Student’s Name : Yeochan Bryle Bunga Subject: CEE 102-L

Leader’s Name : Shannen Bleza Code: 9836

Group Number: 2 Plates No.: 3

Let’s Check
Problem 1
1.) Problem 1 A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in
the figure. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in
bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

By symmetry
1
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 𝑃𝑠𝑡 = (7848)
2
𝑃𝑏𝑟 = 3924 𝑁
𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 3924 𝑁

For bronze cable:

𝑃𝑏𝑟

= 𝜎𝑏𝑟𝐴𝑏𝑟

3924 = 90
For steel cable:
𝐴𝑏𝑟

𝑨𝒃𝒓 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝑃𝑠𝑡 = 𝜎𝑏𝑟𝐴𝑠𝑡
Problem 2
3924 = 120 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑨𝒔𝒕 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟕
𝒎𝒎𝟐
2.) A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of
steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod.

Elongation due to its own weight: 1000

𝑃𝐿
𝛿1 =
𝐴𝐸
Where
1
𝑃 = 𝑊 = 7850 (
3
)
 (9.81)[300(150)(1000)]

𝑃 = 3465 ∙ 3825 𝑁
 𝐿 = 75(1000) = 75000 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 300 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Thus
3 465.3825(75 000)
𝛿1
= 300(200 000)

Elongation due to applied load: 𝛿1 = 4.33 𝑚𝑚

𝑃𝐿
𝛿2 =
𝐴𝐸
Where:
𝑃 = 20 𝑘𝑁 = 20 000𝑁
𝐿 = 150𝑚 = 150 000 𝑚𝑚
𝐴 = 300 𝑚𝑚2
𝐸 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Thus
20 000(150 000)
𝛿1
= 300(200 000)

Total Elongation 𝛿1 = 50 𝑚𝑚

𝛿 = 𝛿1 + 𝛿2
𝜹 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑 + 𝟓𝟎 = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎𝒎
Problem 3

3.) The lap joint shown in the figure is fastened by four ¾-in.-diameter rivets. Calculate the
maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi
and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly
distributed among the four rivets.

Based on shearing of rivets:

𝑃 =𝑇 𝐴
1 3
𝑃 = 14[4( 𝜋)( ) 2]
4 4
𝑃 = 24.74 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Based on bearing of plates:

𝑃 = 𝛿𝑏𝐴𝑏
 3 7
𝑃 = 18 [4 ( ) ( )]
4 8
𝑃 = 47.25 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Safe load P,
𝑃 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟒 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
Problem 4
4.) A 200-kg load is hung on a wire of length 4.00 m, cross-sectional area 0.200 x 10-4 m2, and
Young’s modulus 8.00 x 1010 N/m2. What is its increase in length?

Given
𝑚 = 200 𝑘𝑔
𝑙 = 4𝑚
𝐴 = 0.2 𝑥 10−4 𝑚2
𝐸 = 8 𝑥 1010 𝑁/𝑚2
Thus

𝑃𝐿
𝛿𝑙 =
Where:
𝐴𝐸
𝑃 =𝑚𝑥𝑔
𝑃 = 200 𝑥 (9.81)
𝑃 = 1962 𝑁
Then:
1962 𝑥 4
𝛿𝑙 =
0.2 𝑥 10−4 𝑥 8 𝑥 1010
𝛿𝑙 = 0.004905 𝑚
𝜹𝒍 = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Let’s Analyze
Problem 1
1.) Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires shown in Fig. P-109. The
stress in either wire is not to exceed 50 ksi. The cross-sectional areas of wires AB and AC are 0.5
in2 and 0.8 in2, respectively.

For wire AB: sine law

𝑇𝐴𝐵 𝑊
=
sin 40 sin 80
𝑇𝐴𝐵 = 0.6527 𝑊
𝛿𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐴𝐵 = 0.6527
𝑊 30(0.5) =
0.6527W
For wire AC: W=22.98 kips

𝑇𝐴𝐶 𝑊
=
sin 60 sin 80
𝑇𝐴𝐶 = 0.8794 𝑊
0.8794𝑊 = 30(0.8)
𝑊 = 27.29 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
For safe load:
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝒊𝒑𝒔
Problem 2
2.) As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi.
The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness
of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch
thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched.
(a) Maximum thickness of plate:
Based on puncher strength:
𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
1
𝑃 = 50[ 𝜋(2. 52)]
4
𝑃 = 78.125𝜋 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Based on shear strength of plate:

𝑉 = 𝜏𝐴 → 𝑉=𝑃
78.125𝜋 = 40[𝜋(2.5𝑡)]
 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟏𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉
b.) Diameter of smallest hole:
based on the compression of puncher

𝑃 = 𝜎𝐴
1
𝑃 = 50( 2
4 𝜋𝑑 )
𝑃 = 12.5𝜋𝑑2
Based on shearing of plate
𝑉 =𝑇 𝐴
𝑉=𝑃
12.5𝜋𝑑2 = 40[𝜋𝑑(0.25)]
𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒊𝒏
Problem 3
3.) A 7/8-in.-diameter bolt, having a diameter at the root of the threads of 0.731 in., is used to
fasten two timbers together as shown in Fig. P-127. The nut is tightened to cause a tensile stress
of 18 ksi in the bolt. Compute the shearing stress in the head of the bolt and in the threads. Also,
determine the outside diameter of the washers if their inside diameter is 9/8 in. and the bearing
stress is limited to 800 psi.
Given:
d= diameter
Bolt (d) = 7/8 inch
Root of the thread(d) = 0.731 inch
Inside of the washer (d)= 9/8 inch
Tensile Stress of the Nut = 18 ksi
Bearing Stress = 800 psi

Required:
a.) Shearing stress in the head of the bolt
b.) Shearing stress in threads of the bolt
c.) Outside diameter of the washer

Tensile force on the bolt

𝑃 = 𝛿𝐴
1 7
𝑃 = 18[ 𝜋( ) 2]
4 8
𝑃 = 10.82 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
a.)
𝑃 10.82
𝜏= =
𝐴 7 1
𝜋( )( )
8 2
𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝒔𝒊
b.)
𝑃
𝜏= 10.82
5
=
𝐴
𝜋(0.731)( )
8
𝝉 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝒔𝒊
c.)
𝑃 = 𝜎𝑏𝐴𝑏
1 9 2
10.82(1000) = 800 { 𝜋 [𝑑 − ( ) ]} 2

4 8

𝒅 = 𝟒. 𝟑 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉
Problem 4
4.) A hollow cast-iron pole has an outside diameter of 450 mm and an inside diameter of 350
mm. It is subjected to a compressive force of 1200 kN (weight included) throughout its length of
1.2 m. The pole is braced to prevent bending and buckling, E = 100 GPa.
a. What is the resulting stress due to the compression force?
b. Calculate the total contraction of the member due to the compressive force,
c. Find the load that would result to a total compressive strain of 0.003 mm/mm

a.)

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
1200 𝑥 102
=
20 000
𝑵
= 𝟏𝟗. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟓𝟗
𝒎𝒎𝟐
b.)
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝐸
19.098
=
100 × 109 × 10−6
= 𝟏. 𝟗𝟎𝟗𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟒

c.)
Cross sectional area:
 𝐴 = 𝜋(0.2252 − 0.1752)
= 𝜋(0.050 𝑚2)
= 0.1571 𝑚2

Load:
𝐹 = 𝜎𝐴
= 300 000 000 (0.1571)
= 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝑵

Problem 4
4.) For safety in climbing, a mountaineer uses a nylon rope that is 50 m long and 1.0 cm in
diameter. When supporting a 90-kg climber, the rope elongates 1.6 m. Find its Young’s
modulus.
Formula:
𝐸𝐴∆𝐿
𝐹=

First is look for area: 𝐿

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟2
𝐴 = 𝜋(0. 005 𝑚)2
𝐴 = 7.85 𝑥 10−5𝑚2
Hooke’s Law
𝐸(7.85𝑥10−5𝑚2)(1.6𝑚)
90(9.81) =
50 𝑚
Look for E:

