BS EN 12697-34:2012

Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

BSI Standards Publication

Bituminous mixtures — Test

methods for hot mix asphalt
Part 34: Marshall test

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

raising standards worldwide™

 BS EN 12697-34:2012 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 12697-34:2012.
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

It supersedes BS EN 12697-34:2004 which is withdrawn.

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee B/510/1, Asphalt products.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI Standards
Limited 2012
ISBN 978 0 580 76364 9
ICS 93.080.20
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2012.
Amendments issued since publication
Date Text affected
 BS EN 12697-34:2012

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12697-34

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

May 2012

ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007

English Version

Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part

34: Marshall test

Mélanges bitumineux - Méthodes d'essai pour mélange Asphalt - Prüfverfahren für Heißasphalt - Teil 34: Marshall-
hydrocarboné à chaud - Partie 34 : Essai Marshall Prüfung

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 30 March 2012.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12697-34:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

Contents Page

Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................3 
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................7 
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................7 
3 Terms and definitions ...........................................................................................................................7
4 Principle ..................................................................................................................................................8 
5 Apparatus ...............................................................................................................................................8 
6 Procedure ...............................................................................................................................................8 
6.1 Specimen preparation ...........................................................................................................................8
6.2 Test procedure .......................................................................................................................................9 
7 Expression of results ............................................................................................................................9 
8 Test report ........................................................................................................................................... 10 
9 Precision .............................................................................................................................................. 10 
Annex A (normative) Marshall stability and flow values .............................................................................. 11
Annex B (normative) Testing head ................................................................................................................. 12 
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 

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 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

Foreword
This document (EN 12697-34:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 227 “Road
materials”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2012.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN 12697-34:2004+A1:2007.

The significant changes with respect to the previous edition are:

a) definition of stability revised;

b) definition of total flow added;

c) note added on need for graphical plotter;

d) note added allowing alternative number of votes;

e) staking of specimens not permitted;

f) note added about rapid cooling of rolled asphalt specimens;

g) requirements for measurement of flow revised;

h) equation for calculating the corrected stability revised with units in cubic millimetres rather than millilitres;

i) calculation of flow clarified;

j) Annex A revised.

Annexes A and B are normative.

This document is one of a series of European Standards which specify various test methods for bituminous
mixtures. It includes the following parts:

 EN 12697-1, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 1: Soluble binder content

 EN 12697-2, Bituminous mixtures — Test method for hot mix asphalt — Part 2: Determination of particle
size distribution

 EN 12697-3, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 3: Bitumen recovery:
Rotary evaporator

 EN 12697-4, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 4: Bitumen recovery:
Fractionating column

 EN 12697-5, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 5: Determination of the
maximum density

3
 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)

 EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk
density of bituminous specimens
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

 EN 12697-7, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 7: Determination of bulk
density of bituminous specimens by gamma rays

 EN 12697-8, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 8: Determination of void
characteristics of bituminous specimens

 EN 12697-10, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 10: Compactability

 EN 12697-11, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 11: Determination of the
affinity between aggregate and bitumen

 EN 12697-12, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 12: Determination of the
water sensitivity of bituminous specimens

 EN 12697-13, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 13: Temperature
measurement

 EN 12697-14, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 14: Water content

 EN 12697-15, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 15: Determination of the
segregation sensitivity

 EN 12697-16, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 16: Abrasion by studded
tyres

 EN 12697-17, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 17: Particle loss of porous
asphalt specimen

 EN 12697-18, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 18: Binder drainage

 EN 12697-19, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 19: Permeability of
specimen

 EN 12697-20, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 20: Indentation using
cube or cylindrical specimens

 EN 12697-21, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 21: Indentation using
plate specimens

 EN 12697-22, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 22: Wheel tracking

 EN 12697-23, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 23: Determination of the
indirect tensile strength of bituminous specimens

 EN 12697-24, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 24: Resistance to fatigue

 EN 12697-25, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 25: Cyclic compression
test

