Design is performed for ultimate (factored) loads.

Wu=1.4WDL+1.6WLL
Or
Wu=1.5(WDL+WLL) (for WLL ≤ 0.75WDL)

Materials strengths, fcu and fy, are reduced by reduction

factors,γc and γs, respectively. For sections subjected to bending
moments, shearing forces, torsion or tensile forces, these
factors are:
γc=1.5 & γs=1.15

Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry

1. Plane sections before loading remain plane after
loading.
2. Full bond exists between steel and concrete.
3. Tensile stresses in concrete are neglected.
4. Stresses in concrete and steel are calculated
according to the idealized stress-strain curve for
each material.

Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry

Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry
Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry
 light load
Strain Stress
N.A.

Uncracked ft<fr
section
Service load

N.A.

Cracked εs<εy
Cracks
section
Ultimate load
εc=0.003
N.A.

Cracked εs>εy fs=fy/γs

Wide cracks section
Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry
 0.003 0.67fcu/γc 0.67fcu/γc

c/3

a/2
0.002 C1

a=0.8c
c C
C2

2c/3
N.A.

T T

Strain Parabolic stress Rectangular

distribution stress block

Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry

 εc=0.003

Balanced

c=cb
condition
•εs=εy/γs
Under •fs=fy lγs
reinforced •c=cb
•εs>εy/γs •As=Asb
•fs=fy lγs
•c<cb
•As<Asb Over reinforced
•εs<εy/γs
εs<εy/γs
•fs<fy lγs
εs=εy/γs •c>cb
•As>Asb
εs>εy/γs

Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry

 0.67fcu/γc εc=0.003 Mu
C a
c
N.A.
yct
d
As

T=Afss fy/γs εs b
or T=As fs

Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry

 0.67fcu/γc εc=0.003 Mb
Given: b, d
Required: Asb, Mb C
ab cb
cb c 0.003 N.A.
= = yct
d  c +  s 0.003 +  y /  s d

0.003 T=Asb fy/γs εs=εy/γs b Asb

=
fy / s
0.003 +
Es From equilibrium: From equilibrium also:
0.003 T = C ( 1 ) M b = C . yct ( 2 )
=
fy / s fy 0.67 f cu 0.67 f cu ab
0.003 + Asb = abb Mb = abb ( d - )
200 ,000 s c c 2
600 0.67 f cu  c
= 0.67 f cu 0.8cb
600 + f y /  s Asb =
fy  s
( 0.8cb )b Mb =
c
( 0.8cb )b ( d -
2
)
600
cb = d
600 + f y /  s
Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry
 0.67fcu/γc εc=0.003 Mb
For the shown reinforced concrete
C
section, calculate the balanced ab

d=550
cb
area of tensile reinforcement and N.A.
the corresponding balanced yct
moment.
fcu=25N/mm2 T=Asb fy/γs εs=εy/γs Asb
st. 240/350 b=200

From equilibrium:
For a balanced section:
εs= εy/γs T =C
fs=fy/γs fy0.67 f cu
Asb = a b
600 s c b
cb = d
600 + f y /  s 240 0.67( 25 )
Asb ( )= ( 326 ) ( 200 )
600 1.15 1.5
= ( 550 )
600 + 240 / 1.15
Asb = 3489 mm2
= 408 mm
ab = 0.8cb = 0.8( 408 ) = 326 mm
Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry
Also, From equilibrium: 0.67fcu/γc εc=0.003 Mb
M b = C yct C
ab

d=550
cb
0.67 f cu a N.A.
Mb = ab b ( d - b )
c 2 yct
0.67( 25 ) 326
= ( 326 ) ( 200 )( 550 - )
1.5 2 T=Asb fy/γs εs=εy/γs Asb
b=200
M b = 282 × 106 N .mm
= 282 kN .m

Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry

 0.67fcu/γc εc=0.003 Mu max
To ensure a ductile

cmax=2cb /3
C

amax
behavior, ECP 203 specifies
that: N.A.
2 yct
cmax = cb 3 d
As max
Therefore,
T=Asmax fy/γs εs>εy/γs b
400
cmax = d
600 + f y /  s Defining µ as the reinforcement ratio:
From equilibrium: As
=
T = C ( 1 ) bd

fy As max 0.67 f cu  c 0.8 × 400

0.67 f cu max = = ( )
As max
s
=
c
amaxb bd fy s 600 + f y /  s

0.67 f cu  c 0.8  400 214( f cu  c )

As max  ( d )b max =
fy  s 600  f y /  s ( f y  s )( 600 + f y /  s )

Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry

 0.67fcu/γc εc=0.003 Mu max

cmax=2cb /3
C

amax
Also, from equilibrium : N.A.
yct d
As max
M u max = C . yct ( 2 )
T=Asmax fy/γs εs>εy/γs b
0.67 f cu amax
M u max = amaxb ( d - )
c 2

0.67 f cu 0.8cmax
M u max = ( 0.8cmax )b ( d - )
c 2

Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry

 0.67fcu/γc εc=0.003 Mu max
For the shown reinforced concrete
C

amax
section, calculate the maximum

cmax

d=550
area of tensile reinforcement and N.A.
the corresponding ultimate yct
moment.
fcu=25N/mm2 T=Asmax fy/γs εs>εy/γs As max
st. 240/350 b=200

amax = 0.8cmax = 0.8( 272 ) = 218 mm

For As max<Asb, section is under
reinforced. Therefore: From equilibrium:
εs> εy/γs
T =C
fs=fy/γs
fy0.67 f cu
400 As max = a b
cmax = d s  c max
600 + f y /  s 240 0.67( 25 )
400 As max ( )= ( 218 ) ( 200 )
1.15 1.5
= ( 550 )
600 + 240 / 1.15
= 272 mm As max = 2333 mm2
Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry
Also, From equilibrium: 0.67fcu/γc εc=0.003 Mu max
M u max = C yct C

amax

cmax

d=550
0.67 f cu a N.A.
M u max = amax b ( d - max )
c 2 yct
0.67( 25 ) 218
= ( 218 ) ( 200 )( 550 - ) T=Asmax fy/γs εs>εy/γs As max
1.5 2
b=200
M u max = 215 × 106 N .mm
= 215 kN .m

Reinforced Concrete Design-1, Dr Hazem Elbakry