MOTIVATION

AND EMOTION
Introduction

• Motivation and emotion are connected

in more ways than you can imagine.
• Emotions help in motivating
individuals.
• Example the emotion of anger can be
channelized into working hard towards
your goal, feeling of sadness can
demotivate you.
• The relationship between the two can
be very complex as they are mutually
influenced by each other.
 • Motivation is that process that causes us to take action whether it is eating food to satiate
hunger or doing exercise to keep our body fit.
• Motivation is one of the important determinants of behavior and instincts, drives, goals,
needs are included under the broad concept of motivation

A need can be defined as the lack of some Drive is a state of motivational arousal that is
biological essentials like water and food. produced by the need.
After the accomplishment of a goal, there is a
reduction in drive and at last, the organism achieves a
balanced state as the needs are being fulfilled
Motivation-
Definition
• Motivation is a n internal process that
activates, guides and maintains behavior
over time.
• It refers to the initiation, intensity,
direction and persistence of behavior.
• Motivation can be intrinsic or extrinsic
• Intrinsic refers to the thrill of an activity
for one’s own sake.
• Extrinsic refers to motivation that is
determined by external reward
Classification of motives

Drives are categorized as :

1. Primary Motives: Primary motives are essential for survival. They must be
satisfied first before we can take up any other activity. Primary motives come
to action when the physiological balance of the body is upset. This balance
is called homeostasis.
2. Secondary motives- Human behaviour is activated by the following social
motives such as achievement, affiliation, aggression and power motives
These are called social motives since they develop as a result of relationships
with people.
Types of motivation

Biological motives
a) Hunger- Hunger pangs is caused due to changes in
contraction of stomach.
• Walter Cannon through his experiment trained a subject to
swallow a balloon to which he attached a ‘kymograph’ at
the other end. This was used to record the spasms in the
stomach caused due to hunger pangs.
• The physiological cause of hunger lies in the chemical
composition of the blood and hypothalamus.
• A sugar called glucose is present in the blood and helps to
provide energy to the body.
Hypothalamus
Biological motives
contd
• When the glucose in the blood falls below a certain level a
message is sent to the hypothalamus which alerts the
organism to eat its food.
• There are two areas in the hypothalamus involved in the
hunger mechanism:
1. Lateral hypothalamus- Sends out the ‘on command’
signals.
2. Ventromedial hypothalamus- Gives the off signal and
performs the tasks of inhibition.
• The external state that influence anger are the taste and
appearance of food.
b. Thirst

• Thirst drive is stronger than hunger motive that is why man can
survive without food for a while but cannot deprivation off water for
more than 48 hours can be fatal.
• The double depletion theory of thirst indicates that an individual
feels thirsty when firstly the volume of fluid inside the cells of our
body becomes too low and second when the volume o fluid outside
the cells off our body becomes low.
• The double depletion theory specifies two routes:
Intra cellular (dehydration) and extra cellular (occurs as a result
of loss of total body sodium caused due to vomiting, excessive
sweating, diarrhea, burns, diuretic use, and kidney failure)
Contd…

The physiological Salt causes This message reaches the

When there is high hypothalamus the thirst
factor of the thirst dehydration and content of salt in the drive is activated, and the
motive lies in the is related to the body the body chemical balance is
imbalance of fluid in imbalance of tissues have to be restored only when the
the hypothalamus fluid in the supplied with water individual drinks fluid/
and body tissues. body. or fluid. water.
c. Sex

• Sex drive is a powerful psychophysical motive and is not as

essential as food and water.
• Sex drive develops only when one gets older, however with
animals there is a direct link between hormones and sex.
• Sex drive is regulated by androgen in males produced by the
testes and estrogen in females secreted by the ovary.
• These hormones are also responsible for development of
sexual characteristics in boys and girls during puberty.
Contd…

• Inhumans sexuality depends more on emotions

and experience and less on hormones.
• It has been found that individuals who had their
reproductive glands removed surgically do not
necessarily show loss of interest in sex.
• The sexual behavior of an individual depends on
the ways people satisfy their sexual drives and
what an individual has learned in a given time and
place while growing up.
(d) Maternal drive

• The motive that involves the care and protection of the offspring
by the females is called as maternal drive.
• This drive is stimulated by both biological (hormones),
psychological and social factors.
• Progesterone is an important hormone during pregnancy and
estrogen helps during birth (improve vascularization which is
the formation of blood vessels)
• Prolactin produced ,by the pituitary gland helps the mammary
glands to secrete milk.
• Maternal drive is controlled and guided by various factors:
environment, socio-cultural background, movies, books and
observation.
Psychosocial
motives
• David Clarence 1917-
1998 asserts that human
motivation comprises of
three important dominant
needs
a) Need for achievement
b) Need for Affiliation
c) Need for power
a) Need for achievement
Henry Murray 1938 defined motivation
as the need to accomplish something
difficult in situations that are
characterised by a standard of
excellence.
Individuals with high need of
achievement are characterised
by a tendency to seek
challenges and a high degree of
independence.

