motor parameters such as speed, direction, and
torque remotely, facilitating adjustments without physical presence near the motor.
• Real-time Monitoring: Wireless sensors and communication protocols allow continuous
monitoring of motor performance, temperature, and energy consumption, enabling
proactive maintenance and optimization.
• Adaptive Control: Advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques can be
integrated into wireless control systems to adaptively adjust motor parameters based on
changing operating conditions, improving efficiency and reducing energy consumption.
2. Wireless Protection Systems
Induction motors are susceptible to various faults and abnormalities that can lead to equipment
damage, production downtime, and safety hazards. Wireless protection systems play a critical
role in detecting, diagnosing, and mitigating these issues. Key features of wireless protection
systems include:
• Fault Detection: Wireless sensors and diagnostic algorithms monitor motor parameters
in real-time to detect abnormalities such as overcurrent, overheating, phase imbalance,
and mechanical faults.
• Remote Alarming: Upon detecting a fault or abnormality, wireless protection systems
send immediate alerts to operators or maintenance personnel via mobile devices or
centralized monitoring platforms, enabling prompt intervention to prevent catastrophic
failures.
• Self-diagnosis: Advanced wireless protection systems can perform self-diagnostic tests
to assess the health and integrity of motor components, identifying potential issues
before they escalate into major problems.

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3. Wireless Fault Detection Systems
Early detection of motor faults is essential for minimizing downtime, reducing maintenance
costs, and extending equipment lifespan. Wireless fault detection systems leverage sensor data,
communication networks, and analytics to identify and diagnose emerging issues. Key
components of wireless fault detection systems include:
• Vibration Analysis: Wireless accelerometers and vibration sensors monitor motor
vibrations to detect abnormalities such as bearing wear, misalignment, and rotor
unbalance, enabling predictive maintenance scheduling.
• Temperature Monitoring: Wireless temperature sensors measure the temperature of
motor windings, bearings, and surrounding components to detect overheating caused
by overload, insulation degradation, or cooling system failure.
• Current Signature Analysis: Wireless current sensors analyze motor current waveforms
to identify deviations from normal operation, indicating faults such as broken rotor bars,
stator winding faults, or power supply irregularities.
Implementation Challenges
Despite their numerous benefits, implementing wireless control, protection, and fault detection
systems for induction motors poses several challenges, including:
• Interference and Reliability: Wireless communication may be susceptible to
interference from other electronic devices, environmental factors, or electromagnetic
interference (EMI), affecting system reliability and data integrity.
• Security Concerns: Wireless networks are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats such as
unauthorized access, data breaches, and malicious attacks, necessitating robust
encryption, authentication, and access control mechanisms to safeguard sensitive
information and control commands.
• Integration Complexity: Integrating wireless systems with existing motor control and
monitoring infrastructure may require significant modifications to hardware, software,
and communication protocols, posing challenges in terms of compatibility,
interoperability, and scalability.
Conclusion
Wireless control, protection, and fault detection systems offer numerous advantages in
monitoring, managing, and safeguarding induction motors in industrial and commercial
applications. By enabling remote access, real-time monitoring, and proactive maintenance,
wireless solutions enhance operational efficiency, reduce downtime, and improve safety.
However, addressing implementation challenges such as interference, security, and integration
complexity is essential to realize the full potential of wireless technologies in motor control
and protection.

2
 CHAPTER 2
REQUIREMENTS OF THE PROJECT

1. Energy Efficiency:
- Efficient utilization of energy resources is a primary concern. The system must prioritize
energy-efficient operation while controlling motor speed and detecting faults to minimize
waste and reduce environmental impact.
2. Industrial Safety:
- Ensuring the safety of industrial workers and equipment is paramount. The system must
incorporate robust fault detection mechanisms and protective measures to prevent accidents,
injuries, and equipment damage.
3. Remote Monitoring and Control:
- With the increasing adoption of remote monitoring and control technologies, the system
must support wireless communication protocols to enable real-time monitoring and control of
induction motors from remote locations, improving operational flexibility and efficiency.
4. Predictive Maintenance:
- Proactive maintenance strategies are essential for minimizing downtime and extending
equipment lifespan. The system should include predictive maintenance capabilities, leveraging
data analytics and machine learning algorithms to anticipate potential faults and schedule
maintenance activities before failures occur.
5. Interoperability and Standardization:
- In a connected world, interoperability between different industrial systems and devices is
crucial. The system should adhere to industry standards and protocols to ensure compatibility
and seamless integration with existing industrial infrastructure and IoT platforms.
6. Scalability and Adaptability:
- Industries are dynamic and diverse, with varying requirements and operating conditions.
The system should be scalable and adaptable to accommodate different motor types, sizes, and
applications, catering to the evolving needs of industries across sectors.
7. Data Security and Privacy:
- Protecting sensitive industrial data from unauthorized access and cyber threats is
imperative. The system must implement robust security measures, including encryption,
authentication, and access controls, to safeguard data integrity and privacy.
8. Cost-effectiveness:

3
 - Cost is a critical factor in industrial adoption. The system should offer a balance between
performance, reliability, and cost-effectiveness, ensuring a reasonable return on investment for
industrial stakeholders.
9. Regulatory Compliance:
- Compliance with industry regulations and standards is mandatory. The system should meet
regulatory requirements for industrial safety, electromagnetic compatibility, and environmental
sustainability, ensuring legal compliance and risk mitigation.
10. Technological Advancements:
- Embracing emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, edge computing, and 5G
connectivity can enhance the capabilities of the system. Continuous research and development
efforts are needed to leverage these advancements and drive innovation in wireless speed
control, fault detection, and protection of induction motors.
Meeting these requirements will enable the development and deployment of advanced solutions
for wireless speed control, fault detection, and protection of induction motors, addressing the
evolving needs of industries and contributing to sustainable industrial development in our
world.

4
 CHAPTER-3
ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

3.1 AC Asynchronous Motor

Induction Motors are the most commonly used motors in many applications. These are also called
as Asynchronous Motors, because an induction motor always runs at a speed lower than
synchronous speed. Synchronous speed means the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator.

Figure-3.1: Components of an Induction Motor

3.1.1 Basic Working Principle Of an AC Asynchronous Motor

In a DC motor, supply is needed to be given for the stator winding as well as the rotor winding.
But in an induction motor only the stator winding is fed with an AC supply.
Alternating flux is produced around the stator winding due to AC supply. This alternating flux
revolves with synchronous speed. The revolving flux is called as "Rotating Magnetic Field"
(RMF).

The relative speed between stator RMF and rotor conductors causes an induced emf in the rotor
conductors, according to the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The rotor conductors
are short circuited, and hence rotor current is produced due to induced emf. That is why such
motors are called as induction motors.

(This action is same as that occurs in transformers, hence induction motors can be called
as rotating transformers.)

Now, induced current in rotor will also produce alternating flux around it. This rotor flux lags
behind the stator flux. The direction of induced rotor current, according to Lenz's law, is such that
it will tend to oppose the cause of its production.