 EN 12697-26, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 26: Stiffness

 EN 12697-27, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 27: Sampling

 EN 12697-28, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 28: Preparation of
samples for determining binder content, water content and grading

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 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)

 EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the
dimensions of a bituminous specimen
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

 EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen preparation
by impact compactor

 EN 12697-31, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 31: Specimen preparation
by gyratory compactor

 EN 12697-32, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 32: Laboratory
compaction of bituminous mixtures by vibratory compactor

 EN 12697-33, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 33: Specimen prepared
by roller compactor

 EN 12697-34, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 34: Marshall test

 EN 12697-35, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing

 EN 12697-36, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 36: Determination of the
thickness of a bituminous pavement

 EN 12697-37, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 37: Hot sand test for the
adhesivity of binder on precoated chippings for HRA

 EN 12697-38, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 38: Common equipment
and calibration

 EN 12697-39, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 39: Binder content by
ignition

 EN 12697-40, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 40: In situ drainability

 EN 12697-41, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 41: Resistance to de-icing
fluids

 EN 12697-42, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 42: Amount of coarse
foreign matter in reclaimed asphalt

 EN 12697-43, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 43: Resistance to fuel

 EN 12697-44, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 44: Crack propagation by
semi-circular bending test

 EN 12697-45, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 45: Saturation Ageing
Tensile Stiffness (SATS) conditioning test

 EN 12697-46, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 46: Low temperature
cracking and properties by uniaxial tension tests

 EN 12697-47, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 47: Determination of the
ash content of natural asphalts

 prEN 12697-48, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 48: Interlayer bond
strength1)

1) In preparation.

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 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)

 prEN 12697-49, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 49: Skid resistance of
asphalt in the laboratory1)
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

 prEN 12697-50, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 50: Scuffing resistance
of surface course asphalt1)

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

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 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)

1 Scope
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

This European Standard specifies a test method for determining the stability, flow and the Marshall Quotient
values of specimens of bituminous mixtures mixed according to EN 12697-35 and prepared using the impact
compactor method of test EN 12697-30. It is limited to dense graded asphalt concrete and hot rolled asphalt.

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 12697-6, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 6: Determination of bulk density
of bituminous specimens

EN 12697-29, Bituminous mixtures — Test method for hot mix asphalt — Part 29: Determination of the
dimensions of a bituminous specimen

EN 12697-30, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 30: Specimen preparation by
impact compactor

EN ISO 7500-1:2004, Metallic materials — Verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system
(ISO 7500-1:2004)

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1
stability
S
maximum load, in kilonewtons (kN), of a moulded asphalt specimen

3.2
flow
F
deformation of the moulded specimen in millimetres (mm) at maximum load less the nominal deformation
obtained by extrapolation of the tangent of the graph of load against deformation back to zero load (A to M’ in
Figure A.1)

3.3
tangential flow
Ft
nominal deformation of the moulded specimen, in millimetres (mm) obtained by extrapolation of the tangent of
the graph of load against deformation forward to the stability load less the nominal deformation obtained by
extrapolation of the tangent back to zero load (A to B’ in Figure A.1)

3.4
total flow
FT
deformation of the moulded specimen in millimetres (mm) at maximum load (0 to M’ in Figure A.1)

3.5
Marshall quotient
ratio of the stability, S, to the flow, F, S/F

Note 1 to entry: See Annex A.

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 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)

4 Principle
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

Marshall specimens are compacted in accordance with EN 12697-30. The Marshall stability, flow and quotient
are subsequently determined on these specimens using defined procedures and reported along with the bulk
density of the specimen.

5 Apparatus
5.1 Compression testing machine of Class 2 or better according to EN ISO 7500-1:2004, clause 7,
having a recommended minimum capacity of 28 kN and capable of applying loads to test specimens at a
constant rate of deformation of (50 ± 2) mm/min after a transitory period less than 20 % of the loading time.

The rate of deformation is to be maintained.