90(9.81)(50)
𝐸=
7.85 𝑥 10−5(1.6)
884.1
𝐸=
1.256
𝑵
𝑬 = 𝟕𝟎𝟒 𝟐𝟎𝟔. 𝟑𝟓
𝒎𝟐
Problem 6
6.) What pressure is required to reduce the volume of a material by 0.6 percent? Bulk modulus
of elasticity of the material is 2.2 GPa.
Given:
Elasticity of the water = 2.2 Gpa
Reduction of Volume = 0.6 %
Formula:
∆𝑃
𝐾 = ∆𝑉
𝑉
∆𝑃
2.2 𝑥 109 = −
−0.006
∆𝑃 = (2.2 𝑥 109)(0.006)
∆𝑷 = 𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑮𝒑𝒂
In A Nutshell
Problem 1
1.) Comic-book superheroes are sometimes able to punch holes through steel walls.
(a) If the ultimate shear strength of steel is taken to be 2.50 x 108 Pa, what force is required to
punch through a steel plate 2.00 cm thick? Assume the superhero’s fist has cross-sectional area
of 1.00 x 102 cm2 and is approximately circular.
(b) Qualitatively, what would happen to the superhero on delivery of the punch? What physical
law applies?
Formula:

𝐴𝑐𝑠 = 𝑟2𝜋
Therefore

𝐴𝑐𝑠
𝑟=√
𝜋

𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = (2𝜋𝑟)(𝑡)

𝐴𝑐𝑠
= (2𝜋𝑟) (√ )
𝜋

1.00𝑥102
= 2𝜋(2.00 𝑐𝑚)(√
𝜋

= 70.9 𝑐𝑚2
a.)
𝐹 = 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)
1
= [70.9 ( )] (2.50 𝑥 108)
4
10
= 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵
b.) By Newton's third law, the wall would create a force of equal magnitude in the opposite direction
of the wall, he would be then backed at a very high recoil speed.
Problem 2
2.) Why can a squirrel jump from a tree branch to the ground and run away undamaged, while
a human could break a bone in such a fall?
a) Young's Modulus (E):
- Young's Modulus measures a material's resistance to longitudinal or axial deformation when
subjected to tensile or compressive loads.
- The relationship is defined by Hooke's Law: Stress (σ) = Young's Modulus (E) * Strain (ε)
- It quantifies how a material stretches or compresses in response to an applied force along
its length.
- Higher Young's Modulus indicates a stiffer material, while a lower modulus indicates
greater flexibility. (
b) Shear Modulus (G):
- Shear Modulus relates to a material's ability to withstand deformation in response to shear or
tangential forces.
- The relationship is expressed as: Shear Stress (τ) = Shear Modulus (G) * Shear Strain (γ).
- It measures how much a material can twist or deform when subjected to parallel forces acting
in opposite directions.
- Higher Shear Modulus indicates a more rigid material, while a lower modulus implies
greater deformation under shear stress.
c) Bulk Modulus (K):
- Bulk Modulus characterizes a material's response to changes in volume or compression.
- The relationship is represented as: Bulk Stress (ΔP) = Bulk Modulus (K) * Volumetric
Strain (ΔV/V).
- It describes how a material responds when subjected to uniform pressure changes. - A higher
Bulk Modulus indicates resistance to compression and volume change, while a lower modulus
means greater volume deformability.

These elastic moduli help engineers and scientists understand and predict how materials will
behave under different types of mechanical stresses, which is crucial for designing and
using materials in various applications.

ULO3B. Let’s Check

Problem 1:
A bar measures 12 mm x 20 mm x 1 m. It has a specific gravity of 2.78. Determine its mass.
Solution:
ρ
SG = 2.78 SG = ( 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 )
ρ
𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍
ρ
V = lwh 2.78 = ( 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 )
ρ 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍
𝟏𝒎 𝟏𝒎 ρ
V = (12mm)( ) (20mm)( )(1m) [2.78 = ( 𝒐𝒃𝒋 )]1000
ρ 𝒆𝒄𝒕

kg/𝒎𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝒎𝒎 𝒎𝒎 𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒍
V = (0.012m)(0.02m)(1m) = (2.78)(1000 kg/𝒎𝟑)
ρ 𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕

V = 0.00024 𝒎𝟑 ρ = 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑

𝒐𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕

𝒎
V = [ρ = )]
𝒗
 m = ρv
m = (2780)(0.00024)
m = 0.6672 kg

Problem 2:
Calculate the pressure on the top lid of a chest buried under 4.00 meters of mud with density equal to
1.75 x 10³ kg/m³ at the bottom of a 10.0-m-deep lake.
Solution:
ρ = 1.75 x 10³ kg/m³ P = ρgh
h = 4m P = (1.75 x 10³) (9.81) (4)
P = 68670 Pa

Problem 3:
A hydraulic lift has pistons with diameters 8.00 cm and 36.0 cm, respectively. If a force of 825 N is
exerted at the input piston, what maximum mass can be lifted by the output piston?
Solution:
8 1
𝑑 = 8 cm
𝑚 𝑟 = =4 (
) = 0.04 𝑚
1 1 2 100 𝑐𝑚
36 1
𝑑
𝑚 = 36 cm 𝑟 = = 18 (
) = 0.18 𝑚
2 1 2 100 𝑐𝑚
𝐹1 = 825 N
Solve for the Area in circle : A = πr²
𝐴1 = π (0.04)² 𝐴2 = π (0.18)²
𝐴1 = 0.005027 m² 𝐴2 = 0.101788 m²

Pascal’s principle:
𝐹1 𝐹2 m = 𝐹2
𝐴 =𝐴2 𝑔
1
(𝐹1 )(𝐴2)
= 𝐴1
𝐹 m=
16704.8
9.81
2 (825)
=
(0.101788)
(0.005027 m = 1704.57 kg
𝐹
2
𝐹2 = 16704.814

Problem 4:
Calculate how much of an iceberg is beneath the surface of the ocean, given that the density of ice is
917 kg/m3 and salt water has density 1 025 kg/m3.
Solution:
𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑊𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔
(𝐷𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)(𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑)(𝑔) (𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑒)(𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔)(𝑔)
𝑔 𝑔 =
(𝐷𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)(𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑) (𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑒)(𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔)
𝐷𝑤𝑎𝑡 =
𝐷𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑒𝑟
(𝐷𝑖𝑐𝑒)
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 (𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔)
𝑑= (917)(𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔)
𝐷𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟
𝑔𝑒𝑑
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑉 =
𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 1025
𝑑= 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔

917 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³
𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑑= 1025 𝑘𝑔/𝑚³

𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 0.8946

0.8946 x 100% = 89.46%

ULO3B. Let’s Analyze

Problem 1:
A wooden block of volume 5.24 x 10-4 m3 floats in water, and a small steel object of mass m is
placed on top of the block. When m = 0.310 kg, the system is in equilibrium, and the top of the
wooden block is at the level of the water. (a) What is the density of the wood? (b) What happens to
the block when the steel object is replaced by a second steel object with a mass less than 0.310 kg?
What happens to the block when the steel object is replaced by yet another steel object with a mass
greater than 0.310 kg?
Solution:
Given:
𝛒𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 1000 kg/m³

𝑽𝒘𝒐𝒐𝒅 = 5.24 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎³

𝒎𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈

a.) 𝑭𝒃 = 𝑾𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 Solve for 𝛒𝒘𝒐𝒐𝒅:

𝛒𝐯𝐠
𝒎𝒘+ 𝒎𝒔 (𝒈)
= 𝒈 𝒎 𝒘𝒐𝒐𝒅
𝛒𝒘𝒐𝒐𝒅 =
𝒈 𝑽𝒘𝒐𝒐𝒅

𝛒𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 (𝒗) = 𝒎𝒘 + 𝒎𝒔 𝛒 𝟎.𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝒈

𝒘𝒐𝒐𝒅𝐱 =
𝟓.𝟐𝟒 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟑
𝒎𝒘 = 𝛒𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 (𝒗) − 𝒎𝒔 𝛒𝒘𝒐𝒐𝒅 = 𝟒𝟎𝟖.𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟗 𝒌𝒈/𝒎³

𝒎𝒘 = (1000 kg/m³)(5.24 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎³) − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒈

𝒎𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝒈
b.) When the steel object is replaced by a second steel object with a mass less than 0.310 kg, the
system will remain in equilibrium. This is because the buoyant force on the wooden block remains
the same, and a lighter steel object will exert a smaller downward force. The wooden block will
continue to float at the same level in the water.
When the steel object is replaced by yet another steel object with a mass greater than 0.310
kg, the system will no longer be in equilibrium. The downward force due to the heavier steel object
will exceed the buoyant force, causing the wooden block to sink deeper into the water. The block will
continue to sink until it displaces enough water to generate an upward buoyant force equal to the
weight of the heavier steel object.

Problem 2:
The deepest point in the ocean is in the Mariana Trench, about 11 km deep. The pressure at the ocean
floor is huge, about 1.13 x 108 N/m2. (a) Calculate the change in volume of 1.00 m3 of water carried
from the surface to the bottom of the Pacific. (b) The density of water at the surface is 1.03 3 103
kg/m3. Find its density at the bottom. (c) Explain whether or when it is a good approximation to think
of water as incompressible.
Solution:

Given: 𝛒𝒔 = 1.13 x 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝑵/𝒎² B = 2.2 x 𝟏𝟎𝟗 N/m²

V = 1.00 m³

∆𝛒 = 𝛒𝒃 − 𝛒𝒔

∆𝛒 = (1.13 x 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝑵/𝒎²) – ( 0 N/m²)

𝑵
∆𝛒 = 1.13 x 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒎𝟐

b.) 𝛒= m = 𝛒𝒔𝑽
𝒎
𝒗

𝛒𝒃 = 𝒎 m = (1.03 x 10³ kg/m³)(1.00m³) m

𝒗+∆𝒗
𝛒𝒃 𝒎 = 1.03 x 10³ kg
= 𝟏.𝟎𝟎𝒎𝟑+
(−𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟔𝒎𝟑)
𝛒𝒃
𝟏.𝟎𝟑 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝒌𝒈
= 𝟎.𝟗𝟒𝟖𝟔𝟒𝒎³

𝛒𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟐. 𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝒈/𝒎³

c.) Water is often considered incompressible for most practical purposes because its bulk
modulus (B) is relatively large, as mentioned earlier. In this problem, we used the bulk modulus of
water (2.2×109 N/m2) to calculate the change in volume under high pressure.
While water is not perfectly incompressible, its volume change under typical conditions is negligible,
making the assumption of incompressibility a good approximation in many situations. However, under
extremely high pressures or in specific scientific experiments, the compressibility of water can become
significant and should be considered.
ULO3B. In a Nutshell

1. Why does air pressure decrease with increasing altitude?

Air pressure decreases with increasing altitude because the weight of the air above
diminishes as you ascend. At higher altitudes, there is less air mass pressing down from above,
resulting in lower pressure. This decrease in pressure occurs because the atmosphere becomes less
dense as you move away from the Earth's surface, leading to fewer air molecules per unit volume at
higher altitudes.

2. After an exciting but exhausting lecture, a physics professor stretches out for a nap on a bed of
nails, suffering no injury and only moderate discomfort. How is that possible?
The physics professor is able to lie on a bed of nails without injury because the weight of his
body is distributed across numerous nails. Each nail exerts only a small force on a specific point,
reducing the pressure. As long as the total force is below a certain threshold, no harm occurs. This
demonstration showcases the principle of pressure distribution and the physics of force distribution.

Let’s Check
Ulo3-C

Problem 1

A typical arteriole has a diameter of 0.080mm, and carries blood at the rate of 9.6×10−5cm ³ /s.
a) What is the speed of the blood in an arteriole?
b) Suppose that an arteriole branches into 8800 capillaries, each with a diameter of 6.0×10−6m.
What is the blood speed in the capillaries? (The low speed in capillaries is beneficial; it promotes the
diffusion of materials to and from the blood.)