They go for the most

Such people get
satisfaction out of
winning or solving a
problem than they get
from money or praises.
People with low
achievement tend to
look for easy tasks as
compared to people
with high achievement.
difficult task because
almost everyone would
fail at them and when
they succeed, they will
get recognised for the
achievement.
Affiliation

• It is he need to form friendship and

establish relationships with other people.
• Those with a high need for affiliation need o
establish a harmonious relationship with
other people and the need to feel accepted
by other people.
• They easily conform to the group norms
and prefer working and staying in
environment which provides significant
person/ human interactions.
• Such individuals can perform well in
customer service and client interaction
situation
d) Curiosity and Exploration

• The tendency to seek for a novel experience gain

pleasure by obtaining information is known as the
phenomenon of curiosity.
• E.g., people coming up with conspiracy theories.
• We are driven by our curiosity and our need for
sensory stimuli.
• Our ignorance about a number of things around us
becomes a powerful motivator to explore the world.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need

• Physiological needs include all the basic needs like food, water, warmth
which are necessary for survival
• Safety needs include staying safe from any kind of danger and it
includes job security as well which ensures financial security
• Belongingness needs which focus on seeking out cordial relationships
with others and companionship
• Esteem Needs focus on developing a feeling of self-worth and pride
which gives a boost to self-confidence and self-esteem
• Self-Actualization Needs mainly focus on unleashing one’s potential to
the fullest and a self-actualized person is self-aware, socially
responsive, faces difficulties and challenges, etc
Emotions and It’s Nature
Introduction

• The term emotion is often considered synonymous with the

term ‘feeling’.
• Feelings and moods can influence an individual’s emotion.
• The word ‘emotion’ is derived from a Latin term ‘emovere’
meaning to set in motion.
• Emotion is commonly used to subjectively describe an
individual’s emotion
• In psychology emotion is considered as a response to a
stimuli that involves characteristic physiological changes
such as increase in pulse rate, rise in body temperature
lesser or greater activity of glands change in breathing etc.
Primary emotions
• These are general emotions which is expressed universally in similar characteristic by
all human beings.
• They include anger, fear, joy, sadness and disgust.
 Cannon Theory of Emotions
• Cannon defines emotions as “ the bodily changes that follow
directly the perception of the exciting situation and our
feelings of the same changes as they occur”.
• According to him emotions are perceived when the thalamic
processes are aroused.
The steps of important roles that emotions play in our daily lives
are as follows:
1. Preparing for action
2. Shaping our future behavior
3. Helping us to interact more effectively with others.
 Types of Emotions
1. Joy happiness and Elation
• Joy is a pleasant emotion and in its milder form is known as
pleasure delight or happiness.
• Joyful emotions are accompanied by smiling, laughing and a
general relaxation of the entire body.
• A baby for example in a child joy comes from physical well
being; stroking, tickling, seeing the parents.
• The physiological changes accompanied with joy and
happiness are increase in blood pressure and heart rate.
• Changing in breathing provides a boost to the immune
system.
• The facial expression include parting of lips, raised eyebrows,
and wrinkles from nose to the corner of the lips.
b) Love
• Love is a strong positive emotion
of regard and affection.
• Psychologists are still trying to
understand the complex emotion.
• Passionate love is an intense
emotion where an individual
becomes involved and feel excited
in his/her presence and miserable
when the person leaves.
• Due to cultural differences it is
difficult to establish the universal
definition of love.
 • Affection is a pleasant emotional reaction shown towards a person,
animal or thing.
• In children affection can also be seen shown to their favourite toys or
pets.
• At the adolescence level adolescents prefer verbal expression and find
physical affection childish.
• At the adult level the person do not usually demonstrate affection but
c) Affection can be seen in kind of mutual reinforcements that adults provide each
other.
 d) Sympathy and Empathy
• Empathy is a sense that you can
understand and share the feelings of
another. This "shared" experience can
generate a profound understanding
because you attempt to know what it’s
like to “walk in their shoes.”
• Sympathy is a feeling of pity or sorrow
for someone else's misfortune.
Sympathy may not be received as well
as empathy, but sorrowful sympathy can
offer some warmth and support in the
face of someone else’s misfortune—if
administered with sensitivity and
sincerity.
 UNPLEASANT
EMOTIONS
a) Anger
• Anger is a negative emotion which is
caused due to an emotional reaction
toa perceived threat.
• Anger could generate due to
physical conflict, negligence,
injustice, betrayal, humiliation.
• Anger can range from mild irritation
to intense fury.
• Anger can be influenced by genetics
or the environment.
Anger in children is usually seen when hey are not allowed to
do things they want to and exhibit their anger by screaming,
crying, bullying and hurting themselves.

In adolescence anger is usually seen when there is frequent

interference with the plans, thwarted anger towards oneself,
snubbed or humiliated by others. Violence is commonly seen
among angry adolescence.

