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Pharmacology Notes
Pharmacology Notes
c remedies
Appropriatenes
PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS s
Greater
Is a branch of medicine concerned with the prevention Safe if chance of
instructions wrong
of disease and treatment of suffering. Safety
in the label medication,
are dosing
PHARMACOLOGY followed frequency
THERAPEUTICS
PLANTS
How it can affect
PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS
DRUGS
EVALUATION OF DRUG
Is a chemical agent capable of producing biological
responses in the body (therapeutic or adverse.
PRECLINICAL (1-3 YEARS)
Any chemical that affects the physiological process of a Healthy animal; Culture human cells
Drug effectiveness at different doses and
for adverse effect
living organism.
Is a chemical agent that can help or harm.
s s
Prescribe Purchasing Has Cannot be DRUG CLASSES, SCHEDULES & CATHEGORIES
d drugs Appropriatenes Doctor’s used urgently
s Safety order Therapeutic
Needs medical
More consultation Effects
specific and Therapeutic
Need medical
accurate
consultation
Clinical Effects
Accurate
medication, Drug
dosing, classification
frequency Mechanism of
Action
are
provided Phamacology
PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS
MALARIA
ANTIBIOTICS
EMPIRIC THERAPHY
Chemical that is able to inhibit growth of specific
Treatment of an infection before specific culture
bacteria or cause the death of susceptible bacteria.
information has been reported or obtained
Medications used to treat bacterial infections
Ideally, before beginning antibiotic therapy, the
suspected areas of infection should be cultured to PROPHYLACTIC THERAPHY
identify the causative organism and potential antibiotic
Treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection, as in
susceptibilities
intraabdominal surgery or after trauma.
Identify bacteria
Correct drug choice
Full course of therapy
Avoid inappropriate use
ANTIBIOTICS
Careful selection of correct antibiotic
Broad – spectrum
GRAM-POSITIVE Narrow – spectrum
Bacteria that take a positive (blue-violet) stain and are “CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY TEST”
frequently associated with infections of the respiratory DRUG RESISTANT (those bacteria that possess
tract and soft tissues. mutations making them incentive to effect of antibiotic
Hypersensitivity reaction
Take the medication in full course (round the clock)
GRAM-NEGATIVE Superinfection (diarrhea, bladder pain, painful
Bacteria that accept a negative (red) stain and are urination or abnormal vaginal discharge)
frequently associated with infections of the GU or GI Nosocomial infection
tract Iatrogenic infection
II. DNA Should be taken with at least 2000mL of fluid per day,
IV. Folic Acid
Inhibitor unless contraindicated
MECHANISM Inhibitor
Fluoroquinol OF ACTION Sulfonamides: Oral forms should be taken with food or milk to reduce
ones:
(SULFA)
(XACIN)
GI updet
PENICILLINS
III. Protein synthesis inhibitors
a. Macrolides: (MYCIN)
b. Aminoglycosides: (MICIN/MYCIN)
CLASSES:
c. Tetracylines: (CYCLINE)
Regular
Pen V
DRUG CLASSIFICATION: “ACFMPST” Pen G
Broad-spectrum or augmented
1. Penicillin Amino-pen
2. Sulfonamides Augmented
3. Cephalosporin Penicillinase-resistant
4. Macrolides Cloxacillin
5. Aminoglycosides
6. Tetracyclines
PENICILLINS
7. Fluoroquinolones
Some bacteria secrete an enzyme, beta-lactamase or
SULFONAMIDES: MECHANISM OF ACTION penicillinase
This allows the bacteria to become resistant to effects of
Bacteriostatic Action most penicillins
Prevent synthesis of folic acid required for synthesis of Beta-lactamase inhibitors:
purines and nucleic acid a. Sulbactam
b. Tazobactam
SULFONAMIDES: INDICATIONS *With specific penicillins
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
PHARMACOKINETICS
PROTOTYPE : Streptomycin ABSORPTION:
Absorbed systemically after oral
MECHANISM OF ACTION administration
Food generally increases absorption
Bactericidal
“BACTERIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR” Mineral may affect absorption
DISTRIBUTION: PROTOTYPE : Quinolone
Widely distributed; cross the placental barrier
METABOLISM MECHANISM OF ACTION
Renal but mostly not metabolized
EXCRETION Broad-spectrum, systemic antibacterials
Urine “BACTERIAL DNA SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR”