GROUP MEMBERS: Asgar, Biñas, Cofreros, Condolon, Dela Cruz, Dolores, de Joya, RATING:

Salapayne, Torriana
COURSE/SECTION: CHM001/CS32S1
ACTIVITY/DATE: HW: Colligative Properties of Solution/May 13, 2024
INSTRUCTOR: Engr. Bryan M. Martinez

Colligative properties are properties of solutions that depend on the concentration of

solute particles, but not on their identity. There are FOUR main colligative properties:
1. Freezing Point Depression: The presence of solute particles disrupts the formation of
the solvent's crystal lattice, lowering the freezing point of the solution compared to the
pure solvent. The magnitude of the freezing point depression is directly proportional to
the molality of the solute.

Example: 2.00 g of some unknown compound reduces the freezing point of 75.00 g of
benzene from 5.53 to 4.90∘C. What is the molar mass of the compound?

First we must compute the molality of the benzene solution, which will allow us to find
the number of moles of solute dissolved.

We can now find the molecular weight of the unknown compound:

2. Vapor Pressure Lowering: Solute particles occupy the surface of the solution, reducing
the rate at which solvent molecules can escape into the vapor phase. This leads to a
lower vapor pressure for the solution compared to the pure solvent. The magnitude of
the vapor pressure lowering is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solute.

where Posolvent is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent and χsolvent is the mole
fraction of the solvent. Since this is a two-component system (solvent and solute), then

where χsolute is the mole fraction of the solvent or solute. The change in vapor
pressure (ΔP) can be expressed.

Or

Example: Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution made by dissolving 50.0 g glucose,
C6H12O6 , in 500 g of water. The vapor pressure of pure water is 47.1 torr at 37°C

To use Raoult's Law (Equation 1), we need to calculate the mole fraction of water (the
solvent) in this sugar-water solution.

The molar mass of glucose is 180.2 g/mol and of water is 18 g/mol. So

And
 And

Note that this still relatively dilute. The pressure of the solution is then calculated via
Raoult's Law (Equation 1):

3. Boiling Point Elevation: Due to the lowered vapor pressure, more energy (heat) is
required to raise the vapor pressure of the solution to match the external pressure,
resulting in a higher boiling point compared to the pure solvent. The magnitude of the
boiling point elevation is directly proportional to the molality of the solute.

Example: A solution contains 20.0 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) dissolved in 150 g of

water. The K_b of water is 0.512 °C/m. Calculate the boiling point elevation.

Solution:
1. Calculate moles of sucrose: 20.0 g / 342.3 g/mol = 0.0584 mol
2. Calculate molality: 0.0584 mol / 0.150 kg = 0.389 m
3. Calculate boiling point elevation: ΔT_b = 0.512 °C/m * 0.389 m = 0.200 °C
4. The boiling point of the solution is raised by 0.200 °C compared to pure water.

4. Osmotic Pressure: This is the pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent across a
semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of
higher solute concentration. The osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the molarity
of the solute.

where
 ● Π is the osmotic pressure,
● R is the ideal gas constant (0.0821 L atm / mol K),
● T is the temperature in Kelvin,
● i is the van 't Hoff factor
● n is the number of moles of solute present,
● V is the volume of the solution, and
● M is the molar concentration of added solute (the i factor accounts for how many
species in solution are generated)

Example A: Calculate molarity of a sugar solution in water (300 K) has osmotic pressure
of 3.00 atm.
Since it is sugar, we know it doesn't dissociate in water, so i is 1. Then we use Equation
1directly:

Example B: A solution contains 10.0 g of NaCl dissolved in 500 mL of water at 25 °C.

Calculate the osmotic pressure.

Solution:
1. Calculate moles of NaCl: 10.0 g / 58.44 g/mol = 0.171 mol
2. Calculate molarity: 0.171 mol / 0.500 L = 0.342 M
3. Convert temperature to Kelvin: 25 °C + 273.15 = 298.15 K
4. Calculate osmotic pressure: π = (0.342 mol/L) * (0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)) * (298.15
K) = 8.41 atm