The anger shown by adults and subtle and do not get easily
triggered. Adults are mostly seen fighting with words and mind
more than their fists. Some adults are calm some can be
aggressive.
What happens to the
body when one is angry
• An individual may sulk silently if not active.
• Body muscles tense up
• Neurotransmitters like adrenaline are released
causing a burst of energy which trigger a
lasting state of arousal
• Heart beat increases
• Blood pressure goes up
• Rate of breathing increases.
• Hot and red face flushes.

Refer pg 227 and 228

b) Fear

• Fear is a negative emotion caused by the presence of

danger or the threat of harm, whether that danger is
physical or psychological.
• It is usually accompanied by flight or flight response.
• Children are seen usually afraid of darkness and being
stranded in lonely places.
• Common expressions seen during fear are:
 Raised eyebrows with widened and dilated pupils.
 Lips are drawn back and stretched horizontally.
 Arms and shoulders are leaned forward to defend
 Momentary loss of voice and trembling of limbs
 A person may freeze, and heartbeat can go up.
c) Anxiety

• Anxiety is an unpleasant and vague emotion that is

experienced in anticipation of some threat but the danger is
not specific or does not exist.
• Symptoms of anxiety are arousal, fast breathing, racing
pulse, moist hands, frequent urination, diarrhoea and
feeling of a lump in their throat.
• External symptoms may include pale skin, and trembling
body.
• Physical; symptoms include nausea, headache, chest
pain, stomach-ache and heart palpitations.
• Psychotherapy and relaxation therapy like meditation and
yoga has proven to be helpful when one has chronic anxiety.
Management of Good preparation
Examination
anxiety
Rehearsal

Combined study

Diet sleep and relaxation

d) Jealousy

• Jealousy is a response to actual, threatened or

supposed loss of affection.
• Jealousy is a combined emotion of fear and anger.
• In children jealousy is usually seen due to attention
given to a sibling, or attention given to friends or
classmates.
• In adults jealousy is experienced when a person of
valued relationship is being threatened by a possible
rival.
• Jealousy can torment and consume a person destroying
no one but oneself.
Physical Changes
during emotions:
1. Voice- The tone of the voice can
modulate to suggest emotions such as
happiness, anger or surprise.
2. Shallow breathing- Several emotions
like anxiety, stress and panic attacks is
accompanied by shallow breathing.
3. Facial expressions- Even if we try to
manipulate our facial expression
unconsciously it becomes almost
impossible for certain emotions.
4. Stammering is usually seen when an
individual is emotionally upset.
Physiological
changes in emotions
• Autonomic and somatic nervous system play
important role in the emotional process.
• The experience of emotions involves the
activations of the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic
systems and the cerebral cortex.
• Individuals with impairment in any of the above
mentioned parts may show impaired emotional
abilities.
• The different physiological theories which suggest
this are:
1. James Lange theory of emotion
2. Cannon Bard Theory of emotions
3. Schachter Singer Theory of emotions
James lange theory
of emotions
Cannon
Bard Theory
Of Emotion
 Schachter- Singer/ Two-
factor theory of Emotion
• The two-factor theory of emotion focuses on the
interaction between physical arousal and how we
cognitively label that arousal. In other words, simply
feeling arousal is not enough; we also must identify the
arousal in order to feel the emotion.
Expression of Emotions
• Body language is an important part of communication
and can communicate 50% of what we are
communicating.
• It includes signals, hand gestures, postures, eye
contact.
• Body language can reveal pleasure or displeasure, like
or dislike and tensed or untensed.
• 93% of emotion is conveyed without using actual
words.
• Psychologist claim that an individual influences on
others depends on
a) 7% on what he says
b) 38 % how he says it
c) 55% by his body language
Managing
Negative Enhance self
Appraise
situation
Do some of
awareness monitoring
Emotions objectively

Perceptual
Engage in self recognition and
Be creative
modelling cognitive
restructuring

Develop and Participate in

nurture good Have empathy community
relationships. service
Ways of enhancing Positive
emotions

DEVELOPMENT OF FINDING POSITIVE HAVING QUALITY ENGAGED IN HEALTHY GIVING POSITIVE

OPTIMISTIC MEANING EVEN IN CONNECTIONS WORK INTERPRETATIONS
PERSONALITY TRAITS. HELPLESS SITUATIONS
Emotional
intelligence
• It was originally formulated by Peter
Salovey and John Mayer in 1990.
• Emotional intelligence is the phenomenon
to monitor, access, express and regulate
one’s emotion.
According to Mayor and Salovey 1997 there
are four essential components required for EI-
 Accuracy in perceiving emotions.
 Awareness
 Understanding and analysing one’s
emotions
 Capacity to regulate one’s emotions.
Daniel Goldman 1995 suggests
that to measure EQ Emotional
Quotient it must consist of 5
major parts:
1. Knowing our own emotions
(Self- awareness)
2. Managing our emotions (Self
management)
3. Motivating ourselves
4. Recognising and influencing
other’s emotions (social
awareness)
5. Handling relationships.