5
As the cause of production of rotor current is the relative velocity between rotating stator flux and
the rotor, the rotor will try to catch up with the stator RMF. Thus the rotor rotates in the same
direction as that of stator flux to minimize the relative velocity. However, the rotor never succeeds
in catching up the synchronous speed. This is the basic working principle of induction motor of
either type, single phase of 3 phase.

3.1.2 Synchronous Speed

The rotational speed of the rotating magnetic field is called as synchronous speed.

where, f = frequency of the spply

P = number of poles

3.1.3 Slip
Rotor tries to catch up the synchronous speed of the stator field, and hence it rotates. But in
practice, rotor never succeeds in catching up. If rotor catches up the stator speed, there wont be
any relative speed between the stator flux and the rotor, hence no induced rotor current and no
torque production to maintain the rotation. However, this won't stop the motor, the rotor will slow
down due to lost of torque, the torque will again be exerted due to relative speed. That is why the
rotor rotates at speed which is always less the synchronous speed.

The difference between the synchronous speed (Ns) and actual speed (N) of the rotor is called as
slip.

3.1.4 Protection Of Asynchronous Motor

Three-phase induction motors are accountable for 85 percent of the installed capacity of the
industrial driving systems. Therefore, the protection of these motors is necessary for the reliable
operation of loads. Motor failures are mainly divided into three groups: electrical, mechanical,
and environmental. Mechanical stresses cause overheating resulting in the rotor bearings’ wear
and tear, whereas the over mechanical load causes heavy currents to draw, and thus results in
increasing temperatures. Electrical failures are caused by various faults like Phase-to-phase and
phase-to-ground faults, single phasing, over and under-voltage, voltage and current unbalance,
under frequency, etc.

6
 Figure-3.2: Starting of Current of Induction motor
In addition to the motor protection systems for the above-mentioned faults, it is also necessary to
use a three-phase motor starter to limit the staring current of the induction motor. As we know –
in every electrical machine, when supply is provided, there is opposition to this supply by an
induced EMF – which is called back EMF. This limits the current drawing by the machine, but at
the beginning, the EMF is zero because it is directly proportional to the speed of the motor. And
therefore, the zero back EMF’s huge current will be drawn by the motor at the start, and this will
be 8-12 times the full-load current as shown in the figure.
To protect the motor from the high-staring current, there are different staring methods available
like the reduced voltage, rotor resistance, DOL, star-delta starter, autotransformer, soft starter, etc.
And, for protecting the motor from the above-discussed faults; various protection equipment like
relays, circuit breakers, contactors and various drives are implemented.

3.2 Transformer

Transformer, device that transfers electric energy from one alternating-current circuit to one or
more other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping down) the voltage.
Transformers are employed for widely varying purposes; e.g., to reduce the voltage of
conventional power circuits to operate low-voltage devices, such as doorbells and toy electric
trains, and to raise the voltage from electric generators so that electric power can be transmitted
over long distances.
Transformers change voltage through electromagnetic induction; i.e., as the magnetic lines of
force (flux lines) build up and collapse with the changes in current passing through the
primary coil, current is induced in another coil, called the secondary. The secondary voltage is
calculated by multiplying the primary voltage by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary
coil to the number of turns in the primary coil, a quantity called the turns ratio.

7
 Figure-3.3: Transformer

Air-core transformers are designed to transfer radio-frequency currents—i.e., the currents used for
radio transmission; they consist of two or more coils wound around a solid insulating substance
or on an insulating coil form. Iron-core transformers serve analogous functions in the audio-
frequency range.
Impedance-matching transformers are used to match the impedance of a source and that of its
load, for most efficient transfer of energy. Isolation transformers are usually employed for reasons
of safety to isolate a piece of equipment from the source of power.

3.2.1 Types of Transformers

There are two types of transformers:
• Step-up Transformer
• Step-down Transformer
Step-up Transformer converts a low voltage into a high voltage. The number of turns in the
primary coil is less than the number of turns in the secondary coil, i.e. Np < Ns.
Step-down Transformer converts a high voltage when current decreases into a low voltage when
current increases. The number of turns in the primary coil is greater than the number of turns in
the secondary coil, i.e. Np > Ns. In short, a transformer carries the operations shown below:
1. Transfer of electric power from one circuit to another.
2. Transfer of electric power without any change in frequency.
3. Transfer with the principle of electromagnetic induction.
4. The two electrical circuits are linked by mutual induction.

8
 CHAPTER 4
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

4.1 AT89S52 Microcontroller

The AT89S52 comes from the popular 8051 family of Atmel Microcontrollers. It is an 8-bit CMOS
microcontroller with 8K as Flash memory and 256 bytes of RAM. Since it is similar to the trust worthy
8051 architecture, these microcontrollers are as per industry standard. It has 32 I/O pins comprising of
three 16-bit timers, external interrupts, full-duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.
The Microcontroller also has Operating mode, Idle Mode and Power down mode which makes it
suitable for battery operated applications. Few considerable drawback of the microcontroller is that it
does not have in-built ADC and does not support SPI or I2C protocols. However you can utilise external
modules for the same.
The AT89S52-24PU is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit Microcontroller, uses high-density
non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set
and pin-out. The on-chip flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable flash on a monolithic chip, the AT89S52-24PU is a powerful microcontroller which
provides a highly-flexible. It provides the following standard features 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two
data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex
serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the microcontroller is designed with static
logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.

4.1.1 Programming AT89S52 Microcontroller

Atmel microcontroller can be programmed with different software's that is available in the market.
Arduino, Keil uVision are the most used platforms to name a few. If you are planning on serious
programming and expansion with community support then Keil is recommended.
In order to program the Atmel microcontroller we will need an IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), where the programming takes place. A compiler, where our program gets converted into
MCU readable form called HEX files. An IPE (Integrated Programming Environment), which is used
to dump our hex file into our MCUs.

4.1.2 Applications
• Multiple DIY Projects
• Very good choice if you are learning ATmel
• Projects requiring Multiple I/O interfaces and communications
• Replacement for Arduino Module

9
4.1.3 Pin Diagram

Figure-4.1: Pin Diagram of AT89S52 Microcontroller

10
4.1.4 Block Diagram

Figure-4.2: Block Diagram of AT89S52 Microcontroller

11
4.1.5 Pin Description
1. VCC (Pin 40): This pin is connected to the positive terminal of the power supply (+5V). It
provides the operating voltage for the microcontroller.
2. GND (Pin 20): Ground pin, connected to the negative terminal of the power supply.
3. Port 1 (P1, Pins 1-8): Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. Each
pin can be independently programmed as input or output. When configured as an input, the
internal pull-up resistor can be enabled to provide a default logic high level. Port 1 pins can
be used for general-purpose I/O or for interfacing with external devices.
4. Port 2 (P2, Pins 21-28): Port 2 is another 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups.
Like Port 1, each pin can be independently configured as input or output. In addition to
general-purpose I/O, Port 2 serves as the high-order address byte during accesses to
external memory.
5. Port 3 (P3, Pins 10-17): Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. It
shares the pins with some special function features like UART, interrupts, and timer inputs.
Pins P3.0 (RXD) and P3.1 (TXD) are used for serial communication (UART). Pins P3.2
(INT0) and P3.3 (INT1) are external interrupt inputs. Pins P3.4 (T0) and P3.5 (T1) are
external timer inputs. Pins P3.6 (WR) and P3.7 (RD) are used for controlling external data
memory access.
6. Port 0 (P0, Pins 32-39): Port 0 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. It
also serves as the multiplexed low-order address and data bus during accesses to external
memory.
7. RST (Pin 9): Reset input. When held low, it resets the microcontroller.
8. EA/VPP (Pin 31): External Access Enable/Voltage Programming Pin. When connected to
VCC, it disables the external memory access and enables programming voltage during flash
programming. When connected to ground, it enables external memory access.
9. ALE/PROG (Pin 30): Address Latch Enable/Programming Enable. It is used in conjunction
with PSEN and is used for external memory access or programming the flash memory.
10. PSEN (Pin 29): Program Store Enable. When this pin is activated, it indicates that external
program memory is being accessed.

4.2 LM358 Dual Op-Amp Integrated Circuit

The LM358 series consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated
operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply
over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low
power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.
Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional op amp
circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For
example, the LM358 series can be directly operated from the standard +5V power supply
voltage which is used in digital systems and will easily provide the required interface
electronics without requiring an additional ±15V power supply.

4.2.1 Features
• Internally frequency compensated for unity gain

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 • Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB
• Very low supply current drain (500μA); essentially independent of supply voltage
• Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1MHz (temperature compensated)
• Input common-mode voltage range includes ground
• Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage
• Low input offset voltage: 2mV
• Wide power supply range: o Single supply: 3V to 32V o Dual supplies: ±1.5V to ±16V
• Large output voltage swing: 0V to V+ - 1.5V
• SOP-8L packaging
• “Green” Moulding Compound (No Br, Sb)
• Lead Free Finish/ RoHS Compliant

4.2.2 Applications
• Eliminates the need for dual supplies
• Compatible with all forms of logic
• Two internally compensated op amps
• Low power drain ideal for battery operation
• Allows direct sensing near GND
• Vout can swing to GND
4.2.3 Unique characteristics
• In the linear mode the input common-mode voltage range includes ground and the
output voltage can also swing to ground, whilst operating from only a single power
supply voltage.
• The unity gain crossing frequency is temperature compensated.
• The input bias current is temperature compensated.

4.2.4 Pin Diagram

Figure-4.3: Pin Diagram of LM358 Dual Op-Amp IC

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4.2.5 Pin Description
Table-4.1: Pin Description of LM358 Dual Op-Amp IC

PIN
D/P/LM DSBGA TYPE DESCRIPTION
NAME
C
NO.
1 NO.A1 OUTA O Output , Channel A
2 B1 -INA I Inverting Input, Channel A
3 C1 +INA I Non-Inverting Input, Channel A
4 C2 GND / V P Ground for Single supply configurations. negative supply f
or dual supply
5 C3 - +INB I configurations
Output, Channel B
6 B3 -INB I Inverting Input, Channel B
7 A3 OUTB O Non-Inverting Input, Channel B
8 A2 V+ P Positive Supply

LM358 is a dual op-amp IC integrated with two op-amps powered by a common power supply.
It can be considered as one half of LM324 Quad op-amp which contains four op-amps with
common power supply. The differential input voltage range can be equal to that of power
supply voltage. The default input offset voltage is very low which is of magnitude 2mV. The
typical supply current is 500uA independent of the supply voltage range and a maximum
current of 700uA. The operating temperature ranges from 0˚C to 70˚C at ambient whereas the
maximum junction temperature can be up to 150˚C

4.2.6 LM358 Dual Op-Amp IC Specifications

• Integrated with two Op-Amps in a single package
• Wide power supply Range
• Singe supply – 3V to 32V
• Dual supply – ±1.5V to ±16V
• Low Supply current – 700uA
• Single supply for two op-amps enables reliable operation
• Short circuit protected outputs
• Operating ambient temperature – 0˚C to 70˚C
• Soldering pin temperature – 260 ˚C (for 10 seconds – prescribed)

14
 Figure-4.4: Internal Structure of LM358

4.3 LM7805 Voltage Regulator

Voltage regulators are very common in electronic circuits. They provide a constant output
voltage for a varied input voltage. In our case the 7805 IC is an iconic regulator IC that finds
its application in most of the projects. The name 7805 signifies two meaning, “78” means that
it is a positive voltage regulator and “05” means that it provides 5V as output. So, our 7805
will provide a +5V output voltage.
The output current of this IC can go up to 1.5A. But the IC suffers from heavy heat loss hence
a Heat sink is recommended for projects that consume more current. For example, if the input
voltage is 12V and you are consuming 1A, then (12-5) 1 = 7W. This 7 Watts will be dissipated
as heat.
The 7805 Voltage Regulator IC is a commonly used voltage regulator that finds its application
in most of the electronics projects. It provides a constant +5V output voltage for a variable
input voltage supply.

15
 Figure-4.5:Mechanical Diagram of LM7805 Voltage Regulator

4.3.1 7805 Regulator Features

• 5V Positive Voltage Regulator
• Minimum Input Voltage is 7V
• Maximum Input Voltage is 25V
• Operating current(IQ) is 5mA
• Internal Thermal Overload and Short circuit current limiting protection is available.
• Junction Temperature maximum 125 degree Celsius
• Available in TO-220 and KTE package

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 4.3.2 Difference between Linear and Switching Regulators:
Table-4.2: Difference between Linear Regulators and Switching Regulators
Linear Regulators Switching Regulators
What are they Regulators that use linear, non- Regulators that provide high efficiency
switching techniques for regulation of through rapidly switching series element on
voltage output from power supply and off
Design Buck Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost
Flexibility
Efficiency Low to medium-high for low High
difference between voltages
Complexity Low Medium to High
Cost Low, Cheap Medium to High
Noise Low Medium to High
Generated
Usage Purpose Powering low powered devices High efficiency, high power projects
Applications that has minimal Applications that has a higher voltage input
difference between input and output range
voltages
Examples LM7805, LM317 LM3671

4.3.3 Applications
LM7805 is applied in a wide range of circuits:
• Fixed-Output Regulator
• Positive Regulator in Negative Configuration
• Adjustable Output Regulator
• Current Regulator
• Regulated Dual-Supply
• Output Polarity-Reversal-Protection Circuit
• Reverse bias projection Circuit
LM7805 can also be used in building circuits for inductance meter, phone chargers, portable
CD player, etc.

