AP BIOLOGY Scoring Guide

Unit 2 Practice B

1. Which of the following best explains how molecules such as and can move across the membrane of a
cell?
The majority of the cell membrane contains protein channels that allow this type of molecule into the
(A)
cell.
(B) The majority of the cell membrane is nonpolar, which allows small, nonpolar molecules to freely cross.
The phospholipids of the membrane are tightly packed, so only small molecules and ions can fit between
(C)
phospholipids.
is hydrolyzed to provide energy to help and move against their concentration gradient
(D)
and across the membrane.

2. Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular
organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?
(A) Eukaryotic cells are able to reproduce faster because of the presence of organelles.
(B) Some organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, are similar to prokaryotic cells in structure.
(C) Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency.
(D) Compartmentalization leads to a higher mutation rate in DNA, which leads to more new species.

3. In a mesophyll cell of a leaf, the synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following?

I. Ribosomes
II. Mitochondria
III. Chloroplasts
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III

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Unit 2 Practice B

4.

The last part of the metamorphosis of a tadpole to an adult frog results in the disappearance of the tail. This stage of
development most likely occurs by

(A) cells of the tail dying and the nutrients being absorbed and reused by the body
(B) shedding of the tail so energy is not spent on maintenance of an unneeded part
(C) bilateral division of the tail and fusion with the developing hind limbs
(D) individual cells of the tail migrating to the developing gonads

5.

The figure above shows a series of microscope images taken over time of ovalbumin production in chick oviduct
cells in response to stimulation with estrogen. The ovalbumin protein was detected using a fluorescent dye as shown
by the white areas in the time-lapse sequence.

The microscope images indicate that ovalbumin

is synthesized on soluble ribosomes and packaged into lysosomes, from which it is secreted into the
(A)
oviduct
is synthesized on ribosomes bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and then secreted directly into
(B)
the oviduct
crosses the endoplasmic reticulum membrane as it is translated, then moves to the Golgi apparatus, then
(C)
to vesicles from which it is secreted
crosses the Golgi apparatus membrane post-translationally, is taken up by the Golgi apparatus and
(D)
endoplasmic reticulum, then is packaged into secretory vesicles

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Unit 2 Practice B

6. Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those
typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?
(A) The mitochondrion is the only location in which eukaryotic cells can synthesize ATP.
An ancestral cell most likely engulfed anaerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for
(B)
both cells.
Mitochondrial membranes provide abundant surface area for reactions because of the infoldings called
(C)
cristae.
(D) The mitochondrion plays a role in respiration, but it also stores the cell’s extra mRNA.

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Unit 2 Practice B

7. Read each question carefully. Write your response in the space provided for each part of each question.
Answers must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not
acceptable and will not be scored.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the energy-processing organelles of eukaryotic cells. Both organelles contain
outer and inner membranes. The inner membrane of the mitochondrion contains many folds. The chloroplasts
have a third membrane forming the thylakoids. Molecules such as enzymes responsible for the synthesis of ATP
are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion and the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.

(a) Describe the importance of the inner membranes separating different regions of the mitochondrion and the
chloroplast.

(b) Based on the diagram, describe how the structure of these organelles controls movement across the
membranes.

(c) Complete the table to represent the relationship between volume and surface area of a spherical structure
surrounded by a membrane.

Radius Volume Surface Area Ratio of Volume to Surface Area

:
:

(d) Explain how the folding of the mitochondrial inner membrane and the many individual chloroplast thylakoids
are beneficial to a cell that is carrying out chemical reactions.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response

0 1

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Unit 2 Practice B

The response indicates that the inner membranes permit different reactions to occur in different regions of the organelles.

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response indicates one of the following.

Membrane selective permeability

Compartmentalization
Surface area
Active transport

Part C

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response shows a completed table with the correct values in the Volume, Surface Area, and Ratio of Volume to
Surface Area columns.

