Socio-political development

World kurultai of Kazakhs, which has been held every five years since 1992, has found a
strong place in the social and cultural life of independent Kazakhstan. The V World kurultai
of Kazakhs was convened on June 22-25, 2017 in Astana. It was attended by more than six
hundred representatives of the Kazakh diaspora and the National intelligentsia abroad.
Within the framework of the kurultai, an international conference was held on the topic:
"Caliph Altai and the return of history". In December 1992, the forum of the peoples of
Kazakhstan was held. On March 24, 1995, A session of the assembly of people of
Kazakhstan was held in Almaty. The task of the assembly was to unite all peoples living in
Kazakhstan in a new model of political, economic and social life of the Republic. Population
censuses, Kazakh people the population of Kazakhstan is the totality of all residents
inhabiting the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. As of November 16, 2023, the
population of Kazakhstan is 20,000,000. According to this indicator, Kazakhstan ranks sixty-
second in the world. The 1999 census in Kazakhstan took place in February, exactly 10
years after the All-Union census of the USSR in 1989. The first census after independence
was held from February 25 to March 4, 1999. At the end of 2000, the main results of the
country's first census were published. According to the results of the 1999 census, the
population of the Republic of Kazakhstan amounted to 14.9 million people, a decrease of
7.7% compared to the data of the All - Union census of 1989, in which 16.4 million people
officially lived in the Republic. The 2009 census in Kazakhstan is the second after the
acquisition of sovereignty, the census of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Held from 24 to 25
February 2009. Preliminary official results of the census were published on February 4, 2010
on the website of the state standard of Kazakhstan. According to the results of the 2009
census, the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan was 16 million people. in comparison
with the 1999 census, the population increased by 6.8%. One of the unexpected results of
the census was a sharp decrease in the share of the urban population from 56.3% to 52.0%
and a corresponding increase in the share of the rural population. As of January 1, 2011, it
was 16,441,959 people. At the beginning of 2010, the population was 16,204,617 people. Of
these, 8.7 million. (57.3%) of the population of the city, 7.5 million people. the population
(42.7%) is rural. The 2021 census in Kazakhstan is the third after the acquisition of
sovereignty, the census of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Brief census results were published
on September 1, 2022 on the website of the National Bureau of Statistics. According to the
results of the 2021 census, the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan was 19.1 million
people. the population was 3.17 million people compared to the 2009 census. increased per
person (by 19.8%). According to the brief results of the 2021 census, published on
September 1, 2022, the number of main ethnic groups: Kazakhs — 13,497,891 people
(70.4% of the population), Russians— 2,981,946 (15.5%), Uzbeks — 614,047 (3.2%),
Ukrainians — 387,327 (2.0%), Uighurs-290,337 (1.5%), Germans — 226,092 (1.2)%, Tatars
— 218,653 (1.1%), other ethnic groups and non — ethnic groups-969,722 (5.1 %)

Formation of political parties

In the last years of the Soviet Union, politics began to enter the life of society en masse, the
politicization of public life took place at an incredibly fast pace. The repeal of Article 6 of the
Constitution of the USSR in March 1990, which gave the Communists a monopoly of power,
on the leading and guiding role of the CPSU, was the most important step towards a multi-
party structure in domestic political life. In the same year, new parties began to be formed
throughout the Soviet Union. For the first time in our country, the National Independence
Party "Alash", the National Democratic Party "Zheltoksan" and the Social Democratic Party
of Kazakhstan announced the start of their work. The law on public associations, adopted in
June 1991, contributed to the development of multiparty, and the August "rebellion", which
shocked Society, added additional momentum to this process. In September 1991, the
Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR (CPC) left the CPSU at its next Congress and was
reorganized into the Socialist Party of Kazakhstan (CPC). The program of the new party was
based on social democratic principles, and its co-chairmen were Yermukhambet Ertysbayev
and Anatoly Antonov. The CPC, which received its possessions on the account of the
successor of the Communist Party, retained its organizational structure in all districts and
had its own mass media, became the most mass political organization in the country in the
first years of independence, but ceased to exist in the mid-1990s.
In those years, the Republican Party of Kazakhstan "Azat" also left political life, which in
1991 formed into a civil movement aimed at creating a Democratic National State of the
same name. In October 1991, the Constituent Congress of the "National Congress of
Kazakhstan'' was held, which was a state of political, ideological and legal and social
orientation. However, this party did not last long. N. Nazarbayev became the political leader
of the party "Union of people's unity of Kazakhstan'', which was formed in February 1993
and reorganized two years later into the party "people's unity of Kazakhstan", and S.
Abdrakhmanov was elected the head of the political council. It should be noted that N.
Nazarbayev came to power long before the creation of this party. In the same 1993, the
Communists of Kazakhstan convened the XIX Congress of the CPC in order to restore the
Communist Party of Kazakhstan. In February 1994, the recovered party was registered and
began its activities, and in October B. Tolepbayev became the CCP Chief Secretary. The
People's Cooperative Party of Kazakhstan (CPC, leader U. Sarsenov), founded in 1994, has
chosen to protect the interests of rural residents and cooperatives as the main item of its
program. The modernization party of Kazakhstan (A. Zhaganova), founded in January 1995,
relied on a low-income and insufficiently protected group of residents. In July of the same
year, the Democratic Party of Kazakhstan (co – chairmen – T. Gugeev and A. Gugeev)
chose as its main task to support the policy pursued by the state. Sarsenbayev), and in
September the Republican political Labor Party of Kazakhstan (U. Zholdasbekov) was
established. As the successor of the socio - political Association" union of Engineers of
Kazakhstan", he primarily represented the interests of the technical intelligentsia. Such was
the political and party landscape of Kazakhstan in the mid-1990s. Although of a different
nature, most of the new parties mainly expressed their commitment to the principles of
democracy and supported the direction of strengthening independence. In March 2002, the
Constituent Congress of the Social Democratic Party of Kazakhstan "Auyl" was held, the
chairman of which was elected academician, Deputy G. Kaliyev. In July, the "party of
patriots of Kazakhstan" was established, and a well-known politician, previously a
presidential candidate, G. Kassymov, was appointed as the chairman. In November 2001,
on the initiative of a group of officials of the public Association" democratic choice of
Kazakhstan", with the support of entrepreneurs, the Constituent Congress was held. In
March 2002, a group of members of the "DDT" broke up and formed the" Ak Zhol " party. In
April 2003, the Asar party was formed, and Dariga Nazarbayeva, the daughter of then
president N. Nazarbayev, was elected chairman. In July 2006, the next congress of this
party decided to join the Otan Party. Also in April 2003, the Constituent Congress of the
Rukhaniyat party was held, the chairman of which was A. Zhaganova. In February 2004, the
founding congress of the people's party" democratic choice of Kazakhstan " was held. Due
to a number of disagreements in the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, some of the funders
decided to create a separate party organization. In April 2004, the Congress of the
Communist people's party of Kazakhstan (CCP) was held, and V. Kosarev was elected first
secretary. In April 2004, the founding congress of the Democratic Party of Kazakhstan was
convened. Its leader was M. Narikbayev. In 2006, the name of the party changed to the
Democratic Party "Adilet". In September 2006, the founding congress of the National Social
Democratic Party was held.
A big event on the party square of Kazakhstan took place on December 22, 2006. At The X
Congress of the Otan Party, it was decided that it would unite with the Civil and Agrarian
parties and would henceforth be called the people's Democratic Party" Nur Otan". From that
moment on, real centrism was formed in the authorities. In December 2008, the Majilis
amended the law "on political parties". According to the same changes, the required number
of party supporters for registration was reduced from 50 thousand people to 40 thousand,
and the regional limit – from 700 to 600 people. The deadline for submitting documents for
registration has been extended from two to four months. By the end of 2011, there were
eight political parties operating in Kazakhstan (the total number of members is 1.3 million
people): the people's Democratic Party "Nur Otan", the Social Democratic Party of
Kazakhstan "Auyl", the party of patriots of Kazakhstan, the Democratic Party of Kazakhstan
"AK Zhol", the Democratic Party "Adilet", the Communist people's party of Kazakhstan, the
party "Rukhaniyat", the National Social Democratic Party "Azat". Ombudsman Institute in
Kazakhstan " the idea of organizing the Ombudsman Institute in Kazakhstan was first
expressed at an international seminar held in Geneva in 1995 by the Office of the UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights. At the same time, the Kazakh delegation noted that there
is an opportunity to create an institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the
country. Thus, in September 2002, the corresponding decree of the head of state "on the
establishment of the activities of the Commissioner for Human Rights" was issued . The
Ombudsman is the Commissioner for Human Rights. To date, the system of the
Ombudsman Institute has been implemented in the portfolio companies"Kazatomprom",
"KazMunayGas", "Kazakhstan Temir Zholy", "Kazpost" and others in the group of companies
of JSC "National Welfare Fund" Samruk Kazyna". The effectiveness of its activities is
reflected in the favorable moral climate in the team. The Ombudsman works to avoid
situations and situations that negatively affect the reputation of the institution. It represents
the interests of the labor collective and the company as a whole. The main function of the
Commissioner for Human Rights is to timely identify and analyze current issues on social
and labor relations between the employee and the employer. Consulting and finding optimal
ways to solve them, as well as monitoring compliance with the rights of employees. The
main principles of the Ombudsman are to be impartial, fair, as well as to maintain
confidentiality and be close to non – officials. The Ombudsman should not speak in support
of any of the parties to the dispute. He also does not make binding decisions, the conclusion
of which is of a recommendatory nature. It also does not participate in formal investigations
and trials. First of all, it should be guided by high moral principles.

List of used literature:

● Táýelsizdik dáýiri N.Nazarbaev
● Qazaqstan tarıhy (oqýlyq) G.Q.Kádirqulova
● "Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy strategıalyq josparlaý jáne reformalar agenttigi ulttyq
statısıka búrosy"