Module 2:

1-B HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION

HEALTH HAZARDS (IH)

B.E.S.O. SAFETY TRAININGS & CONSULTANCY SERVICES

DOLE Accredited OSH Training Organization: No. 1030-061721-127

thebesoproject@gmail.com #AngatAngEpektibo
 OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of the module, participants will be able to:

• Explain the principles of Industrial Hygiene

• Identify health hazards in the workplace
 CONTENTS

• Definition of Industrial Hygiene and Health Hazards

• Classification of Health Hazards (Industrial Hygiene)

– Physical
– Chemical
– Biological
– Ergonomics

• Health Hazards Identification

• Department Order 136-14: Globally Harmonized System

of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals

• Labels and Safety Data Sheet

 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
(DEFINITION)

Industrial Hygiene (IH)

• is the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, control and

prevention of hazards from work that may result in injury,
illness, or affect the well-being of workers and the
environment

• these hazards or stressors are typically divided into the

categories chemical, physical, ergonomic, biological, and
psychosocial
 HEALTH HAZARDS
(DEFINITION)

• may mean conditions that cause legally compensable

illnesses or may mean any conditions in the
workplace that impair the health of employees
enough to make them lose time from work or to cause
significant discomfort
CLASSIFICATION OF HEALTH
HAZARDS
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
ORGANIC
SOLVENTS
HEAVY
METALS

GASES
DUSTS

ACIDS
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(HAZARDOUS FORM)

TYPE OF CHEMICAL HAZARDOUS FORM

Organic Solvent Vapor
Acid and Base Mists
Dust Particulate Matter
Heavy Metal Fumes

• Solids such as dusts, fumes, fibers (e.g. wood dust, bitumen

fumes and asbestos fiber).
• Liquids, mists (e.g. liquid bleach and mineral oil mist).
• Gases, vapors (e.g. carbon monoxide gas and solvent vapor).

CHEMICALS CAN ONLY become hazardous when they

become airborne and in excessive concentration.
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
 ROUTES OF EXCRETION

Gastro-intestinal Respiratory
(feces) (exhalation) Skin
Renal (urine) (sweat, hair, nails)
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(1. ORGANIC SOLVENT – VAPORS)

ORGANIC SOLVENTS
• are used in many products such as
paints, thinners and glues.

Examples: toluene, xylene, white

spirit, acetone and ethyl acetate.

Examples of vapors found in occupational setting:

• Gasoline – used for fuel.
• Organic Solvents – used as paint thinners (toluene and
turpentine) and glue solvents (acetone and methyl ethyl
ketone)
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(2. ACID - MIST)

MISTS
• are tiny droplets of liquid suspended in the air
• generated on jobsites by spraying liquids, such as, paints /
coatings, form oil, pesticides, etc.
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(2. ACIDS – MISTS EXAMPLES)
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(3. DUSTS)

DUSTS
• are solid particles that are formed by handling, crushing,
grinding, drilling or blasting of materials
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(3. DUSTS – EXAMPLES)

• Silica dust
– Building materials such as stone,
bricks and concrete
• Metal dust
– Leaded paint
– Grinded metal
• Asbestos dust
– Thermal and acoustic insulation
– Fire resistant walls and partitions
– Asbestos cement sheets and flooring
• Wood dust
– Flooring
– Wood fixtures
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(3. DUSTS – OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES)

• manufacture of glass, ceramics (pottery, porcelain and

enamel) and stone objects
• etching glass
• manufacture of cleansing agents and abrasives
• chemical and pharmaceutical industry (handling of
powdered chemicals)
• rubber manufacturing industry
• manufacture of lead storage batteries (bulk lead oxide)
• formulation of pesticides
• agricultural work (ploughing, harvesting, grain storage)
• food industry (bakeries, animal products)
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(3. DUSTS – TYPES)

Respirable dust, particles

that are less than 10
microns (µm) in diameter,
can enter deep into the
lungs where damage can
occur.
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(4. HEAVY METALS – FUMES)

FUMES
• are solid particles that are formed when a metal or other
solid vaporizes and the molecules condense (or solidify) in
cool air.
• This usually occurs during
welding/cutting of metals,
e.g., welding fumes.
• Fumes are also produced by
hot asphalt during hot tar
roofing and paving.
• Coal tar (naphtha) and
plastics also produce fumes
when heated.
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(4. HEAVY METALS – WELDING FUMES)

Welding Fumes Exposures

• Welding fumes contain a variety of chemicals depending
on what is being welded on, chemical makeup of welding
rods, fluxes, and shielding gases.