4.4 Inverter

The purpose of the AC-inverter is to transform the power from a DC-supply into 3-phase
alternating current. This is done with six IGBT-drivers connected to a DC source. The IGBT
drivers are controlled through pulse width modulation (chapter 2.3) by a microcontroller or
computer. Every IGBTs collector and emitter is connected to either the positive or the negative
side of the DC-supply on one side and the load on the other side. When an IGBT is switched
on, it is conducting and current is flowing from the high-power side via the IGBT through the

17
load. By controlling which IGBTs are conducting through the 3-phase load, an alternating
current is produced. This is done in impulses with a switching frequency of several kilohertz
and follows a pattern that repeats depending on what kind of current and frequency is desired.
It is this pulse width modulated signal that, in the load, becomes the three-phase sinusoidal
current that we know as AC.

4.4.1 IGBT
An IGBT is a high-power transistor used in various situations where high switching frequencies
and large currents are required. The basic gate drive layout is the same as the one with a
MOSFET transistor, this explains the resemblance of the electrical symbol (Figure 1) of an
IGBT to that of a regular transistor. Due to its abilities, IGBTs can be used in several areas like
electric cars, induction heating and plasma physics replacing relays, thyristors, and thyratrons.

Figure-4.6: Electrical Symbol of an IGBT

4.4.2 PWM
When constant power is not required but the power source is DC, one can vary the average
power output by turning it on and off as a rectangular pulse wave. If the device is an oven, one
can turn it on for a minute and then when the required temperature is achieved, turn it off again
just to turn it on when the temperature goes down. This is a very slow version of PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation). When controlling the intensity of light from diodes one can use the same
method. By turning the diode on and off at higher frequencies, 100-1000 Hz, and varying the
duration of the pulses, one can make it appear as if the light from diode varies in intensity even
though it in fact is only either on or off. It is the average intensity over time that varies, not the
actual intensity when the diode is switched on. The same principle is used in the motor control
system in electric cars. An AC current is simulated through PWM and a varying magnetic field
makes the motor rotate. The duration of the voltage pulses (see figure 2) is controlled by a

18
controlling unit, such as a computer or microcontroller, and makes it possible to vary the
frequency of the changing magnetic field.

Figure-4.7: PWM: Varying magnetic field (red) induced by voltage (and current) pulses (blue)
It is during the switching times, during the time when the signal changes and there is a voltage
drop and a current flowing through the IGBT, that most of the energy is lost. Faster switching
times is therefore desired to minimize losses. However, high currents and high switching
frequencies is not easy to combine but IGBTs are constantly improved and research in power
electronics makes new IGBTs that can handle more power and smaller losses available every
year.

Switching Losses
The switching losses in the IGBTs are inevitably where the largest energy losses are. The
controlling unit itself cannot handle more than possibly a few tens of watts at max while every
single IGBT will consume at least the same amount of energy in switching losses. This of
course depends on the application and power output but since most applications will require
tens of kilowatts continuously, switching losses on a few percent will be in the order of
hundreds of watts. Since it is the type of IGBTs that determines the switching losses and since
the inverter card is supposed to be able to handle several kinds of IGBTs it is no use to make
an estimation of how great the losses will be. The information about the switching losses for
an IGBT is available in the datasheet of the IGBT and the following equations will show how
it can be calculated for different frequencies.
The losses during switching,

where Pswitching=Losses during turn on and turn off (W),

Vs(off) = Blocking voltage when switch is off (V),
ton = Time taken for the switch to turn on (s),
toff= Time taken for the switch to turn off (s),
fs = Switching frequency (Hz)

19
Ion = Conduction current (A)
And the losses when the IGBT is switched on,

Together makes up for most of the losses in the IGBT switching cycle since there are no losses
when the IGBT is switched off. The total power loss,

The Efficiency would be,

4.5 Seven Segment Display

The seven segments displays are the oldest yet one of the efficient types of display used in
embedded applications. This display has nothing more than 8 LED inside it. These 8 LEDs are
separated into each segments which can be named as a,b,c,d,e,f,g,DP as shown in the picture
below. These entire 8 segment LEDs have one end of their pins pulled out of the module as
shown above and the other ends are connected together and pulled out as the Common pin. So
to make an LED of a particular segment glow we just have to power common pin along with
the segment pin. This way we can power more than one segment at a time to represent the
numeric number 0-9 and also few Alphabets as shown on the graphic image below. We also
have an option to show a decimal point using the DP pin
4.5.1 Features
· A Seven-Segment Display (SSD) is simply a figure eight
grouping of LEDs {some include a decimal point (DP)}.
· Each Segment is labeled (a) thru (g).
· SSDs are available in two configurations
– Common Cathode (all LED cathodes are connected)
– Common Anode (all LED anodes are connected)

20
 Figure-4.8: Common Cathode And Common Anode Configuration of a 7 Segment Display

4.5.2 Common Cathode (CC) 7 Segment Display

The common cathode display is commonly called CC display. In this type the common pin on
the 7-segment display is connected to all the eight Cathode pins of the LEDs. So, in order to
make this type of seven segment display to work we should connect he Com pin to the Ground
pin and power the other pins with Vcc (+5V typically).

4.5.3 Common Anode (CA) 7 Segment Display

The common anode display is commonly called CA display. In this type the common pin on
the 7-segment display is connected to all the eight Anode pins of the LEDs. So, in order to
make this type of seven segment display to work we should connect he Com pin to the Vcc
(+5V typically) and ground the required segment pin to turn it on.

4.5.4 How to use a 7-Segment display

One important advantage of a 7-segment display is that, it is very easy to use. Unlike other
display modules a 7-segment display can be made to work even without a Microcontroller or a
Microprocessor.
This is possible because of the readily available 7-segment counter ICs like IC CD4026. This
IC can be used in combination with the display for projects which have very simple circuits.
The IC can drive one 7-segment display module and the number that is being displayed can
also be incremented or decremented.
But, most commonly a seven segment display is used along with a MCU/MPU in that case, the
eight segment pins will be connected to the I/O pins of the Microcontroller and the com pin
will be connected to the ground of Vcc depending upon its type (CC/CA). Then these IO pins
can be toggled in a particular sequence to display the desired numbers. This particular sequence
is explained through the table below. For displaying each number in the seven segment display

21
its respective sequence is given in the table. If we want to display the number “0”, then we
need to glow all the LEDs except LED which belongs to line “g” (see 7 segment pin diagram
above, so we need a bit pattern 11000000. Similarly to display “1”we need to glow LEDs
associated with b and c, so the bit pattern for this would be 11111001.
Table-4.3: Truth Table of a Seven Segment Display

Digit to Display hgfedcba Hex code

0 11000000 C0

1 11111001 F9

2 10100100 A4

3 10110000 B0

4 10011001 99

5 10010010 92

6 10000010 82

7 11111000 F8

8 10000000 80

9 10010000 90

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4.6 Rectifier

The most common and important applications of diodes is as rectifiers. In this mode, the diode
converts an AC signal into a DC signal. The block diagram in Figure 5 shows the ideal use of
the diodes. First, an ideal transformer (power transformer) converts the high AC voltage to
some lower operating voltage, since most diodes operate in the low voltage regime. The step-
down voltage transformer works according to the formula that V2/V1 = N2/N1, where N2/N1
are the turn ratio of the transformer. Here, N1 is the primary winding and N2 is the secondary
winding. Then the ideal full-wave rectifier converts the AC voltage to become a unidirectional
voltage waveform. This can be thought of a DC voltage with ripples. The ripples have higher
frequency content, and can be removed by a low-pass filter. What that emerges after the filter
is a smooth version of the rectified voltage signal. A voltage regulator can further smoothen
this voltage signal before it is supplied to the load.

