Mafunzo ya ujasiriamali kwa vijana wa rika zote Tanzania nzima kuanzia mwaka 2024 na kuendeleza ili kupata kujifunza mbinu mbalimbali za ufanyaji wa biashara hapa nchini
Mafunzo ya ujasiriamali kwa vijana wa rika zote Tanzania nzima kuanzia mwaka 2024 na kuendeleza ili kupata kujifunza mbinu mbalimbali za ufanyaji wa biashara hapa nchini
Mafunzo ya ujasiriamali kwa vijana wa rika zote Tanzania nzima kuanzia mwaka 2024 na kuendeleza ili kupata kujifunza mbinu mbalimbali za ufanyaji wa biashara hapa nchini
Mafunzo ya ujasiriamali kwa vijana wa rika zote Tanzania nzima kuanzia mwaka 2024 na kuendeleza ili kupata kujifunza mbinu mbalimbali za ufanyaji wa biashara hapa nchini
Historical Perspective
«There are four world confere
convened by the United Natioi
quarter of a century have been i
elevating the cause of gender equali
center of the global agenda.
‘on women
In the past
umental in
“The conferences have united
community behind a set of co
with an effective plan of action for theadvancement of women everywhere, in all spheres
of public and private life.
> The struggle for gender equality was still in its
early stages at the inception of the United
Nations in 1945. Of the original 51 Member States,
only 30 allowed women equal voting rights with
men or permitted them to hold public office.
Nevertheless, the drafters of the United NationCharter had the foresight to deliberately refer to
the “equal rights of men and women” as they
declared the Organization's “faith in fundamental
human rights" and the “dignity and worth of the
human person”.
No previous international legal document had so
forcefully affirmed the equality of all human beings,or specifically targeted sex as a basis for
discrimination. At that moment, it became clear
that women's rights would be central to the work
that lay ahead.
During the first three decades, the work of the
United Nations on behalf of women focused
primarily on the codification of women's legal andCont..
+ civil rights, and
+ the gathering of data on the status of women
the world. ;
around
it became _ increasingly
With time, however,
apparent that laws, in and of themselves, were
not enough to ensure the equal rights of women.Cont..
The struggle for equality entered a second stage
with the convening of four world conferences by the
United Nations to develop strategies and plans of
action for the advancement of women.
> The efforts undertaken have gone through several
phases and transformations,
= from regarding women almost exclusively in terms
of their development needs,Cont..
= to recognizing their essential contributions to the
entire development process,
= to seeking their empowerment and
= the promotion of their right to full participation
at all levels of human activity.Mexico City: A Global Dialogue is Opened
The first world conference on the status of
women was convened in Mexico City to coincide
with the 1975 International Women's Year,
observed to remind the international community (
that discrimination against women continued to
be a persistent problem in much of the world.
Q The Conference, along with the United Nations
Decade for Women (1976-1985) proclaimed byCont..
the General Assembly five months later at the
urging of the Conference, launched a new era in
global efforts to promote the advancement of
women by opening a worldwide dialogue on gender
equality. A process was set in motion “a process of
learning” that would involve
+ deliberation,
+ negotiation,Cont..
+ setting objectives,
+ identifying obstacles and
+ reviewing the progress made.
Q The Mexico City Conference was called for by the
United Nations General Assembly to focus
international attention on the need
+ to develop future oriented goals,
- effective strategies _
\+ and plans of action for the advancement of
women.
QThus, the General Assembly identified three key
objectives that would become the basis for the
work of the United Nations on behalf of women:
1. Full gender equality and the elimination of
gender discrimination;
2. The integration and full participation of women
in development;Cont..
3. An increased contribution by women in the
strengthening of world peace.
The Conference responded by adopting a World
Plan of Action, a document that offered
guidelines for governments and the international
community to follow for the next ten years in
pursuit of the three key objectives set by the
General Assembly. |Cont..
The Plan of Action set minimum targets, to be met
by 1980, that focused on securing equal access for
women to resources such as education, employment
opportunities, political participation, health
services, housing, nutrition and family planning.
QThis approach marked a change, which had
started to take shape in the early 1970s, in the
way that women were perceivedWhereas previously women had been seen as passive
recipients of support and assistance, they were now
viewed as full and equal partners with men, with
equal rights to resources and opportunities. A
similar transformation was taking place in the
approach to development, with a shift from an
earlier belief that development served to advance
women,to a new consensus that development was not
possible without the full participation of women.
G The Conference called upon governments to
formulate national strategies and identify targets
and priorities in their effort to promote the equal
participation of women. By the end of the United
Nations Decade for Women, 127 Member States
had respondedby establishing some form of national machinery,
institutions dealing with the promotion of policy,
research and programmes aimed at women's
advancement and participation in development.