• Metals
- Aluminum, Antimony, Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium,
Cobalt, copper, iron, Lead, Manganese, Nickel, Silver, Tin, Titanium,
Vanadium, Zinc

• Gases
- Shielding: Argon, Helium, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide
- Process: Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Ozone,
Hydrogen Fluoride, Carbon Dioxide
 CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(5. GASES – EXAMPLES)

Examples of Gases Found in Industry

Oxygen used for welding and cutting

Acetylene used for welding and cutting

Propane used for heating and fuel

Carbon Dioxide used as an inert gas and can be found naturally in sewers

Methane the main component of natural gas and found in earth deposits
break down of organic matter and can be found naturally in
Hydrogen Sulfide
sewers
highly toxic and produced by the incomplete combustion of
Carbon Monoxide
fuels
the welding arc can produce ozone, phosgene and carbon
Welding Gases
monoxide gases
Diesel Exhaust Nitrogen Dioxide
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(5. GASES – CHEMICAL ASPHYXIANTS)
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
(5. GASES – CHEMICAL ASPHYXIANTS)
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS

“ Physical factors or hazards refer to temperature,

humidity, noise, ionizing radiation, abnormal pressure (due to
altitude), ventilation, illumination and the like which may
place added stress on the body.
”
– DOLE Memorandum Circular No. 01 Series of 2000
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(1. NOISE)

NOISE refers to the unwanted

sound in the workplace.

A SIMPLE RULE OF THUMB:

If you are unable to hold a conversation in normal tones and at your
normal volume while standing at arm’s length from a colleague, then
the noise level in the workplace could be too high! Remember,
however, that your colleague may be able to lip-read.
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(1. NOISE – HAZARDOUS EXPOSURE)
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(1. NOISE – DECIBEL SCALE)
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(2. VIBRATION – TYPES OF EXPOSURE)

Segmental vibration exposure

refers to exposure that is mainly transmitted
to, and concentrated on, a specific part of the
body – such as the hand, arm, or leg.

Whole body
vibration exposure
is when vibration is
transmitted
throughout all or most
of the body.
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(2. VIBRATION – OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE)

Industry Type of Vibration Common Source of Vibration

Agriculture Whole body Tractors
Boiler making Hand-arm Pneumatic tools
Whole body Tractors
Forestry
Hand-arm Chain saws
Furniture manufacture Hand-arm Pneumatic chisels
Iron and steel Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools
Lumber Hand-arm Chain saws
Machine tools Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools
Whole body Vehicle operation
Mining
Hand-arm Rock drills
Sheet Metal Hand-arm Stamping Equipment
Shipyards Hand-arm Pneumatic hand tools
Shoe-making Hand-arm Pounding machine
Textile Hand-arm Sewing machines, Looms
Transportation Whole body Vehicles
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(3. INADEQUATE ILLUMINATION)

Typical risks from lighting originate from:

• lighting effects
• incorrect lighting design
• improper lighting installation, maintenance, replacement,
and disposal
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(3. INADEQUATE ILLUMINATION – SOURCES OF LIGHTING)

• Natural Lighting: daylight

• Artificial Lighting: when

daylight fails or where the
daylight illumination is
insufficient
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(3. INADEQUATE ILLUMINATION – TYPES OF LIGHTING)

Three basic types of lighting:

• General
• Localized
• Local (or task)

Local or task
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(4. EXTREME TEMPERATURE – HOT ENV’T)

• Heat stress results from too

great an increase in body
temperature. It is the total heat
burden that the body is
subjected to by both external
and internal factors.

• Heat strain: the body’s

physiological response to heat
stress, for example sweating,
increased heart rate and
elevated core temperature.
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(4. EXTREME TEMPERATURE – HOT ENV’T)
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(4. EXTREME TEMPERATURE – HOT ENV’T)

Example of Workplaces
Iron and steel foundries Bakeries
Non-ferrous foundries Commercial kitchens
Brick-firing and ceramic plants Laundries
Glass products facilities Food canneries
Rubber products factories Chemical plants
Electrical utilities (particularly boiler rooms) Smelters
Mining sites Steam tunnels

Outdoor Operations
Farm work Landscaping
Oil and gas well operations Site development
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(4. EXTREME TEMPERATURE – COLD ENV’T)

• Cold is relevant to work in freezer plants, cold-storage

facilities and for a few outdoor occupations.

• Cold stress happens when your body cannot regulate its

temperature.
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(4. COLD ENVIRONMENT – STRESS FACTORS)

▪ Prolonged or
repeated exposure
▪ Inadequate clothing
or protective gear
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(5. ABNORMAL PRESSURE)

• Working above or below atmospheric pressure is

limited to a select number of jobs such as underwater diving.