Figure-4.9: Waveform of Current during Various Steps of Rectification

4.6.1 Half Wave Rectifier

Figure shows the simple use of diodes as a half-wave rectified. The PIV (peak inverse voltage)
is the peak of the AC signal to be inverted. This is important to ensure that the PIV is not larger
than the breakdown voltage of the diode, so that the diode can be approximated with an ideal
diode with an internal voltage VD. In this case, PIV= Vs. It is quite easy to show that the v-i
relation is v0 + vD = vS in the linear regime of the circuit when the diode turns on.

Figure-4.10: Half Wave Rectifier

23
4.6.2 Full Wave Rectifier
The full-wave rectifier uses a center tap in the transformer circuit so that the two diodes are
alternating in the forward and reverse biased mode. In this manner, there is always a positive
current through the load irrespective of the sign of the AC voltage. Hence, the alternating
direction AC current is converted to a unidirectional current, that has a DC component. This
circuit is shown in Figure . In this case, the peak inverse voltage PIV= 2Vs − VD, because
when one of the diodes is in reverse bias, it receives voltage pressure from both the upper and
the lower branches of the secondary winding.

Figure-4.11: Full Wave Rectifier

Another wave to make a full-wave rectifier is to use a bridge rectifier, also called the
Wheatstone bridge rectifier. This is shown in Figure .

Figure-4.12: FWR using a Wheatstone Bridge

24
4.6.3 Smoothing the Current Ripple with a Capacitor

Figure-4.13: Smoothening of Current Ripple

Since a capacitor is a charge storage device, it can be used to store strong currents as charges
during its positive strong current cycle, and release the stored charges as currents during the
low current cycle. In this manner, the current flow can be smoothened. These capacitors are
known as filtered capacitors. First, we show the case in Figure , where the ideal capacitor is
hooked to the diode that rectifies the voltage source. However, the ideal capacitor does not
have a chance to discharge. Hence, the voltage across the capacitor remains constant once it is
charged. But this case is not practical or real as a capacitor leaks its charge eventually. Also,
one needs to hook the rectified voltage source to a load. Its use in smoothing the current for
full-wave rectifier. Though the physics or the physical mechanism for current smoothing is
quite easy to understand, its math is a bit more complicated.

4.7 RF based Wireless Remote

RF remote controls are being used for more and more control systems, including televisions,
sound systems, lighting, and other home environment controls. Because these remotes transmit
their signals using radio frequency (RF), they do not need to be operated within line of sight of
the device they are controlling. Other advanced features — such as voice control, capacitive
touch and haptic feedback, LED displays, and multi-standard connectivity — are also being
incorporated into these devices. Above all, a remote control should remain easy to use, with
long battery life and reliable signal quality

25
 Figure-4.14: Schematic of a Radio-Frequency Transceiver

Transmission through Radio Frequency has numerous advantages over infrared transmission.
RF signal can travel a longer range hence its coverage area is larger and more over the
transmitter and receiver need not to be in line of sight. As RF frequency signal is strong, it is
more reliable than infrared transmission. The RF modules used here comprises of transmitter
and receiver which operates at frequency of 434 Mhz. The data transmission takes place
between pin 2 serially in each module as shown in Figure The system is designed and model
to control any load.
RF module operates at Radio Frequency and its corresponding frequency range varies from 30
kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is given as variations in the amplitude of
carrier wave. This kind of modulation here is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
This RF module consists of a RF Transmitter and a RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver pair
(Tx/Rx) operates at a frequency of 434 MHz and An RF transmitter receives serial data and
transmits it to antenna connected at pin 4 wirelessly through RF. This transmission occurs at
the rate between 1Kbps and 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by a RF receiver operating
at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.

4.7.1 HT12E Encoder:

1. Address Pins: The HT12E encoder typically has 12 address pins labelled A0 to A11. These
pins allow you to set a unique address for the encoder, which is used to differentiate between
different remote-control systems operating in the same area. By configuring these pins, you
can create up to 212 = 4,096 address combinations.

26
2. Data Pins: Alongside the address pins, the encoder usually has 4 data pins labelled D0 to D3.
These pins are used to input the data that you want to transmit. For example, if you're
controlling a device with multiple functions (like a toy car with forward, backward, left, and
right movements), each function could be assigned to one of these data pins.
3. Transmission Protocol: The encoder converts the parallel data received from the address and
data pins into a serial format suitable for transmission over a wireless medium. The
transmission protocol typically includes a start bit, followed by the address bits, data bits, and
possibly additional control bits.
4. Power Supply: The HT12E encoder requires a power supply voltage typically ranging from
2.4V to 12V, depending on the specific model.

4.7.2 HT12D Decoder:

1. Address Pins: Like the encoder, the HT12D decoder has 12 address pins labelled A0 to A11.
These pins are set to the same address configuration as the corresponding encoder, ensuring
that the decoder only responds to data intended for it.
2. Data Pins: The decoder also has data pins, usually 4 in number, labelled D0 to D3. These
pins output the decoded parallel data corresponding to the received serial input. They connect
to the input of the device you want to control, such as motors in a remote-controlled car or
relays in a home automation system.
3. Transmission Protocol: The decoder interprets the serial data received wirelessly, extracting
the address and data information. It follows the same transmission protocol as the encoder,
understanding the start bit, address bits, data bits, and any additional control bits.
4. Valid Transmission Indicator: Some decoder models include an output pin that indicates
whether the received transmission is valid. This feature helps filter out noise and ensures
reliable communication.
5. Power Supply: Similar to the encoder, the HT12D decoder requires a power supply voltage
typically ranging from 2.4V to 12V.
Together, the HT12E encoder and HT12D decoder form a reliable and cost-effective solution
for remote control applications, offering a straightforward method for encoding and decoding
data in wireless communication systems.

27
 CHAPTER 5
FAULTS
5.1 Overvoltage Fault
Overvoltage faults in induction motors occur when the voltage supplied to the motor exceeds
its rated value. This can happen due to various reasons such as voltage spikes, switching
transients, lightning strikes, or system faults. Overvoltage events can cause significant damage
to induction motors if not properly mitigated. Therefore, understanding the causes, effects, and
preventive measures for overvoltage faults is crucial for ensuring the reliability and longevity
of induction motor systems.

