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Investigations on Mathematical Modeling of Imaging Infrared (IIR) Missile

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DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-8297-4_31

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Investigations on Mathematical Modeling
of Imaging Infrared (IIR) Missile

Rahul Kakkar, Sohni Singh, Joginder Singh, Sumeet Goyal, Dishant Khosla,
and Manvinder Sharma

Abstract The IIR is the most advanced technology and the design is applicable to
many missiles which are projected to exist in the next decade. Infrared technology has
replaced the radar-guided missiles. The missile guidance system based on infrared
technology or the IIR seekers does not provide any indication that they are tracking
the missile and therefore called as passive devices. It has become very necessary
to study the defense strategy related to Infrared technology. The effectiveness of
the overall missile system is determined by the individual components and the key
parameters that describe them. The design equations corresponding to the efficiency
of different components used in the substems are discussed. The IIR seeker is a very
critical element used in the guidance system of the missiles. Many disciplines related
to the IIR missile such as signal processing, optics, microelectronics, manufacturing,
and stabilization are integrated together and are discussed in the paper.

Keywords IIR missile · IR seeker · Missile subsystem · Signal processing

R. Kakkar (B) · S. Singh · J. Singh · S. Goyal · D. Khosla · M. Sharma

Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, Punjab, India
e-mail: cgccoe.appsc.rk@gmail.com
S. Singh
e-mail: sohni.3841@cgc.edu.in
J. Singh
e-mail: joginder.appsci@cgc.edu.in
S. Goyal
e-mail: sumeet.coeapplied@cgc.edu.in
D. Khosla
e-mail: dishant.coeece@cgc.edu.in
M. Sharma
e-mail: manvinder.sharma@gmail.com

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive 381
license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
P. K. Singh et al. (eds.), Recent Innovations in Computing, Lecture Notes
in Electrical Engineering 701, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8297-4_31
382 R. Kakkar et al.

1 Introduction

In recent times, Infrared technology has replaced the radar-guided missiles and there-
fore Infrared guided missiles have become the most important weapon in the warfare.
The missiles guided by IR technology damaged the maximum number of aircrafts in
almost 20 years of war area [1]. So it has become very necessary to study the defense
strategy related to Infrared technology. In this type of guidance system, infrared light
emission is used to track the missile and then follow it [2, 3]. Radar seekers used
in the missile act as active devices as they clearly indicate that they are tracking or
following the enemy missile. But the missile guidance system based on infrared tech-
nology or the IIR seekers does not provide any indication that they are tracking the
missile and therefore called passive devices unlike the radar missiles [4]. IIR missile
seekers are used at longer ranges and for sneak attacks since their tracking is not
visible. IR devices were used first time in the era of World War II. The spatial prop-
erties of the sources detected in imaging missile are used in discriminating between
the target and clutter. The countermeasures are deployed to overcome the limitation
of temporal filtering used in infrared missiles due to which the spatial properties of
the source becomes difficult to extract. The infrared seeker employs discriminants in
large numbers which leads to the difficult development of countermeasure to over-
come the threats of IIR seekers [5, 6]. There are eight subsystems in the missile
system which is used to target the aircraft [7]. These subsystems are seeker, fuse,
warhead, propulsion, and flight control and data link. This is shown in Fig. 1.
The location of the IIR seeker used in the missile is in the forward. The function
of the seeker is to provide commands to the flight control so that the interception
of the aircraft target can take place in the missile. The infrared seeker consists of
several components [8]. The signal processor is used to work on the intensity of
signals and for generating the commands. The seeker needs to be protected from the
weather and forces and this job is done by infrared dome. The target energy needs to
be focused on the detector which is done by the optical system of IIR seeker used in
the missile [9–11]. The target jitter is minimized by the stabilizing system of the IIR
missile and to set the optical path between the point and the target [12]. The intensity

