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COĞRAFİYA

DƏRSLİK

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AZƏRBAYCAN RESPUBLİKASININ
DÖVLƏT HİMNİ

Musiqisi Üzeyir Hacıbəylinin,


sözləri Əhməd Cavadındır.

Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!
Ey qəhrəman övladın şanlı Vətəni!
Səndən ötrü can verməyə cümlə hazırız!
Səndən ötrü qan tökməyə cümlə qadiriz!
Üçrəngli bayrağınla məsud yaşa!

Minlərlə can qurban oldu,


Sinən hərbə meydan oldu!
Hüququndan keçən əsgər,
Hərə bir qəhrəman oldu!

Sən olasan gülüstan,


Sənə hər an can qurban!
Sənə min bir məhəbbət,
Sinəmdə tutmuş məkan!

Namusunu hifz etməyə,


Bayrağını yüksəltməyə
Cümlə gənclər müştaqdır!
Şanlı Vətən! Şanlı Vətən!
Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan!
 

HEYDԤR ԤLøYEV
AZԤRBAYCAN XALQININ ÜMUMMøLLø LøDERø






 
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o cümlΩdΩn: Bütün ΩhaliyΩ nisbΩtΩn


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BURAXILIŞ MƏLUMATI

COĞRAFİYA – 10
Ümumi təhsil müəssisələrinin 10-cu sinifləri üçün coğrafiya fənni üzrə dərslik

Tərtibçi heyət:

Müəlliflər Yaqub Əli oğlu Qəribov


Oqtay Kamil oğlu Alxasov
Şərafət Hüseyn qızı Hüseynli
Məhbubə Hətəm qızı Babayeva

Redaktor Kəmalə Abbasova


Bədii redaktor Taleh Məlikov
Texniki redaktor Zeynal İsayev
Dizayner Nərmin Məlikzadə
Rəssamlar Məzahir Hüseynov, Elmir Məmmədov
Korrektor Aqşin Məsimov

© Azərbaycan Respublikası Elm və Təhsil Nazirliyinin qrif nömrəsi: 2022-059

Müəlliflik hüquqları qorunur. Xüsusi icazə olmadan bu nəşri və yaxud onun hər hansı hissəsini
yenidən çap etdirmək, surətini çıxarmaq, elektron informasiya vasitələri ilə yaymaq qanuna ziddir.

Hesab-nəşriyyat həcmi: 9,3. Fiziki həcmi: 13 çap vərəqi. Səhifə sayı: 208.
Formatı: 70×1001/16. Kəsimdən sonra ölçüsü 165×240.
Ofset kağızı. Times New Roman. Ofset çapı.
Sifariş__. Tiraj 102984. Pulsuz. Bakı – 2022.

Əlyazmanın yığıma verildiyi və çapa imzalandığı tarix: 12.08.2022

Çap məhsulunu nəşr edən:


“Bakı” nəşriyyatı (Bakı., H.Seyidbəyli küç., 30)

Çap məhsulunu istehsal edən:


“Təhsil NP” MMC (Bakı., F.Xoyski küç., 121a)
Pulsuz

Əziz məktəbli !

Bu dərslik sizə Azərbaycan dövləti tərəfindən bir dərs ilində


istifadə üçün verilir. O, dərs ili müddətində nəzərdə tutulmuş
bilikləri qazanmaq üçün sizə etibarlı dost və yardımçı olacaq.
İnanırıq ki, siz də bu dərsliyə məhəbbətlə yanaşacaq, onu
zədələnmələrdən qoruyacaq, təmiz və səliqəli saxlayacaqsınız ki,
növbəti dərs ilində digər məktəbli yoldaşınız ondan sizin kimi rahat
istifadə edə bilsin.
Sizə təhsildə uğurlar arzulayırıq!

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