University of Duhok

College of Engineering
Biomedical Engineering department

Materials Science and Strength Theory

By:Noor ismaeel
What Is Materials Science and Engineering?
Materials science: It is the study of the properties of solid
materials and how those properties are determined by a
material’s composition and structure.
Material engineering: It is designing new material that have
different properties from the normal material.

Describe ionic, covalent, metallic, hydrogen, and van

der Waals bonds.

Ionic bonding: it is the complete transfer of valence

electron(s) between atoms. covalent bond: it is sharing of
electron pairs between atoms.
Hydrogen bond: it is electrostatic force of attraction between
a hydrogen atom and electronegativity atom.
van der Waals bonds: it is when dipole is formed in one atom
and induced the adjacent atom.
Describe the difference in atomic/molecular structure
between crystalline and non-crystalline materials.
crystalline solids it is three-dimensional arrangement of
atoms/molecules
non-crystalline solids do not have a consistent arrangement
of particles

Draw unit cells for face-centered cubic, body centered

cubic, and hexagonal close-packed crystal structures.
Compute the densities for metals having face centered
cubic and body-centered cubic crystal structures given
their unit cell dimensions.
Describe both vacancy and self-interstitial crystalline
defects.
Self-Interstitials: it is an extra atoms positioned between
atomic sites
Vacancies: is vacant atomic sites in a structure.

Name the two types of solid solutions and provide a brief

written definition and/or schematic sketch of each.

1. Substitutional solid solution

2. Interstitial solid solution

Interstitial solid solutions: are those in which the

(solute) atoms occupy like holes between the atoms in
the crystal lattice of the solute.

Substitutional solid solutions: are those in which the

atoms of the(solute) are substituted for the atoms of the
(solvent) on the different positions normally occupied
by the solvent atoms.
 Why are the atomic weights of the elements
generally not integers? Cite two reasons.

1. the atomic masses of the atoms normally are not

integers
2. the atomic weight is taken as the weighted average of
the atomic masses of an atom's naturally occurring
isotopes
What is the composition, in weight percent, of an alloy
that consists of 6 at% Pb and 94 at% Sn?
For a ceramic compound, what are the two
characteristics of the component ions that determine
the crystal structure?

1. the relative sizes of the cations and anions.

2. the magnitude of the electrical charge on each ion

Describe the process that is used to produce

glassceramics.
Glass ceramics are produced by heat treating the glasses of
suitable compositions and then controlled crystallisation to
lower the energy.

Name and briefly describe:

(a) the four general types of polymer molecular
structures,
(b) the three types of stereoisomers, (c) the two
kinds of geometrical isomers, and (d) the four
types of copolymers.

a) The four basic polymer structures are linear, branched,

crosslinked, and networked.
b) Diastereomerism and Optical Isomerism

c) Cis and Trans

d) Random copolymer, Alternating copolymer, Block

copolymer and Graft copolymer

What is the difference between balanced and

unbalanced forces?
In balanced forces: the magnitude of the two forces is equal,
whereas, the two individual forces act in opposite direction.
unbalanced forces: the magnitude of the two forces are
unequal. the individual forces either act in same or opposite
direction.