Solution for A:

Given:
Q= 9.6 × 10⁻⁵ cm³/s v=?
A= ?

Since, Q= vA

Then v = Q/A

Solve for A,
D= 0.080mm × 1cm/10mm = 0.008 cm
r= 0.008cm/2 = 0.004
A = π × (0.004 cm)2 ≈ 5.0265 x 10-5cm2
Solve for v,
v = 9.6 × 10⁻⁵ cm³/s / 5.0265 x 10-5cm2
v = 1.91 cm/s

Solution for B:

Given:
Q= 9.6 × 10⁻⁵ cm³/s. v=?
A=?
Since, Q= vA
Then v=Q/A
r = (6.0×10-6m/2)
r = 3.0×10-6m

Solve for Acapilliaries,

Acapilliaries = 8800 × π × (3.0 × 10-6m)2

(100cm/1m) Acapilliaries = 2.488141382×10-
5cm2
Solve for v,
v = 9.6 × 10⁻⁵ cm³/s. / 2.488141382×10-5cm2

v = 3.858 cm/s

Problem 2.

An airplane is moving through the air at a velocity v=200m/s. Streamlines just over the top of the wing
are compressed to 80% of their original area, and those under the wing are not compressed at all.

a) Determine the velocity of the air just over the wing.

b) Find the difference in the pressure between the air just over the wing, P and that under the wing, P′.
c) Find the net upward force on both wings due to the pressure difference, if the area of the wig
is 40m2 and the density of the air is 1.3kg/m3.

Solution for A:

ρ₁ × A1 × V₁ = ρ₂ × A2 × V₂

Given:
ρ₁ = ?
V₁ = ?
ρ₂ = ?
V₂ = 200 m/s
A1 = (0.8×
A2)
A2 = original area

First, note that the density of air (ρ) is the same on both sides of the wing, as it is the same air.
So, ρ₁ = ρ₂ = ρ.

ρ (0.8 × A₀) × V₁ = ρ × A₀ × 200 m/s

Solve for V₁,

V₁ = (A₀ × 200 m/s) / (0.8 × A₀)

V₁ = (200 m/s) / 0.8

V₁ = 250m/s

Solution for B:

P1 +1/2 pV1 2 +pgh1= P2 +1/2pV

2 2 +pgh2

Given:
P1 = ?
ρ = 1.3kg/ms
V1 =
250m/s2 V2
= 200m/s2

Since the two locations are at the same altitude, the constant on both sides of the equations is the
same. Therefore, we can set the two equations equal to each other:
P₁ + 1/2 × ρ × V₁² = P₂ + 1/2 ×ρ × V₂²

P₁ + ½ × 1.3 kg/m³ × (250 m/s)² = P₂ + 1/2 × 1.3 kg/m³ × (200

m/s)² P - P′ = ½ × 1.3 kg/m³ × (250 m/s)² - 1/2 × 1.3 kg/m³ × (200
m/s)² P - P′ = ½ × 1.3 kg/m³ × (62500 m²/s² - 40000 m²/s²)

P−P′=14625N/m2

Solution for C:

Given:

F=?
ΔP = 14625 Pa, as calculated in part b
A = 40 m²

F = ΔP × A
F =14625Pa × 40m2

F=585,000N

Problem 3.

A large cylindrical tank was filled up with water at a height of 2 meters was found
to have a hole on its wall 80 centimeters above the bottom of the tank. What is the speed
of water flow at the hole?

Solutuion:

Given:
v=?
h=?
𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ
Effective height (h) = 200 cm - 80 cm = 120 cm = 1.2 m

𝑣 = √2(9.81m/𝑠 2)(1.2𝑚)

𝒗 = 4.85m/s

Let’s Analyze

Ulo3-C

Problem 1

Continuity Equation and Bernoulli’s Principle A house with its own well has a pump in the basement
with an output pipe of an inner radius of 6.4 mm. Assume that the pump can maintain a gauge pressure
of 420 kPa in the output pipe. A showerhead on the second floor (7.5 m above the pump's output pipe)
has 38 holes, each of radius 0.34 mm. The shower is on "full blast" and no other faucet in the house is
open.

