Chemical Reactions • Combination or Synthesis Reaction

• Decomposition Reaction
• A process in which one or more
• Single Displacement Reaction
substances are converted into new
• Double Displacement Reaction
substances with different physical and
• Neutralization
chemical properties.
• Combustion
Evidences of Chemical Reactions
Combination or Synthesis Reaction
• It produces gas.
• Two or more reactants combine to form a
• It produces a solid (a precipitate).
single product.
• It changes color.
• General Form: A + B > AB
• It gives off heat (exothermic) or it absorbs
heat (endothermic)

Reason for Reactions

• OCTET RULE – atoms tend to gain, lose or Decomposition Reaction

share electrons to acquire a full set of
valence electrons, which is typically 8 • A reaction in which a single reactant is
electrons. broken down into two or more smaller
compound or elements.
Substances involved in Chemical Reactions • General Form: AB > A + B
• Reactants - substances that enter into a
chemical reaction (before the arrow).
• Products - substances that are produced
by a chemical reactions (after the arrow).
Single Displacement Reaction
Law of Conservation of Mass
• A reaction in which an uncombined
• states that matter is neither created nor
element displaces an element that is part
destroyed in a chemical reaction.
of the compound.
• Number of atoms of each element must
• The reactants are always one element (or
be the same before and after chemical
diatomic molecule) and one compound.
reactions.
• General Form: A + BC > AC + B
o Number of atoms in reactants =
Number of atoms in products
• Mass can neither be gained nor lost
through a chemical reaction.
o Total mass of reactants = Total
mass of products Double Displacement Reaction

Steps in Balancing Chemical Reaction • A reaction that involves the exchange of

parts between the two compounds.
• Count the number of atoms of each
• Atoms or ions from two different
element on each side of the arrow.
compounds replace each other.
• Balance atoms by using coefficients.
• There are two compounds as reactants
• Check your work by counting atoms of and two compounds as products.
each element.
• General Form: AB + CD > AD + CB
Types of Chemical Reactions

CHEMICAL EQUATION
• an equation that uses chemical symbols
to show what happens during chemical
reaction
• REACTANTS > PRODUCTS
Law of Conservation of Mass
• Mass can neither be gained nor lost
through a chemical reaction
o total mass of reactants = total
mass of products
Direct Combination Reaction
• also known as Direct Union, Synthesis or
Composition reaction
• Two or more reactants combine to form a
single product.
• General form : A + B AB
DISPLACEMENT Reaction
• also known as REPLACEMENT REACTION
• In this reaction, an ion (or atom) in
compound is replaced by an ion (or atom)
of another element
• A reaction in which an uncombined
element displaces an element that is part
of the compound. The reactants are
always one element and one compound.
Neutralization Reaction
• A specific type of double displacement
reaction.
• The reaction between an acid and a base
forming salt and water.
• General Form:
o Acid + Base > Salt + Water
Combustion Reaction
• A reaction in which a substance reacts
with oxygen, usually with the release of
heat and light to produce flame.
• Substances react with O2 to produce
CO2 and H2O.
• A rapid exothermic reaction.
• General Form:
o Substance + O2 > CO2 + H2O
• Rules for Balancing of Combustion
Reaction:
o Balance carbon first.
o Next, balance hydrogen.
o Last, balance oxygen (start from
the product side).
Double Replacement Reaction
• Also known as METATHESIS /DOUBLE
DECOMPOSITION / DOUBLE
DISPLACEMENT REACTION
• A reaction that involves the exchange of
parts between the two compounds.
COMBUSTION
• A reaction in which a substance reacts
with oxygen, usually with the release of
heat and light to produce flame
• A rapid exothermic reaction
Mole (mol)
• It is the SI unit for amount of substance
• The definition of the mole specifies the
number of objects in a fixed mass of a
substance. Therefore, 1 mole of a
substance represents a fixed number of
chemical entities and has a fixed mass.
• The central relationship between the
mass of one atom and the mass of 1 mole
of those atoms is that the atomic mass of
an element expressed in amu (atomic
mass unit) is numerically the same as the
mass of 1 mole of atoms of the element
expressed in grams.
 • The amount of substance that contains as
many particles (atoms or molecules) as
there are in 12.0 g of C-12
• According to Amadeo Avogadro
o 1 MOLE = 6.022 x 1023 particles
(Avogadro’s number)
• There is Avogadro's number of particles in
a mole of any substance
Relationship of number of atoms to its atomic
mass/atomic weight (AW)
• 1 Fe atom has a mass of 55.85 amu
• 1 S atom has a mass of 32 amu
• 1 O atom has a mass of 16 amu
Relationship of mole of an atom to its molar
mass (g/mol)
• 1 mol of Fe has a mass of 55.85 grams
• 1 mol of S has a mass of 32 grams
• 1 mol of O has a mass of 16 grams
Note: In chemistry, the term atomic weight (AW) is
used interchangeably with molar mass of an
element. The unit of molar mass is g/mol
Relationship of number of molecules to its
molecular weight (MW)
• 1 O2 molecule has a mass of 32 amu
• 1 H2O molecule has a mass of 18 amu
• 1 NaCl molecule has a mass of 58.45
amu
Relationship of mole of a molecule to its molar
mass (g/mol)
• 1 mol of O2 has a mass of 32 grams
• 1 mol of H2O has a mass of 18 grams
• 1 mol of NaCl has a mass of 58.45 grams
REACTION STOICHIOMETRY
• a branch of chemistry that deals with the
relative quantities of reactants and
products that are consumed/produced
within a given chemical reaction
• comes from the Greek “stoiechion”
(element) and “metron” (to measure)
• deals with determining the amounts of
reactants and products that are
consumed and produced within a given
chemical reaction.
Importance of Stoichiometry
• Allows us to make predictions about the
outcomes of chemical reactions
• Predict the mass of a product of a
chemical reaction if given the starting
masses of reactants.
• Determine the optimal ratio of reactants
for a chemical reaction so that all
reactants are fully used
Molecular weight (mass) and Molar mass
• Molecular weight (mass) is the mass of a
molecule of a substance. It can be
calculated by adding the average atomic
masses of all the atoms in the molecule.
It can be expressed in atomic mass units
(amu).
• Molar mass is the mass in gram of one
mole of a substance. Molar mass is
reported in grams per mole or g/mol.
• Molecular weight is numerically equal
with molar mass.

Note: In chemistry, the term molecular weight

(AW) is used interchangeably with molar mass of a
molecule. The unit of molar mass is g/mol

Stoichiometry

• The study of quantities of materials

consumed and produced in chemical
reactions.
• It always follows the law of conservation
of mass