5.1.1 Causes of Overvoltage Faults:

1. Voltage Spikes: Voltage spikes can occur due to sudden changes in load, switching
operations, or lightning strikes. These spikes can momentarily increase the voltage supplied to
the motor, leading to overvoltage conditions.
2. Switching Transients: Switching transients, often associated with power electronic devices
such as inverters or variable frequency drives (VFDs), can introduce high-frequency voltage
fluctuations that may exceed the motor's rated voltage.
3. Lightning Strikes: Lightning strikes in the vicinity of power distribution systems can induce
high voltages and currents, causing overvoltage conditions in induction motors connected to
the affected circuits.
4. System Faults: Faults such as insulation breakdown, ground faults, or line-to-line faults in
the power distribution system can result in overvoltage conditions if not promptly addressed.

5.1.2 Effects of Overvoltage Faults:

1. Insulation Damage: Overvoltage events can lead to insulation breakdown within the motor
windings, resulting in short circuits and permanent damage to the motor.
2. Overheating: Increased voltage can cause excessive current flow through the motor
windings, leading to overheating and thermal degradation of insulation materials.
3. Reduced Motor Life: Repeated exposure to overvoltage conditions can significantly reduce
the lifespan of the motor, leading to premature failure and increased maintenance costs.
4. Reduced Efficiency: Overvoltage events can affect the efficiency of the motor by causing
increased losses and decreased performance.

5.1.3 Preventive Measures:

1. Voltage Regulation: Implementing voltage regulation devices such as voltage regulators or
automatic voltage regulators (AVRs) can help maintain stable voltage levels within acceptable
limits.

28
2. Surge Protection: Installing surge protection devices (SPDs) at the motor terminals or within
the power distribution system can mitigate the effects of voltage spikes and lightning-induced
surges.
3. Proper Grounding: Ensuring proper grounding of the motor and associated equipment can
help dissipate excess voltage and provide a path for fault currents to safely discharge.
4. Motor Protection Relays: Utilizing motor protection relays equipped with overvoltage
detection and shutdown features can automatically disconnect the motor from the power supply
in the event of an overvoltage fault, preventing damage to the motor.
5. Regular Maintenance: Performing routine inspections, testing, and maintenance of motor
insulation, connections, and protective devices can help identify and mitigate potential
overvoltage risks before they cause significant damage.
In conclusion, overvoltage faults pose a significant threat to the reliability and performance of
induction motors in industrial applications. Understanding the causes, effects, and preventive
measures for overvoltage faults is essential for ensuring the safe and efficient operation of
induction motor systems. By implementing appropriate voltage regulation, surge protection,
grounding, motor protection relays, and maintenance practices, industries can mitigate the risks
associated with overvoltage faults and prolong the lifespan of induction motors while
minimizing downtime and repair costs.

5.2 Thermal Fault

Thermal faults in induction motors occur when the motor operates at temperatures higher than
its designed thermal limits. These faults can result from various factors such as overloading,
poor ventilation, inadequate cooling, insulation degradation, or ambient temperature extremes.
Thermal faults can lead to accelerated aging, insulation breakdown, and ultimately, motor
failure if not promptly addressed. Therefore, understanding the causes, effects, and mitigation
strategies for thermal faults is crucial for ensuring the reliability and longevity of induction
motor systems.

5.2.1 Causes of Thermal Faults:

1. Overloading: Operating the motor beyond its rated capacity can cause excessive heat
generation due to increased current flow through the windings, leading to thermal overload.
2. Poor Ventilation: Inadequate airflow around the motor or within the motor enclosure can
hinder heat dissipation, resulting in elevated temperatures and thermal stress on the motor
components.
3. Inadequate Cooling: Insufficient cooling mechanisms such as malfunctioning fans, blocked
air ducts, or dirty cooling fins can impair the motor's ability to dissipate heat, exacerbating
thermal faults.
4. Insulation Degradation: Degradation of insulation materials within the motor windings over
time can increase electrical losses and heat generation, contributing to thermal faults.
5. Ambient Temperature Extremes: Operating the motor in environments with extreme
temperatures, either too hot or too cold, can affect its thermal performance and exacerbate
thermal faults.

29
5.2.2 Effects of Thermal Faults:
1. Insulation Degradation: Prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures can degrade the
insulation materials within the motor windings, leading to insulation breakdown, short circuits,
and eventual motor failure.
2. Reduced Efficiency: Thermal faults can increase the resistance of the motor windings,
leading to higher losses and reduced efficiency, resulting in increased energy consumption and
decreased performance.
3. Mechanical Stress: Elevated temperatures can cause thermal expansion of motor
components, leading to mechanical stress, distortion, and misalignment, which can further
exacerbate faults and decrease motor lifespan.
4. Increased Maintenance Costs: Addressing thermal faults often requires costly repairs or
replacements of damaged components, leading to increased downtime and maintenance
expenses.

5.2.3 Mitigation Strategies:

1. Proper Sizing and Loading: Ensuring that the motor is properly sized for the application and
operated within its rated capacity can prevent thermal overload and excessive heat generation.
2. Effective Ventilation: Providing adequate ventilation around the motor and within the motor
enclosure through proper design, installation of ventilation fans, and regular maintenance can
enhance heat dissipation and prevent thermal faults.
3. Cooling Systems: Installing effective cooling systems such as fans, heat sinks, or liquid
cooling systems can help regulate motor temperature and prevent overheating.
4. Insulation Monitoring: Implementing insulation monitoring techniques such as insulation
resistance testing or partial discharge monitoring can help detect early signs of insulation
degradation and prevent thermal faults.
5. Temperature Monitoring: Utilizing temperature monitoring devices such as thermocouples
or thermal sensors to continuously monitor motor temperature can provide early warning of
overheating conditions and enable timely intervention.
6. Regular Maintenance: Performing routine inspections, cleaning, and maintenance of motor
cooling systems, insulation, and ventilation components can help prevent thermal faults and
prolong motor lifespan.