Q Within the United Nations system, in addition to
the already existing Branch (now Division) for the
Advancement of Women, the Mexico City
Conference led to the establishment ofthe International Research and Training Institute for
the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) and the
United Nations Development Fund for Women
(UNIFEM) to provide the institutional framework for
research, training and operational activities in the
area of women and development.a An important facet of the meeting in Mexico City
was that women themselves played an
instrumental role in shaping the discussion. Of the
133 Member State delegations gathered there,
113 were headed by women. Women also
organized a parallel NGO Forum, the International
Women's Year ‘Tribune, which attracted
approximately 4,000 participants.Q Differences emerged among the women gathered
at the Forum, reflecting the political and
economic realities of the times. Women from the
countries of the Eastern Block, for instance, were
most interested in issues of peace, while women
from the West emphasized equality and those
from the developing world placed priority on
development.However, the Forum played an important role in
bringing together women and men from different
cultures and backgrounds to share information and
opinions and to set in motion a process that would
help unite the women's movement, which by the
end of the Decade for Women would become truly
international.
The Forum was also instrumental in opening up the
United Nations to NGOs, who provided access forHowever, the Forum played an important role in
bringing together women and men from different
cultures and backgrounds to share information and
opinions and to set in motion a process that would
help unite the women's movement, which by the
end of the Decade for Women would become truly
international.
The Forum was also instrumental in opening up the
United Nations to NGOs, who provided access for2 Copenhagen: The Review Process Begins
There was a general consensus that significant
progress had been made as representatives of 145
Member States met in Copenhagen in 1980 for the
second world conference on women to review and
appraise the 1975 World Plan of Action.
Governments and the international community
had made strides toward achieving the targets set
out in Mexico City five years earlier.
fthem to report within one year of ratification, and
subsequently every four years, on the steps they
have taken to remove obstacles they face in
implementing the Convention. An Optional Protocol
to the Convention, enabling women victims of sex
discrimination to submit complaints to an
international treaty body, was opened for signature
on Human Rights Day, 10 December 1999.Despite the progress made, the Copenhagen
Conference recognized that signs of disparity
were beginning to emerge between rights secured
and women's ability to exercise these rights.
OTo address this issue, three areas were focused
on, these were:-
= equal access to education,
= employment opportunities and+ adequate health care services.
Q The deliberations at the Copenhagen Conference
took place in the shadow of political tensions,
some of them carried over from the Mexico City
Conference. Nevertheless, the Conference came
to a close with the adoption of a Programme of
Action, albeit not by consensus, which cited a
variety of factors for the discrepancy between _
legal rights and women's ability to exercise these
rights, including:Lack of sufficient involvement of men_ in
improving women's role in society;
Insufficient political will;
Lack of recognition of the value of women’s
contributions to society;
A shortage of women in decision-making positions;
Overall lack of necessary financial resources;ie role of women
+ Insufficient se
ratives, day-care
in national liOTo address these
Programme of
things, stronger na’
ensure women's
__ property,
the Copenhagen
for among other
d control of
= improvements in we heritance,
= child custody and t
= an end to stereot wards women.UTo address these concerns, the Copenhagen
Programme of Action called for, among other
things, stronger national measures
* to ensure women's ownership and control of
Property,
= improvements in women's rights to inheritance,
= child custody and loss of nationality.
= an end to stereotyped attitudes towards women.Cont..
a The women's movement, divided by world politics
and economic realities at the Mexico Conference,
had now become an international force unified
under the banner of equality, development and
peace. Behind this milestone lies a decade of
work. A lot of information, knowledge and
experience had been gathered through the
process of discussion, negotiation and revision.
‘3 Nairobi: “The Birth of Global Feminism”
aThe movement for gender equality had gained
true global recognition as the third world
conference on women, The World Conference to
Review and Appraise the Achievements of the
United Nations Decade for Women: Equality,
Development and Peace, was convened in Nairobi
in 1985. With 15,000 representatives of non-
governmental organizations attending the parallel
NGO Forum, many referred to the Conference as
the “birth of global feminism".O Delegates were confronted with shocking reports.
Data gathered by the United Nations revealed
that improvements in the status of women and
efforts to reduce discrimination had benefited
only a small minority of women. Improvements in
the situation of women in the developing world
had been marginal at best. In short, the
objectives of the second half of the United
Nations Decade for Women had not been met.This realization demanded that a new approach
be adopted. The Nairobi Conference was given
the mandate to seek new ways to overcome the
obstacles to achieving the Decade's goals”
equality, development and peace.
The Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies to the
Year 2000, the strategy developed and adopted by
consensus by the 157 participating governments,
was an updated blueprint for the future ofwomen to the end of the century. It broke new
ground as it declared all issues to be women's
issues. Women's participation in decision-making
and the handling of all human affairs was
recognized not only as their legitimate right but as
a social and political necessity that would have to
be incorporated in all institutions of society.Three basic categories of measures were identified:
1. Constitutional and legal steps;
2. Equality in social participation;
Equality in political participation and decision-
making
3.3 The measures recommended by the Nairobi Forward-
Looking Strategies covered a wide range of subjects,
from employment, health, education and social
services, to industry, science, communications and
the environment.
alIn addition, guidelines for national measures to
promote women's participation in efforts to promote
peace, as well as to assist women in special situations
of distress, were proposed.