Fig. 1 Missile subsystem

Investigations on Mathematical Modeling of Imaging … 383

Fig. 2 Missile seeker flow diagram

signals are generated by the infrared detector. It also does the collection of target
photons. The IR guided missiles track and detect the target passively either hitting it
or burning it out. The missile head is always towards the target [11, 13]. The missile
does not shift instantaneously if the target moves and therefore the guidance system
of the missile must be robust in order to direct and intercept the target [14]. The
missile guidance laws determine the precision and effectiveness of the interception
of missiles. In guidance related to the target, the sensor collects the data related to
the target and make it real-time available. The missile is navigated towards the target
direction according to the data provided by IR sensor [15–17]. The flow diagram of
the seeker which determines the whole function of missile seeker is shown in Fig. 2.

2 Design Equation of IIR Missile

The supersonics speeds in the missiles of the enemy are so high that the domes used
in the missiles must be able to withstand it. The dome must be hard enough so that it
does not degrade with the damages provided by the environment such as dust, rain,
etc. The aerodynamic heating creates the thermal noise at supersonic speeds which
because noise source for infrared detectors [18]. Therefore, the materials having low
emissivity are used [19]. The optics of the IIR seeker are shielded by the dome. The
overall transmission of the missile is improved by using the dome equation. The
dome structure is given in Fig. 3.
384 R. Kakkar et al.

Fig. 3 Dome structure in IR missile

The thermal pressure and stress in the dome determine the thickness of the infrared
dome [20]. The dome equation is given as

I = I0 τdome = I0 e−(αdome )(tdome ) (1)

τdome is denoted as dome transmission

αdome is absorption coefficient and
tdome is denoted as the thickness of dome.
The properties of the material used in the dome and the geometry of the dome
defines the heat flux Qlim. The heat flux is given as

2R H
Q sTlim ≡ (2)
tdome
 σ (1 − ν)k
RH ≡ (3)
αT E

ν is denoted as Poisson’s ratio,

k is thermal conductivity,
E is denoted as Young’s modulus and
σ f is denoted by failure stress.
The actual heat flux is given by

Q actual = h ST (TST − Tiw ) (4)

Here,
h ST is the coefficient of heat transfer,
Tiw denotes the temperature of the interior wall of the dome,
TST denoted the temperature of the outer wall and is given as
Investigations on Mathematical Modeling of Imaging … 385
 
TST = Ta 1 + 0.17M 2 (5)

Ta is the ambient temperature and M is the match number.

The pressure differential between the outer and inner walls of the dome determines
the thickness of the dome. The expression is given as
  23
tdome 2 P
= 0.7 × DSF 3 × (6)
R σf

The design safety factor is given by DSF which is assumed to be 4. The dome
thickness can be minimized by using the equations given above [21, 22]. The reflec-
tivity of the dome material is given by R. The emissivity of the dome εdome is given
as
 
(1 − r ) 1 − e−αdome tdome
εdome = (7)
1 − r e−αdome tdome

3 IR Detectors and Signal Processing

The detectors used in the IIR missile seekers are quite different from others as they
use more than one detector for the reconstruction of image. If single detector is used,
then it faces the problem of low sensitivity. Therefore the scanning of the images
should be done in line rather than using single detector for a better Field of View
(FOV). Focal plane arrays are used to provide higher sensitivity and need not to be
scanned [23]. The design of the seeker using focal plane arrays is shown in Fig. 4.
There is a beam splitter inserted in the optical path to split the light to next FPA. The
support lenses are placed to collect the light [24].

Fig. 4 Design of a FPA seeker used in IIR missile

386 R. Kakkar et al.

The multiplexing readouts are used in FPA for high sensitivity which adjusts the
current gain. The readout gives the current gain the signal and is dependent on the
transconductance of MOSFET given by gm , the dynamic resistance of IR detector
given by Rdet and Ctot which is denoted by total capacitance. The readout A1 is given
as
gm
A1 = ηinj
gm,load
gm,load Rdet 1
ηinj = (8)
1 + gm,load Rdet 1 + 1+g
jωCtot Rdet
mR det