5.2 Flow measuring device, capable of determining deformation to an accuracy of ± 0,1 mm.

5.3 Graphical plotter, for evaluating the curve of force versus deformation, e.g. graphical plotter, strip
recorder or software program.

NOTE A graphical plotter is required to obtain a test result by this test method. If dial gauges are used, they should
be checked and zeroed prior to each measurement. In these cases, only the total flow can be recorded.

5.4 Testing head, comprised of upper and lower breaking heads with the dimensions given in Figure B.1.

5.5 Water bath, at least 150 mm deep and capable of thermostatically maintaining the water at a
temperature of (60 ± 1) °C.

This bath shall have a perforated false bottom or shelf that can suspend the test specimens at least 25 mm
above the bottom of the bath, and allow at least 25 mm depth of water above the specimens. The size of the
bath shall allow specimens to be placed face down and not in contact with one another. A device to ensure
continuous circulation of water shall also be fitted.

5.6 Thermometer, capable of measuring a temperature of 60 °C accurate to 0,5 °C.

5.7 Oven, capable of maintaining temperatures of (110 ± 5) °C.

6 Procedure

6.1 Specimen preparation

6.1.1 Specimens shall be compacted in accordance with EN 12697-30, ensuring that 50 blows are applied
to each side within the acceptable temperature range given.

NOTE A different number of blows may be selected; for example, 35 blows for light traffic and 75 blows for heavy
duty pavements.

6.1.2 The compacted specimens shall be de-moulded, ensuring that they are cooled in air to avoid any
danger of deformation and then tested in accordance with 6.1.1 and 6.1.3. After de-moulding, wait at least 4 h
before further testing begins. All tests shall be completed within 32 h of de-moulding. Specimens shall not be
stacked prior to testing.

NOTE Specimens of rolled asphalt may be left in the moulds and immersed in cold water to facilitate rapid cooling.
The cooled specimens should be extruded from their moulds with the minimum of force and using an extractor of suitable
design so that they are ejected without distortion or shock.

The bulk density of each specimen shall be determined in accordance with EN 12697-6.

6.1.3 The height of each specimen shall be measured in accordance with EN 12697-29; or the volume shall
be calculated from the bulk density measurement.

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 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)

6.1.4 Immerse the cylindrical specimens on their flat surface in the water bath for at least 40 min and not
longer than 60 min. Maintain the temperature of the water in the bath at (60 ± 1) °C.
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

6.2 Test procedure

6.2.1 Thoroughly clean the guide rods and the inside surfaces of the test heads. Lubricate the guide rods to
ensure that the upper test head slides freely over them.

6.2.2 Prepare the test head by preheating for at least 30 min at (60 ± 1) °C in the water bath, or for 1 h in
the oven.

This action shall be undertaken at the start of testing of a batch of specimens not greater than twelve in
number. In the event of a delay of more than 3 min between the testing of each specimen, the test head shall
be heated in a suitable oven or water-bath maintained at the specified test temperature. The minimum
reheating period shall be the lesser of the delay encountered and 30 minutes when heated in a water bath, or
double that when heated in an oven.

6.2.3 Remove the test specimen from the water bath and place it centrally on its side in the test head,
ensuring good surface contact between the specimen and the test head. Place the complete assembly
centrally on the testing machine.

Prior to testing each specimen, the test head shall be cleaned as required. An environmentally suitable
solvent may be used for cleaning and a silicone spray applied to prevent specimens adhering to the test head.

6.2.4 Apply the load to the test specimen to achieve a constant rate of deformation of (50 ± 2) mm/min
allowing for the transitory period. Continue the application of this load until the maximum reading is obtained
on the load-measuring device. Record the load indicated. This section of the test shall be carried out within
40 s of removal of the test specimen from the water bath.

Measure the flow (see 7.2).

NOTE If dial gauges are used, record the movement of the top of the testing head from the instant of application of
the load to the point when maximum load is reached (FT).

Carry out the stability and flow tests on a set of four specimens.