;The Nairobi Conference urged governments to
delegate responsibilities for women’s issues to all
institutional offices and programmes.
G Following the Conference, the General Assembly
asked the United Nations to establish, where they
did not already exist, focal points on women's
issues in all sectors of the work of the
Organization.a The Nairobi Conference had introduced a wider
approach to the advancement of women. It was now
recognized that women’s equality, far from being an
isolated issue, encompassed every sphere of human
activity.
Therefore, women’s perspective and active
involvement on all issues, not only women's issues,
was essential if the goals and objectives of the
Decade for Women were to be attained.4. Beijing: Legacy of Success
While the efforts of the previous two decades,
starting with the Mexico City Conference in 1975,
had helped to improve women's conditions and
access to resources, they had not been able to
change the basic structure of inequality in the
relationship between men and women. Decisions
that affected all people's lives were still being made
mostly by men.Cont..
G Ways had to be sought to empower women so that
they could bring their own priorities and values as
equal partners with men in decision-making
processes at all levels.
GQ Recognition of the need to involve women in
decision-making had begun to emerge during the
course of the series of global conferences held by
the United Nations in the early 1990s on various
aspects of development ” the environment,Cont..
human rights, population and social development”.
GAIl the conferences had stressed the importance
of women's full participation in decision-making,
and women’s perspectives were incorporated into
the deliberations and the documents that were
adopted.
GQ However, it was with the next in the series of
conferences, the Fourth World Conference on
Women held in Beijing in 1995,that a new chapter in the struggle for gender
equality can truly be said to have begun.
The fundamental transformation that took place
in Beijing was the recognition of the need to shift
the focus from women to the concept of gender,
recognizing that the entire structure of society,
and all relations between men and women within
it, had to be re-evaluated.Cont..
Only by such a fundamental restructuring of
society and its institutions could women be fully
empowered to take their rightful place as equal
partners with men in all aspects of life.
QThis change represented a strong reaffirmation
that women's rights were human rights and that
gender equality was an issue of universal concern,
benefiting all.Cont..
a The Conference unanimously adopted the Beijing
Declaration and Platform for Action, that was in
essence an agenda for women’s empowerment
and stands as a milestone for the advancement of
women in the twenty-first century. The Platform
for Action specified twelve critical areas of
concern considered to represent the main
obstacles to women's advancement and which
required concrete action by Governments and
civil society:Cont..
Women and poverty
Education and training of women
Women and health
Violence against women
Women and armed conflict
Women and the economy
Women in power and decision making
Institutional mechanisms for the advancement ofCont..
Women
= Human rights of women
= Women and the media
« Women and the environment
* The girl childCont..
By adopting the Beijing Platform for Action,
governments committed themselves to the
effective inclusion of a gender dimension
throughout all their institutions, policies, planning
and decision making.
G Note: Before decisions were to be made or plans
to be implemented, an analysis should always be
made of the effects on, and needs of, both
women and men.Cont..
«For instance, instead of striving to make an
existing educational system gradually more
accessible to women, gender mainstreaming
would call for a reconstruction of the system so
that it would suit the needs of women and men
equally.
Q The introduction of gender mainstreaming called
for the re-examination of society in its entirety
and its basic structure of inequality. BCont..
The focus was, therefore, no longer limited to
women and their status in society but was
committed to restructuring institutions and
political and economic decision-making in society
as a whole.
ain endorsing the Platform for Action, the United
Nations General Assembly called upon all States,
the UN system and other _ internationalCont..
ganizations, as well as NGOs and the private
ctor to take action to implement its
recommendations.
Within Member States, national machineries that
had been established to promote the status of
women were assigned a new function as the
central policy-coordinating unit to mainstream a
gender perspective throughout all institutions and
programmes.
or
seCont..
a Within the United Nations system, the Secretary-
General designated a senior official to serve as his
Special Adviser on Gender Issues, whose role was
to ensure system-wide implementation of the
gender perspective in all aspects of the work of
the United Nations. The Organization was also
assigned a key role in the monitoring of the
Platform.Cont...
The Beijing Conference was considered a great
success, both in terms of its size and its outcome.
It was the largest gathering of government and
NGO representatives ever held, with 17,000 in
attendance, including representatives of 189
governments. The NGO Forum held parallel to the
Conference also broke all records, bringing the
combined number of participants to over 47,000.Cont..
U The presence and influence of NGOs, one of the most
active forces in the drive for gender equality, had
increased dramatically since the Mexico City
Conference in 1975. In Beijing, NGOs had directly
influenced the content of the Platform for Action and
they would play an important role in holding their
national leaders accountable for the commitments
they had made to implement the Platform.