Underwater work High-altitude work

• Exposure to pressure can occur during construction of bridges, rigging of

heavy objects underwater, inspection of pipelines, cutting or welding
underwater and aquatic scientific research activity and can affect
recreational diving instructors.
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(6. RADIATION)

RADIATION
• the process of emitting energy
through a medium or space in the
form of waves or particles

Sources
• Radioactive materials (i.e., radon gas)
• X-ray machines
• Man-made sources (i.e., nuclear reactors, medicine, food and
agriculture, nuclear weapons)
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(6. RADIATION – IONIZING)

IONIZING RADIATION
• is the type of that has
sufficient energy to knock-out
electrons in atoms and
molecules

• types of ionizing radiation:

– Alpha particles
– Beta particles
– Gamma rays
– X-rays
 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(6. RADIATION – NON-IONIZING)

NON-IONIZING RADIATION
• includes radio frequencies, microwave frequencies, lasers,
infrared, visible spectrum, ultraviolet
 ERGONOMIC HAZARDS

ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
• refer to workplace conditions that pose risk of injury to the
musculoskeletal system of the worker
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
(RISK FACTORS)
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
(BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN INDUSTRY)
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
(BIOLOGICAL AGENTS)

• Biological hazards can be put into different categories. The most

common biological hazards in include:
Biological Agents Examples
• Microscopic organism that live in soil, water, organic
matter or the bodies of plants and animals.
Bacteria • Characterized by lack of distinct nucleus and the
inability to photosynthesize.
• Examples: E-coli, TB, and Tetanus
• A group of pathogens that consist mostly of nucleic
acids and that lack cellular structure.
Viruses • Totally dependent on their hosts for replication.
• Examples: Common cold, Influenza, SARS,
Hantavirus, Rabies
• Any major group of lower plants that lack chlorophyll
and live on dead or other living organisms.
Fungi
• Examples: Athlete’s foot, Mold, Rust, Mildew,
Smut, Yeast, Mushrooms
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
(BIOLOGICAL AGENTS)

Biological Agents Examples

Bloodborne Pathogens • Hepatitis B Virus

- pathogenic microorganisms that • Hepatitis C virus
are present in human blood and • Human Immunodeficiency
can cause disease in humans Virus (HIV/AIDS)

• Contact dermatitis
Poisonous Plants • Rashes
• Breathing difficulty

Poisonous and Infectious

• Rabies
Animals
HEALTH HAZARDS
IDENTIFICATION
 HEALTH HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION
(METHODS THAT CAN BE USED)

• Conducting walk-thru survey/ocular inspection

• Reviewing processes
• Knowing the raw materials, products, and by-products
• Gathering workers’ observations and complaints
• Using GHS labels and Safety Data Sheets
DOLE DEPARTMENT
ORDER NO. 136-14
SALIENT POINTS
 DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 136-14

DOLE Department Order No. 136-14

• otherwise known as the “Guidelines for the Implementation

of Globally Harmonized System (GHS) in Chemical Safety
Program in the Workplace” serves as the Implementing
Rules and Regulations (IRR) to implement the provisions of
GHS in the industrial workplace sector.

GHS
• is an acronym for Globally Harmonized
System of Classification and Labeling of
Chemicals
• the GHS is a system for standardizing
and harmonizing the classification and
labeling of chemicals
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 136-14
(GHS HAZARDS CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA)
DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 136-14
(GHS HAZARDS CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA)
 DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 136-14
(CHEMICAL SAFETY PROGRAM ELEMENTS)

The Chemical Safety Program to be initiated by the

establishment shall include the following elements:
1. Facilities and Control Measures
2. Workers’ right to know
3. Storage requirements and inventory
4. Waste management
5. Information and training
6. Personal protective equipment
7. Work environmental monitoring
8. Occupational health and medical
surveillance
9. Emergency preparedness and
response
LABELS AND SAFETY
DATA SHEET
LABELS AND SAFETY DATA SHEET
(GHS PICTOGRAMS)
LABELS AND SAFETY DATA SHEET
(STANDARD GHS LABEL FORMAT)
 LABELS AND SAFETY DATA SHEET
(SAFETY DATA SHEET CONTENT)
Section 1: Identification
Section 2: Hazards Identification
Section 3: Information on Ingredients
Section 4: First-aid Measures
Section 5: Fire-fighting Measures
Section 6: Accidental Release Measures
Section 7: Handling and Storage
Section 8: Personal Protection Equipment
Section 9: Physical and Chemical Properties
Section 10: Stability and Reactivity
Section 11: Toxicological Information
Section 12: Ecological Information
Section 13: Disposal considerations
Section 14: Transport Information
Section 15: Regulatory Information Safety Data Sheet (SDS) should be
Section 16: Other Information
reviewed even before workers use it.
questions
 KEY POINTS

• Industrial Hygiene is the science and art devoted to the

identification, evaluation and control of hazards.
• The different types of health hazards are physical, chemical,
biological and ergonomics.
• Safety Officers have the role of classifying their establishments
through proper identification of the different health hazards as part
of the risk assessment process.
• Identification of different health hazards in workplaces can be
done by:
– Conducting walk-thru survey/ocular inspection
– Reviewing processes
– Knowing the raw materials, product and by-products
– Gathering workers’ observations and complaints
– Using GHS labels and Safety Data Sheets
THAT WOULD BE ALL. THANK YOU!