The technology of the infrared detectors used in IIR missiles is growing very
rapidly in the overall development of the seeker. The detector chips used in the seeker
should be integrated, powerful, and much smaller. The IR detectors are integrated
on the electronic readouts placed on the focal plane since the charged couple devices
have been invented. The image resolution is one of the important factors of the
IR detector to have a perfect scanned image of the target aircraft. The number of
detectors used and the optical aperture of the infrared seeker are the functions of
image resolution. Since the invention of the silicon integrated circuits, the size and
complexity of the IR detectors used in IIR missiles have been significantly reduced
[25]. The signal processing in the subsystem of infrared seeker used in IIR missiles
will be digital in nature. The digital systems whose quality is determined by the speed
of the signal processing. The material properties define the quantum efficiencies of
the IIR missile. The quantum efficiency is increased by using more than one reflective
layer. An active layer is included in the IR detector which absorbs all the radiation.
80–90% efficiency is achieved if the material used in the IR detector is HgCdTe for
dual bands. The expression used for computing the quantum efficiency is given as
   
A = (1 − R) 1 − e−ad / 1 − Re−ad
 
T = 1 − e−d/L L/d
EH
dN
dE
P(E)dE  
EL E F + φB dN 1
ηi = ; P(E) = 1 − , = Nν E 2 (9)

E F+hν
dN
E dE
dE
dE
hν

where,
A is absorptance,
T denotes transport efficiency,
d is the thickness of layer and
L denotes the mean free path.
Investigations on Mathematical Modeling of Imaging … 387

4 Missile Guidance Subsystem

Missile guidance means how the missile navigates their path accurately to the target.
The basic idea of the missile guidance is shown in Fig. 5.
The operations performed by the missile guidance include tracking and detecting
the target, guide the missile, and suppress the noise. The fixed pattern noise is
suppressed by electronic sensors. While processing in space, the registration of the
scene is a very important step. The sensors used in IIR missiles should be carefully
analyzed. The CNR (contrast to noise ratio) and the revealing and hiding of the
features must be carefully addressed [26]. The efficiency of the scene registration is
determined by the following equation
−
→ −
→ −
→− →
→ −  S ∗ k , ω D k , ω ei k . x 0
MFO −
1
x0 , →
v = −
→
Nx N y kω P k ,ω
−
→ −
→ −
→→
S ∗ k , ω = MTF k f ∗ ω − k .−
v (10)

Here,
The matched filter output is given by MFO,
S ∗ is the expected signal FFT,
k is wave number,
v is velocity,
−
→
MTF k is the transfer function of the system.
Detection of the target is the next step in scene registration. This involves two
operations: first, the filtering operation is applied and then the threshold operation.
The convolution of original image I(x, y) and transfer function h(x, y) is done in the
filter to obtain the processed image I o (x, y). The target signal is enhanced using the
filter and the unwanted signals are suppressed. The filter equation is given as

Fig. 5 Missile guidance concept

388 R. Kakkar et al.

 
I (x, y) = I0 (x0 , y0 )h x − x 0 , y − y 0 dxdy (11)

The interception of the target is done using the guidance laws in the missile
guidance. The acceleration command of the missile is given for the proportional
navigation of the missile and for the target to properly intercept. There are many
factors on which the acceleration command of the missile, Am β depends such as β,
the line of sight angle, velocity V c , navigation gain N, and the acceleration of the
target A Tβ . The expression is given as

N
Am β = N Vc β̇ + AT (12)
2 β

5 Conclusion

Infrared technology has replaced the radar-guided missiles and therefore Infrared
guided missiles have become the most important weapon in warfare. The missile
guidance system based on infrared technology or the IIR seekers do not provide any
indication that they are tracking the missile and therefore called as passive devices
unlike the radar missiles. Since these missiles have always their head towards the
target, they either catch the target or burn it out. Therefore, the guidance system of
the missile must be robust so that the target is detected easily. The equations related
to the missile guidance system are discussed in the paper. Many missile guidance
laws govern the missile intercept which further determines the effectiveness of the
missile.

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