Different Factors Affecting the Life of Insulating Materials:

1. Dielectric strength / Electrical stress / High voltage stress.

2. Temperature / Thermal stress / High temperature.
3. Mechanical stress .4. Moisture absorption.
5. Water 8. Ageing. 9. Improper handling.
d) List eight agents which contaminate the insulating oil. 1.
Water. 2. Moisture.3. Dirt / dust.4. Carbon deposits. 5.
Sulphur. 6. Acids. Grace . solid particle

External Causes for Abnormal Operation of Electrical Equipment

1. Sometimes in the generating station / receiving station /
substation there occurs over voltage or under voltage
which affect the normal working of the machine /
equipment.
2. High voltage disturbances.

3. Sustained power frequency over voltage disturbances.

4. Lightning surges. 5. Switching surges.

6. Travelling waves. 7. Arcing grounds.

8. Resonance conditions.
Different Factors Affecting the Life of Insulating Materials:
1. Dielectric strength / Electrical stress / High voltage
stress. Temperature /Thermal stress /High
temperature.
2. Mechanical stress .4. Moisture absorption. 5. Water
8. Ageing. 9. Improper handling.
d) List eight agents which contaminate the insulating oil.
1. Water. 2. Moisture.3. Dirt / dust .4. Carbon deposits.
5. Sulphur. 6. Acids. Grace . solid particle
 Describe the procedure for conducting polarity test of a single phase
transformer with the necessary circuit diagram.

1.The secondary winding terminals are also marked as a1

and a2, as shown in figure and the voltage measured across
it will be V2.
2. Now a voltmeter V3 is connected across A2 and
a2. if it measures the difference of V1 and V2, Then the
A2 and a are of the 2 same polarity.

3. If a voltmeter V3 measures the addition of V1 and

V2 then the A2 and a are of opposite 2 polarity.
5.If a voltmeter V measures the addition of and then the
3 V1 V2 A2 and are of opposite a2polarity
Trouble shooting Chart for 1Φ Induction Motor:

Motor Fault / Cause Remedies

Motor fails to start or Blowing of fuse • Replace fuse with

not Faults in starting Wrong connections proper type rating
supply circuit / Motor control circuit Check physically and
switch ON but does correct them
not start
Motor stalls Reduce load.
Over load Change type or size.
Wrong application Consult motor
manufacturer
Motor does not Power failure Check for loose
pick up rated Starter may be defective connections
to line
speed Check for starter contacts
and clean replace them
Motor overloaded Reduce load or load the
Motor runs hot / Unbalanced terminal motor as per its rating
Motor overheats voltage / supply voltage is Check for faulty leads
Winding too hig
overheating

1. Misalignment of Check and correct the balancing

misalignment of rotor or
rotor
Motor vibrates Bent shaft
rebalance rotor

Noisy operation 2. Misalignment of Check and correct the balancing

misalignment of rotor or
of motor rotor rebalance rotor
3. Bent shaft.
Explain the procedure to test electrical machine by direct testing with neat diagram.
Write any two merits and de-merits of it.
Direct Loading Test on Single Phase Transformer:

1. The load is increased step-by-step till secondary ammeter shows

the full load secondary current. Note down the reading of
wattmeter, voltmeters and ammeters
2. Determine the performance i.e., full load efficiency and
regulation of transformer. Efficiency: % Efficiency = [ Output
Power / Input Power] × 100%
= [ W2 / WI] × 100%
Voltage Regulation: Let us consider that no load
secondary voltage is 0V2 and full load secondary voltage
is V2 Direct Loading Test on Three Phase Induction Motor:

1. Reduce the load on the motor and finally unload it completely.

2. Switch-off the supply to stop the motor. 3. Note-down the effective
diameter of the brake drum. 5. Perform necessary calculations to
determine performance parameter Merits of Direct Loading Test:
1.Very simple method. 2. Very useful for small capacity machines
Demerits of Direct Loading Test: 1.More power consumption
c)
Prepare trouble shooting chart of three phase induction
motor for any three faults.

Problem Motor cause Remides

Motor stalls One phase may be open check supply reducd

Overload load

Motor fal to rotor defective check rotor start

& replace

Motor Overloaded reduce load as rating

Motor giving rotor unbalance correct unbalance

noise Rotor rubing starter correct shaft rotor

Wrong rotation wrong sequence phase reverse conections

at motor

Motor overheats broke rotor bars correct aligment

Hot bearing bent shaft replace shaft

genera Hot bearing ball overload bearing

replace bearing