30
 CHAPTER 6
WORKING OF THE MODEL

Controlling speed of AC motor is required in industries as well as in domestic use. In industries

the required motion control is achieved by controlling speed of big and heavy AC motors. They
use variable frequency drives (VFD) for speed control. In some other applications like fan,
blowers, heaters etc. another method for speed control is used that is phase angle control. By
varying phase angle, the current supplied to motor can be varied. And by varying supplied
current the speed of motor can be varied.
In domestic application the phase angle control method is used. The best example is fan
regulator. In domestic fan regulator DIAC and TRIAC are used to vary phase angle of fan
motor. This is very easiest method to vary AC motor speed.
Also, the same principle can be applied to any heating element like heater. By changing the
phase angle of AC waveform applied to heater the supplied current can be changed. And this
will vary its temperature.
So, in this project I am using this same principle to vary the speed of any 1 phase AC motor by
varying phase angle of applied AC waveform. The phase angle is varied using DIAC and
TRIAC only but DIAC and TRIAC are triggered by digital means using 8051 microcontrollers.
The speed variation is displayed on LED bar graph display. And the most interesting thing is
the speed variation and motor ON / OFF control is done through RF remote control that has
range of more than 100 meter.
• Remote control (Transmitter): It is used to ON / OFF motor or to vary the speed of
motor from remote place. Because its RF type (ASK) remote control, its range is
around 150 meters. It sends particular codes for different keys over 434 MHz carrier
frequency.
• Receiver: It detects 434 MHz carrier and receives these key codes by demodulating
it. Then it decodes the code and gives corresponding digital output to micro
controller
• Zero cross detector circuit: It generates short duration positive and negative pulses
after every 10 ms (100 Hz) whenever applied 50 Hz AC signal crosses zero line.
These pulses are given to micro controller
• Micro controller: It controls speed of motor and also turns it ON or OFF. It also
indicates motor speed on LED bar graph display. To vary the speed, it varies the
firing angle of thyristor. To vary firing angle, it takes reference pulses from ZCD
circuit.
• AC Motor Driver: It gets firing pulses from micro controller and varies supplied
current to motor by varying phase angle of thyristor.
• LED Bar Graph: It indicates current motor speed on 8 LEDs. Maximum speed
means all 8 LEDs are ON and minimum speed means single LED (lowest one) is
ON.

31
Operation:
• When button is pressed from remote control, address & data are transmitted together
• The 433.92MHz serial data receiver will demodulate the carrier and gives this address
& data to IC HT12D
• IC HT12D first compares the address three times and if it matches it gives high pulse
on VT pin and latches the digital data on D0 – D4 that is given to micro controller.
• The high pulse on VT will generate short duration negative pulse on INT0 and LED L5
will blink. This INT0 pin generates external interrupt in micro controller

Figure-6.1: Overview of the Project

32
 CHAPTER 7
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

6.1 Present
1. Manufacturing Industry: In manufacturing plants, induction motors power a wide range of
equipment, including conveyor belts, pumps, and compressors. The proposed system can be
deployed to remotely adjust motor speeds based on production requirements, detect faults such
as bearing wear or voltage fluctuations, and trigger protective measures to prevent equipment
downtime and maintenance costs.
2. Mining and Extraction: Induction motors play a crucial role in mining operations, powering
equipment such as crushers, conveyors, and hoists. By implementing wireless speed control
and fault detection, mining companies can optimize motor performance, monitor equipment
health in real-time, and prevent costly breakdowns in harsh operating environments.
3. Oil and Gas Industry: Induction motors are extensively used in oil and gas facilities to drive
pumps, compressors, and drilling rigs. The proposed system can improve operational efficiency
by enabling remote monitoring and control of motor speed, detecting faults such as motor
overload or vibration anomalies, and initiating shutdown procedures to prevent equipment
damage and ensure worker safety.
4. Utilities and Power Generation: Induction motors are integral to power generation facilities,
where they drive turbines, generators, and auxiliary equipment. By deploying the proposed
system, utility companies can optimize motor performance, detect faults such as insulation
degradation or bearing failures, and implement preventive maintenance measures to minimize
unplanned outages and maximize grid reliability.

6.2 Future
1. Smart Factories: In the era of Industry 4.0, smart factories rely on interconnected systems
and data-driven automation to streamline operations and increase productivity. The proposed
system can be integrated into smart factory environments to enable autonomous motor control,
predictive maintenance, and real-time optimization of production processes, leading to higher
efficiency and flexibility in manufacturing operations.
2. Renewable Energy Systems: With the growing adoption of renewable energy sources such
as wind and solar power, there is a need for efficient motor control solutions in renewable
energy systems. The proposed system can be applied to control induction motors used in wind
turbine generators, solar tracking systems, and hydroelectric power plants, enhancing energy
conversion efficiency, fault detection, and system reliability.
3. Electric Vehicles (EVs): Induction motors are commonly used in electric vehicles for
propulsion. By integrating the proposed system into EV drivetrains, manufacturers can
optimize motor performance, monitor battery health, and detect faults such as overheating or
mechanical wear, improving vehicle efficiency, range, and reliability.

33
4. Precision Agriculture: In modern agriculture, motor-driven equipment such as irrigation
pumps, harvesters, and autonomous farming machinery are essential for increasing crop yields
and reducing labor costs. The proposed system can be utilized to remotely control motor
speeds, monitor equipment status, and detect faults in agricultural machinery, enabling
precision farming practices and sustainable agricultural production.
5. Urban Infrastructure: Induction motors are employed in various urban infrastructure systems,
including water treatment plants, transportation networks, and HVAC systems. By
implementing the proposed system, municipalities can optimize motor performance, detect
faults in critical infrastructure, and implement preventive maintenance measures to ensure the
reliable operation of essential services and infrastructure in urban areas.

34
 CHAPTER 8
RESULT

The project's investigation into the feasibility, challenges, and future prospects of wireless
induction motor control in industrial and automation settings yielded several key findings.
Firstly, a comprehensive analysis of existing wireless communication technologies, including
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and LoRa WAN, revealed their suitability for implementing wireless
control systems for induction motors. However, this feasibility was tempered by the
identification of significant challenges. Signal interference emerged as a prominent issue,
particularly in industrial environments with high levels of electromagnetic interference.
Latency in wireless communication systems was also noted, raising concerns about real-time
control and responsiveness. Furthermore, reliability and security vulnerabilities, such as
potential signal hijacking or unauthorized access, were identified as critical considerations for
the implementation of wireless control systems.

Looking towards the future, the project's exploration of emerging trends and innovations
highlighted promising developments. Integration with 5G networks was identified as a
potential game-changer, offering faster data transmission speeds and lower latency, thereby
addressing some of the challenges associated with current wireless communication
technologies. Additionally, the integration of edge computing, artificial intelligence, machine
learning, and IoT platforms was seen as a means to enhance responsiveness, efficiency, and
predictive maintenance capabilities in wireless induction motor control systems.

Based on these findings, the project provided recommendations for stakeholders involved in
industrial automation. It emphasized the importance of conducting thorough assessments of
specific requirements, risks, and benefits before implementing wireless induction motor control
systems. Investing in robust infrastructure, including redundant communication channels and
fail-safe mechanisms, was highlighted as essential for ensuring the reliability and safety of
wireless control systems. Furthermore, the project underscored the critical need for
cybersecurity measures to protect against potential threats and vulnerabilities in wireless
communication networks.

In conclusion, the project's detailed analysis contributes valuable insights into the potential of
wireless induction motor control to transform industrial automation and processes. By
addressing the identified challenges and embracing emerging technologies, industries can
unlock new opportunities for optimization, sustainability, and competitiveness in the digital
age.

35
 CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this project has explored the feasibility, challenges, and future prospects of
wireless induction motor control in industrial and automation settings. Through comprehensive
research and analysis, several key findings have emerged:
The project has demonstrated that wireless control of induction motors in industrial
environments is indeed feasible, leveraging advancements in communication technologies such
as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and LoRa WAN. These wireless protocols offer flexibility,
scalability, and potential cost savings compared to traditional wired control systems.
Despite the feasibility, several challenges and considerations must be addressed when
implementing wireless induction motor control systems. These include signal interference,
latency, reliability, security vulnerabilities, and compatibility with existing infrastructure.
Robust communication protocols, cybersecurity measures, and fail-safe mechanisms are
essential to ensure safe and efficient operation.
Looking ahead, the future of wireless induction motor control holds promising developments
driven by advancements in communication technologies, automation, and IoT. Integration with
5G networks, edge computing, AI, machine learning, and IoT platforms will enhance
responsiveness, efficiency, and predictive maintenance capabilities. Moreover, standards and
interoperability efforts will promote compatibility and scalability across diverse industrial
applications.
The findings of this project have significant implications for industrial automation and
processes. Wireless induction motor control systems offer opportunities for enhanced
efficiency, reliability, and safety in industrial operations. However, it is crucial for stakeholders
to carefully assess the specific requirements, risks, and benefits of implementing wireless
solutions and to invest in robust infrastructure, training, and cybersecurity measures.
In conclusion, the project has shed light on the potential of wireless induction motor control to
revolutionize industrial automation and processes. By addressing the challenges and embracing
innovative technologies, industries can unlock new opportunities for optimization,
sustainability, and competitiveness in the digital era.

36
 CHAPTER 10
FUTURE ENDEAVOURS

1. Integration with IoT and Industry 4.0: The system can be further enhanced by integrating
with the Internet of Things (IoT) platforms and Industry 4.0 initiatives, enabling seamless
connectivity and data exchange between various industrial devices and systems. This
integration would facilitate more advanced analytics, remote monitoring, and predictive
maintenance capabilities.
2. Advanced Analytics and AI: Future developments could involve the use of more
sophisticated artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, such as deep learning algorithms, for
improved fault detection and predictive maintenance. By analyzing large volumes of sensor
data, AI models can identify complex patterns and trends, leading to more accurate predictions
and proactive maintenance strategies.
3. Energy Efficiency Optimization: The project can be extended to focus on optimizing the
energy efficiency of induction motors by implementing intelligent control strategies and
optimizing motor operating parameters based on real-time energy consumption data. This
would contribute to reducing energy costs and minimizing environmental impact in industrial
settings.
4. Application in Renewable Energy Systems: The developed system can be adapted for use in
renewable energy systems, such as wind turbines and solar panel tracking systems, where
efficient motor control and fault detection are critical for maximizing energy generation and
reliability.
5. Smart Grid Integration: In the context of smart grids, the project's wireless speed control and
fault detection capabilities can be applied to grid-connected induction motors used in power
generation, distribution, and industrial applications. This would support the development of
more resilient and adaptive grid infrastructures.

37
 APPENDIX

Code:
#include <reg51.h>
sbit switch1=P3^0;
sbit switch2=P3^1;
sbit switch3=P3^2;
sbit switch4=P3^3;
sbit switch5=P3^4;

sbit LED1=P2^0;
sbit LED2=P2^1;
sbit LED3=P2^2;
sbit LED4=P2^3;
sbit BAZZ=P2^4;

unsigned char run_flag=0,k_value=1;

void delay(unsigned int count)
{
unsigned int i,j;
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<100;j++);
}
}
void main()
{
int i;
char seg_code[]={0xC0,0xF9,0xA4,0xB0,0x99,0x92,0x82,0xF8,0x80,0x90,0xff};
char led_code[]={0xFF,0xFE,0xFD,0xF7,0x0F,0x07,0x03,0x01,0x00,0x00};
BAZZ = 1;
while(1)

38
{
P0=seg_code[i];

if((~switch1)==0x01)
{
i = 1;
P2 = 0xFF;
LED1 = 0;
delay(100);
}
if((~switch2)==0x01)
{
i = 2;
P2 = 0xFF;
LED2 = 0;
delay(100);
}
if((~switch3)==0x01)
{
i = 3;
P2 = 0xFF;
LED3 = 0;
delay(100);
}
if((~switch4)==0x01)
{
i = 4;
P2 = 0xFF;
LED4 = 0;
delay(100);
}
if(((~switch5)==0x01) || ((~switch6)==0x01))

39
{
i = 0;
P2 = 0xEF;
delay(500);
P2 = 0xFF;
delay(100);
}
if((switch7 == 1) && (switch8 == 0) && (switch9 == 0) && (switch10 == 0))
{
i = 1;
P2 = 0xFF;
LED1 = 0;
delay(100);
}
if((switch7 == 0) && (switch8 == 1) && (switch9 == 0) && (switch10 == 0))
{
i = 2;
P2 = 0xFF;
LED2 = 0;
delay(100);
}
if((switch7 == 1) && (switch8 == 1) && (switch9 == 0) && (switch10 == 0))
{
i = 3;
P2 = 0xFF;
LED3 = 0;
delay(100);
}
if((switch7 == 0) && (switch8 == 0) && (switch9 == 1) && (switch10 == 0))
{
i = 4;
P2 = 0xFF;

40
 LED4 = 0;
delay(100);
}
if((switch7 == 1) && (switch8 == 0) && (switch9 == 1) && (switch10 == 0))
{
i = 5;
P2 = 0xEF;
delay(500);
P2 = 0xFF;
delay(100);
}
}
}

41
 REFERENCES

[1] P. N. Tekwani, A. K. Shrivastava, "Wireless Speed Control of Induction Motor,"

International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 3 Issue 5, May
2014. [Link](https://www.ijert.org/research/wireless-speed-control-of-induction-motor-
IJERTV3IS050288.pdf)
[2] A. R. S. Larijani, A. Nafar, "Induction Motor Protection and Fault Detection Using Wireless
Sensor Networks," International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No.
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[3] A. K. Pandey, R. K. Chauhan, S. P. Singh, "Speed Control of Induction Motor Using
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%20Wireless%20Speed.pdf)
[5] B. K. Bose, "Power Electronics and Motor Drives: Advances and Trends," IEEE
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[Link](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4770375)
[6] M. H. Rashid, "Power Electronics Handbook: Devices, Circuits, and Applications,"
Academic Press, 2018. [Link](https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128114072/power-
electronics-handbook)
[7] T. J. E. Miller, "Brushless Permanent-Magnet and Reluctance Motor Drives," Clarendon
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and-reluctance-motor-drives-9780198593853?cc=us&lang=en&)
[8] Jyotheeswara Reddy, V., & Gopakumar, K. (2006). Analysis and mitigation of shaft
voltages and shaft currents in a PWM voltage source inverter-fed induction motor drive. IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 53(5), 1560-1569.
[9] Hameed, Z., & Shaban, K. (2014). A review on different fault types of induction motor and
condition monitoring techniques. International Journal of Computer Applications, 105(14), 24-
29.

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