CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY

DIRECT LOADING

User Manual

Version 1.0

Technical Clarification /Suggestion :

N/F
Technical Support Division,
Vi Microsystems Pvt. Ltd.,
Plot No :75, Electronics Estate,
Perungudi, Chennai - 600 096, INDIA.
Ph: 91- 44-2496 3142, 91-44-2496 1852
Mail : service@vimicrosystems.com,
Web : www.vimicrosystem
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. THEORETICAL CONCEPT 3

2.1 Calibration 4

2.2 Wattmeter 4

3. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 6

EXP 1: To calibrate the single phase wattmeter by using direct loading 7

 CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY USING DIRECT LOADING

Chapter-1

Introduction

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 CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY USING DIRECT LOADING

INTRODUCTION:

Measurements involve the use of instruments as physical means of determining quantities or

variables. An instrument consists of a single unit which gives an output reading or signal
according to the unknown variable applied to it. Instruments can be classified as Mechanical,
Electrical and Electronic instruments. In a much broad sense, instruments are classified as,

1. Absolute Instruments
2. Secondary Instruments.

Absolute Instruments:

Absolute instruments are those which give the value of the quantity to be measured,in terms
of the constants of the instrument and their deflection only.

Eg.

Tangent Galvanometer, which gives the values of current, in terms of tangent of deflection
produced by the count,radius,and number of turns of wire used and the horizontal components
of earth's surface.

Secondary Instruments:

Secondary instruments are so constructed that the quantity being measured can be measured only
by observing the output indicated by the instrument. These instruments are calibrated by
comparison with an absolute instrument. Without calibration the deflection if such instruments
is meaningless. These secondary instruments are usually used in routine works.

Eg:

Voltmeter, Glass Thermometer, Pressure Gauge, etc,

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 CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY USING DIRECT LOADING

Chapter-2

Theoretical Concept
(This section is solely to explain the theoretical details of Calibration of Energy meter by
considering the ideal conditions which may vary for practical conditions. So some
difference may be seen between the ideal responses to the practical responses of our
trainer.)

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 CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY USING DIRECT LOADING

2.1 CALIBRATION:

Calibration is process in which the instrument to be calibrated is checked against a known

standard to find its error and determine its accuracy. The calibration procedure involves the
comparison of the particular instruments with either (i) a primary standard, or (ii) a secondary
standard with a higher accuracy than the instrument to be Calibrated (or) (iii) an instrument of
known accuracy.It is essential that any measurement made must ultimately be acceptable to the
relevant primary standards.

Error Calibration Curve:

Error calibration curve is a curve obtained by a set of static error points,with respect to measured
variable.Static error is defined as the difference between the measured value and true value of
the measuring vatiable. A typical error calibration curve is as shown in fig:(1) The formula for
calculating % Error is given by,

2.2 WATTMETER:

Wattmeter is an instrument which gives direct indication of the power in the circuit in which it
is connected . Based on their design and construction, wattmeter are classified as Dynamometer
type and induction type wattmeters. Let us discuss in the brief the basic construction and
working of dynamometer type wattmeter. The basic construction of dynamometer type wattmeter
is shown in fig.2. The dynamometer wattmeter consists of two coils fixed coil and moving coil.
The fixed coils are connected in series with the load and they carry the current the circuit. Hence,
they form the current coil (CC) of the wattmeter. The moving coil is connected across the voltage
and so carry a current proportional to the voltage, and hence forms the voltage coil or pressure
coil(P.C.) of the wattmeter. A high non-inductive resistance is connected in series with the
moving coil to limits the current to a small value. Spring control and air friction damping as used
in this type of wattmeter. The instrument is equipped with mirror type scales and knife edge
points. The circuit of dynamometer wattmeter is as shown in fig:2.

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 CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY USING DIRECT LOADING

Fig.2 Dynamometer type Wattmeter

Fig.3 Simple Connection diagram of dynamometer type wattmeter.

The various errors in the wattmeter:

are: i) Error due to different connections.

ii) Error due to voltage coil (p.c.) inductance
iii) Error due to voltage coil capacitance.
iv) Error due to stray magnetic fields.
v) Error due to Eddy currents.
vi) Error due to vibration of moving system.

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 CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY USING DIRECT LOADING

Chapter-3

Experimental Section

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 CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY USING DIRECT LOADING

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

AIM

To calibrate the single phase wattmeter using direct Loading.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Voltmeter- (0-300V) MI.

2. Single phase variac.

3. Ammeter- (0-10A) MI.

4. Power factor meter.

5. Wattmeter.

6. R load

CONNECTION PROCEDURE

1. Connect the single phase variac to 230VAC supply.

2 Connect the voltmeter across the single phase variac.

3 Connect the Ammeter one end to the voltmeter and another end of the Power factor meter
terminal M.

4 Connect the power factor meter terminal L to the wattmeter terminal M

5 Connect the power factor terminal V and wattmeter terminal V to single phase variac.

6 Connect the wattmeter terminal L to the R load.

7. Connect the R load to single phase variac.

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 CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY USING DIRECT LOADING

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. Make the connection as per connection diagram.

2. Initially the load should be at zero.

3. Vary the autotransformer and keep the input voltage at 230VAC.

4. Add load in steps upto 5A and note down the readings of ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter
and power factor and tabulate it.

5. The appropriate multiplication factor for should be selected for Power factor meter and
wattmeter.

6. Calculate the Wcalculated and percentage error using the formulas.

TABULAR COLUMN :

M.F.=............
S.NO V I Power factor W calculated W measured
(Volts) (Amps) (CosN) VIcosN M. F×W
(Watts) (Watts)

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 CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY USING DIRECT LOADING

3.2 CONNECTION DIAGRAM

3.3 SAMPLE CALCULATION

For unity power factor

Sample Readings:

Pressure coil voltage = 220V

current flow in current coil = 2A
Power factor =1

where,

Actual watt - Power calculated using the formula

measured watt - Reading shown by the wattmeter.

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 CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY USING DIRECT LOADING

For lagging power factor

Sample Readings

Pressure coil voltage = 220V

current flow in current coil = 2A
Power factor = 0.7

For leading power factor

Sample Readings:

Pressure coil voltage = 220V

current flow in current coil = 2A
Power factor = 0.7

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