Part D

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response indicates that the folding increases surface area (as in part c) so that the membrane can hold more enzymes,
and more reactions (e.g., production) can take place than if less surface area was present).

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Unit 2 Practice B

8. Which of the following best explains how the extensive folding of the inner mitochondrial membrane benefits a
eukaryotic cell?
(A) It enlarges the volume of the matrix, which allows for more enzymatic reactions.
(B) It increases the area available for proteins involved in energy transfer.
(C) It allows for greater area for the diffusion of water into and out of the mitochondria.
(D) It provides better insulation for reactions in the matrix from conditions outside the mitochondria.

9. Muscle cells have high demands. Which of the following is a scientific claim about how the structure of the
mitochondria in muscle cells should be different than it is in other cells because of the high energy demands of
mitochondria?
The inner membrane of the mitochondria in muscle cells should have more folds to increase the surface
(A)
area, allowing more to be synthesized.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria in muscle cells should be more permeable to large enzymes,
(B)
allowing the same reactions to occur in both compartments of the mitochondria.
The outer membrane of the mitochondria in muscle cells should be thicker, allowing more rapid
(C)
diffusion of molecules into the mitochondria.
The outer membrane of the mitochondria of muscle cells should have more folds, increasing the surface
(D)
area for faster diffusion of molecules from the cytoplasm.

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Unit 2 Practice B

10. A student conducted an experiment to determine the molar concentration of solutes in chicken eggs. Eggs were
soaked in vinegar to remove the shells. The eggs were then placed in sucrose solutions of different concentrations.
The data are shown in the table below.

a. Using the most appropriate data, construct a labeled graph on the axes provided below to best illustrate
water movement into and out of the egg. Explain why there is a difference in percent of mass change of
the eggs in the different sucrose solutions.

b. Using the data, determine the molar concentration of chicken egg cytoplasm and justify your answer.

c. Movement of water and nutrients is critical for the survival of plants. Using the concept of water
potential, explain the role of positive and negative pressure in the transport of water and nutrients
throughout a vascular plant.

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 Scoring Guide

Unit 2 Practice B

Part A

6 points are earned maximum

Graph (4 points maximum)

1— Title, labels of axes (X must be molar concentration, Y may be change jn mass or % change in mass)

1— Appropriate data selected (molar concentration vs. % change in mass)

1— Axis and data correctly scaled

1— Line graph correctly plotted according to data selected (X and Y axis positions are correct)

Explanation (2 points maximum)

1— Egg gains mass if solute concentration is lower outside of egg (hypotonic) causing water to move into egg

1— Egg loses mass if solute concentration is higher outside of egg (hypertonic) causing water to move out of egg

1— Water moves from low solute/high water concentration to high solute/low water concentration

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

The student response earns all of the following points:

6 points are earned maximum

Graph (4 points maximum)

1— Title, labels of axes (X must be molar concentration, Y may be change jn mass or % change in mass)

1— Appropriate data selected (molar concentration vs. % change in mass)

1— Axis and data correctly scaled

1— Line graph correctly plotted according to data selected (X and Y axis positions are correct)

Explanation (2 points maximum)

1— Egg gains mass if solute concentration is lower outside of egg (hypotonic) causing water to move into egg

1— Egg loses mass if solute concentration is higher outside of egg (hypertonic) causing water to move out of egg

1— Water moves from low solute/high water concentration to high solute/low water concentration

Part B

2 points are earned maximum

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Unit 2 Practice B

1— Correct molar concentration based on graph -0.32M (0.3M to 0.5M)

1— Explanation: When y = 0, no change in mass = no net water movement = isotonic = solute concentration inside egg
and outside egg are the same

0 1 2

The student response earns all of the following points:

2 points are earned maximum

1— Correct molar concentration based on graph -0.32M (0.3M to 0.5M)

1— Explanation: When y = 0, no change in mass = no net water movement = isotonic = solute concentration inside egg
and outside egg are the same