(A) Ignoring viscosity, with what speed does water leave the showerhead?
(B) With what speed does water move through the output pipe of the pump?

Solution for A:

Given:

At the pump's output pipe:

P1 = 420 kPa = 420,000 Pa (since 1 kPa = 1000

Pa) R1 = 6.4 mm = 0.0064 m
V1 = ?

At the showerhead:
P2= ?
R2= 0.34 mm = 0.00034 m
h = 7.5 m (above the pump's output pipe)
v2= ?

P1 +1/2 pV1 2 +pgh1= P2 +1/2pV

2 2 +pgh2

P1+0.5ρv1 2=P2+0.5ρv
2 2

Solve for v2:

0.5ρv22 = P1−P2+0.5ρv12

0.51000kg/m3 × v22 = 420,000Pa−101,325Pa+0.5 × 1000kg/m3 × v12

V22= 318,675Pa + 0.5 × 1000kg/m3 × v 12 / 0.5 × 1000kg/m3

V2 = √637.35Pa + v1 2

Solve for B,

A1× v1=A2× v2

A1= π × (6.4mm)2 =130.2931571

A2 = 38 × π × (0.34mm)2 =13.80038821

Solve for V1:

π × (0.0064m)2 × v1 = 38 × π × (0.00034m)2 × v2

Now, we need to know the velocity at the pump's output pipe (v1). Since the pump is maintaining a
gauge pressure of 420 kPa in the output pipe, we need to convert this pressure into velocity using
Bernoulli's equation:

P1+0.5ρv1 2 = P2+0.5ρv
2 2

0.5ρv12 = P2−P1+0.5ρv22

V1 = 0.5× 1000kg/m3 × 101,325Pa−420,000Pa × 2v 2 / 0.5 × 1000kg/m3

V1 ≈ 564.29m/s

Problem 2:

An aircraft powered by four jet engines moves forward at 800 kph. The frontal intake area of each
engine is 0.7 m2 and the density of the air entering the engines is 0.74 kg/m3. The exhaust area of
each engine is 0.46 m2 and the exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg/m3. If a stationary observer notes that,
relative to the earth, the velocity of the jet engine exhausts is 950 kph away from the aircraft,
calculate the total mass flow rate of fuel supplied to maintain this flight condition.

Solution:

m˙air = m˙exhaust

m˙=ρ⋅A⋅V

Given:
ρair = 0.74 kg/m³
Aintake = 0.7 m²
Vair = 222.222
m/s Aexhaust
=0.46 m²
Vexhaust_relative = 263.89 m/s
Mexhaust= ?
Mair = ?

Mair =0.7m2×0.74kg/m3×222.22m/s\
Mair = 116.36kg/s × 4
Mair = 465.44 kg/s

Mexhaust =
0.46m2×0.515kg/m3×263.89m/s Mexhaust
= 63.06kg/s × 4

Mexhaust = 52.24 kg/s

Mfuel = 465.44kg/s−252.24kg/s

Mfuel = 213.20kg/s

So, the total mass flow rate of fuel supplied to maintain this flight condition is approximately 213.20
kg/s.

Problem 3

A container made of aluminum sheets with height of 125 cm is fully filled with
water. An orifice was made 30 centimeters from the ground on which the container was
laid flat. What is the maximum horizontal distance of the water jet travelled in meters?

Solution:

𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ
Hc = 125 cm = 1.25 m
Ho= 30 cm = 0.3 m

𝑣 = √2(9.81 m/s 2)(0.30) = 2.43m/s

d=v×t

To find t, we can use the vertical motion equation:

h = (1/2) × g × t²

Solving for t:

t = sqrt((2× h) / g)

t = sqrt((2 × 1.25 m) / 9.81 m/s²) ≈ 0.51 seconds

d = 2.43 m/s ×0.51 s ≈ 1.24 meters