7 Expression of results
7.1 The maximum load attained represents the stability of the mix only if the specimen height equals the
required 63,5 mm. A corrected stability shall be reported by multiplying the maximum load with the correction
factor calculated from the following equations using the volume of the specimen as determined in accordance
with 6.1:
(–6)
c = 5,2 e –0,025 9 h = 5,2 e –3,2 ⋅ 10 v (1)

where

c is the correction factor;

h is the height of the specimen (in millimetres);

v is the volume of the specimen determined in 6.1 (in cubic millimetres).

The stability, S, is reported to the nearest 0,1 kN.

NOTE Corrections outside the range of specimen heights from 60,5 mm to 66,5 mm can lead to inaccurate results.

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 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)

7.2 To obtain the flow value F, measure on the graph of force versus deformation the distance from the
intersection of the tangent and the base line, A, to the point where the maximum load is achieved, M. The flow
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

values Ft and FT are similarly obtained.

Record the flow values, F, Ft and FT, to the nearest 0,1 mm.

7.3 Test results shall be considered reliable if both the variation in stability between specimens, VS, is less
than 15 % and the variation in flow between specimens, Vf, is less than 20 %. Reject the test specimen with
the largest variation and obtain the average value of the other specimens if either:

 the stability value from one or more specimens differs from the average stability by more than 15 %, or

 the flow value from one or more specimens differs from the average flow by more than 20 %.

Furthermore, if any value differs from the new average by more than 15 % for stability or 20 % for flow, repeat
the test.

7.4 The Marshall quotient shall be obtained by the calculation of S/F and reporting the value obtained to
0,1 kN/mm.

8 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:

a) the average results F, Ft, FT, S and Marshall quotient for each set of specimens;

b) the average bulk density of the specimen set;

c) the number and date of this European Standard.

9 Precision (see Table 1 and Table 2)

Table 1 — Asphalt concrete

Repeatability Reproducibility
Marshall Standard deviation, Repeatability, Standard deviation, Reproducibility,
σr r σR R

Stability (kN) 0,61 1,7 0,78 2,2

Flow (mm) 0,25 0,7 0,29 0,8

NOTE The precision data are estimated from DIN 1996/11 [2] and NL-Standard for asphalt concrete — 2000
Standard RAW Bepalingen [3].

Table 2 — Hot rolled asphalt

Repeatability Reproducibility
Marshall Standard deviation, Repeatability, Standard deviation, Reproducibility,
σr r σR R

Stability (kN) 0,36 1,0 0,78 2,2

Flow (mm) 0,21 0,6 0,46 1,3

NOTE The precision data are estimated from TRRL Research report 281 [4].

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 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)

Annex A
(normative)
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

Marshall stability and flow values

Figure A.1 is a graphical representation of the definitions for stability, S, flow, F, tangential flow, Ft, and total
flow, FT, contained in clause 3.

Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 Tangent
2 Flow F

Figure A.1 — Marshall stability and flow

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 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)

Annex B
(normative)
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

Testing head

Figure B.1 illustrates the essential dimensions of a suitable breaking head for use in this test. This testing
head is used in conjunction with the compression testing machine to determine the stability and flow of the
moulded specimens.

Dimensions in millimetres

The radius shall be the same for both upper and lower segments.

Key
1 Upper testing head
2 Lower testing head

Figure B.1 — Testing head

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 BS EN 12697-34:2012
EN 12697-34:2012 (E)

Bibliography
Licensed copy: University of Liverpool, University of Liverpool, Version correct as of 18/06/2013 15:34, (c) The British Standards Institution 2013

[1] EN 12697-35+A1, Bituminous mixtures — Test methods for hot mix asphalt — Part 35: Laboratory mixing

[2] DIN 1996/11, Testing of bituminous materials for road building and related purposes; Determination of
Marshall stability and of Marshall flow value

[3] NL Standard for Asphalt concrete — 2000 Standard RAW Bepalingen

[4] TRRL Research Report 281: Precision of tests used in the design of rolled asphalt

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