Part C

1 point is earned per bullet; 4 points are earned maximum

1— Water moves from areas with high water potential to areas with low water potential

1— Water potential has 2 components, solute and pressure

Transpirational movement of water and mineral nutrients

1—Loss of water from leaves to the atmosphere due to lower water potential of the air (transpiration)

1—Because of the cohesive property of water, water loss from leaves pulls replacement water molecules up from the
xylem/soil

1—Water in the xylem is under tension because of lower water potential of the air (negative pressure)

Guttation

1—Root pressure (positive pressure) develops as ions enter the xylem, lowering water potential and causing osmosis into
xylem

1—Positive pressure in xylem moves water out of plants at leaf tips through hydathodes (guttation)

Phloem transport of sugars

1—Phloem cells accumulate sugars, which lowers the water potential of phloem cells

1—Loading phloem cells with sugars causes osmosis into the phloem cell; cell walls support buildup of water pressure in
phloem

1—Unloading of sugar from phloem cells lowers water potential or pressure, resulting in loss of water from phloem cells

1—Water potential/pressure differential in phloem moves sugar solution through phloem (source to sink)

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Unit 2 Practice B

0 1 2 3 4

The student response earns all of the following points:

1 point is earned per bullet; 4 points are earned maximum

1— Water moves from areas with high water potential to areas with low water potential

1— Water potential has 2 components, solute and pressure

Transpirational movement of water and mineral nutrients

1—Loss of water from leaves to the atmosphere due to lower water potential of the air (transpiration)

1—Because of the cohesive property of water, water loss from leaves pulls replacement water molecules up from the
xylem/soil

1—Water in the xylem is under tension because of lower water potential of the air (negative pressure)

Guttation

1—Root pressure (positive pressure) develops as ions enter the xylem, lowering water potential and causing osmosis into
xylem

1—Positive pressure in xylem moves water out of plants at leaf tips through hydathodes (guttation)

Phloem transport of sugars

1—Phloem cells accumulate sugars, which lowers the water potential of phloem cells

1—Loading phloem cells with sugars causes osmosis into the phloem cell; cell walls support buildup of water pressure in
phloem

1—Unloading of sugar from phloem cells lowers water potential or pressure, resulting in loss of water from phloem cells

1—Water potential/pressure differential in phloem moves sugar solution through phloem (source to sink)

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Unit 2 Practice B

11. Read each question carefully. Write your response in the space provided for each part of each question. Answers
must be written out in paragraph form. Outlines, bulleted lists, or diagrams alone are not acceptable and will not
be scored.

TABLE 1. CHANGES IN MORNING GLORY PETAL CELLS DURING FLOWER OPENING

The petal color of the Mexican morning glory (Ipomoea tricolor) changes from red to blue, and the petal cells
swell during flower opening. The pigment heavenly blue anthocyanin is found in the vacuole of petal cells. Petal
color is determined by the of the vacuole. A model of a morning glory petal cell before and after flower
opening is shown in Table .

(a) Identify the cellular component in the model that is responsible for the increase in the of the vacuole
during flower opening AND describe the component’s role in changing the of the vacuole.

(b) A researcher claims that the activation of the transport protein causes the vacuole to swell with water.
Provide reasoning to support the researcher’s claim.

Part A

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1 2

The response includes both of the following criteria.

· The ( / ) transport protein is identified as the cellular component responsible for the increase in
.
· The component’s role is described as moving out of the vacuole.

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Unit 2 Practice B

Part B

Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples and to score the response.

0 1

The response includes one of the following reasonings.

· The concentration of solute ( ) is increasing inside the vacuole.

· The solute ( ) is moving into the vacuole, making it hypertonic/hyperosmotic/lowering water potential.

12. Which of the following statements is true regarding the movement of substances across cell membranes?
Ions are unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the nonpolar tail regions of the
(A)
phospholipids are hydrophobic.
Ions are able to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the polar head regions of the
(B)
phospholipids are charged.
Water is able to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the nonpolar tail regions of the
(C)
phospholipids are charged.
Water is unable to move through the phospholipid bilayer because the polar head regions of the
(D)
phospholipids are charged.

13.

Figure 1. A single cell from the epithelial layer lining the intestine, illustrating movement of glucose and Na+
from the intestinal lumen to the blood

Glucose and sodium move from the lumen of the small intestine into the blood via transport proteins in the
epithelial cells lining the small intestine (Figure 1). Based on Figure 1, describe the direct source of energy used
to move glucose into the epithelial cell from the intestinal lumen. Explain how this system maximizes glucose
absorption from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells and from the epithelial cells into the blood.

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 Scoring Guide

Unit 2 Practice B

General

3 point(s) maximum

Description (1 point)

• Energy from the sodium gradient

Explanation (2 points maximum)

• The Na+/K+ pump maintains the sodium concentration gradient and allows for the cotransport of glucose

• The symport/inflow of glucose maintains a glucose concentration gradient between the epithelial cells and the blood and
allows for (facilitated) diffusion of glucose

• The microvilli/folds on the lumen side of the epithelial cell provide more surface area for uptake of glucose into the
epithelial cell

0 1 2 3

Student response earns 3 of the following 3 points

3 point(s) maximum

Description (1 point)

• Energy from the sodium gradient

Explanation (2 points maximum)

• The Na+/K+ pump maintains the sodium concentration gradient and allows for the cotransport of glucose

• The symport/inflow of glucose maintains a glucose concentration gradient between the epithelial cells and the blood and
allows for (facilitated) diffusion of glucose

• The microvilli/folds on the lumen side of the epithelial cell provide more surface area for uptake of glucose into the
epithelial cell

Directions: Answers must be in essay form. Outline form is not acceptable. Labeled diagrams may be used to supplement
discussion, but in no case will a diagram alone suffice. It is important that you read each question completely before you
begin.

A molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) has just been synthesized in the nucleus of a human cell.

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 Scoring Guide

Unit 2 Practice B

14. If the cell is a secretory cell, how is the protein from part (b) eventually targeted, packaged, and secreted to the
exterior of the cell?

General

3 points maximum

One point for each of the following explanations/identifications:

• Role of chaperones in folding a polypeptide into the protein

• Modification of the protein or addition of sugars and/or phosphate

• Concept of the endomembrane system (description of protein moving from ER to Golgi to vesicles)

• Exocytosis through the fusion of the vesicle with the cell membrane

0 1 2 3

Student response earns all of the available points.

3 points maximum

One point for each of the following explanations/identifications:

• Role of chaperones in folding a polypeptide into the protein

• Modification of the protein or addition of sugars and/or phosphate

• Concept of the endomembrane system (description of protein moving from ER to Golgi to vesicles)

• Exocytosis through the fusion of the vesicle with the cell membrane

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Unit 2 Practice B

15. The table below provides a comparison of nitrogenous waste production in selected organisms.

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the data in the table?
In response to the hypotonic environment in which freshwater fish live, they excrete ammonia in
(A)
concentrated urine or across their gills.
(B) The kidneys of reptiles and birds are highly efficient because little water is needed to excrete uric acid.
Birds excrete ammonia in addition to uric acid, and the ratio of the two substances is independent of
(C)
whether the birds are primarily terrestrial or aquatic species.
The similar regulation of extracellular fluid volume and composition in all the organisms suggests
(D)
conservation of kidney structure throughout evolution.

16. The function of which of the following organelles directly requires oxygen?
(A) Ribosome
(B) Mitochondrion
(C) Nucleus
(D) Centriole
(E) Golgi apparatus

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Unit 2 Practice B

17.

Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an
experimental investigation, paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the
contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the
solutions, as shown in the graph. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?
At higher osmolarity, lower rates of contraction are required because more salt diffuses into the
(A)
paramecia.
The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the
(B)
paramecia by osmosis increases.
The contractile vacuole is less efficient in solutions of high osmolarity because of the reduced amount of
(C)
ATP produced from cellular respiration.
In an isosmotic salt solution, there is no diffusion of water into or out of the paramecia, so the
(D)
contraction rate is zero.

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Unit 2 Practice B

18.

Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an
experimental investigation, paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the
contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the
solutions, as shown in the graph. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?
At higher osmolarity, lower rates of contraction are required because more salt diffuses into the
(A)
paramecia.
The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the
(B)
paramecia by osmosis increases.
The contractile vacuole is less efficient in solutions of high osmolarity because of the reduced amount of
(C)
ATP produced from cellular respiration.
In an isosmotic salt solution, there is no diffusion of water into or out of the paramecia, so the
(D)
contraction rate is zero.

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 Scoring Guide

Unit 2 Practice B

Figure 1. Effect of increasing concentrations of atovaquone on the growth of P.

falciparum

Malaria is a human disease caused by the eukaryotic parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The enzyme dihydroorotate
dehydrogenase (DHODH) is essential for the synthesis of pyrimidine bases, including thymine (T), cytosine (C), and
uracil (U), in P. falciparum. To synthesize these bases, DHODH requires electrons that are donated by the electron
transport chain protein cytochrome b. Atovaquone is a drug that irreversibly binds to cytochrome b and inhibits the
growth of P. falciparum (Figure 1).

19. Identify the cellular location where cytochrome bis most likely found.

Part C

Identification (1 point)

Mitochondria

0 1

Student earns 1/1 point(s)

Identification (1 point)

Mitochondria

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Unit 2 Practice B

20. Which of the following statements best explains the processes of passive and active transport?
Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that requires
(A) metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that does
not require energy.
Passive transport is the net movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not require
(B) metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances up a concentration gradient that
requires energy.
Passive transport is the net movement of substances up a concentration gradient that requires metabolic
(C) energy. Active transport is the movement of substances down a concentration gradient that does not
require metabolic energy.
Passive transport is the net movement of substances up a concentration gradient that does not require
(D) metabolic energy. Active transport is the movement of substances down a concentration gradient that
requires energy.

21. A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the nonspecific (innate) immune response.
Which of the following illustrations best represents the response?

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 Scoring Guide

Unit 2 Practice B

(A)

(B)

(C)

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Unit 2 Practice B

(D)

22. A pathogenic bacterium has been engulfed by a phagocytic cell as part of the nonspecific (innate) immune response.
Which of the following illustrations best represents the response?

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Unit 2 Practice B

(A)

(B)

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Unit 2 Practice B

(C)

(D)

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Unit 2 Practice B

23. In an experiment, cells were isolated from an aquatic plant and suspended in pond water, a sucrose sugar solution,
or distilled water. All of the cells were then viewed under a microscope. Compared with the cell in the pond water,
the cell in the sugar solution appeared shriveled, and the cell in the distilled water appeared inflated. The results of
the experiment are represented in Figure 1.

Figure 1. The results of an experiment using aquatic plant cells

Which of the following statements best explains the observations represented in Figure 1 ?
There was a net movement of sucrose out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net
(A)
movement of sucrose into the cell suspended in the distilled water.
There was a net movement of sucrose into the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement
(B)
of sucrose out of the cell suspended in the distilled water.
There was a net movement of water out of the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement
(C)
of water into the cell suspended in the distilled water.
There was a net movement of water into the cell suspended in the sugar solution and a net movement of
(D)
water out of the cell suspended in the distilled water.

24. Which of the following are characteristic of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
(A) Cytoplasm and a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a membrane
(B) Membranous sites of ATP synthesis, Golgi complex, and ribosomes
(C) Mitochondria, nucleus, and ribosomes
(D) Cell wall, several chromosomes, and cytoplasm
(E) Cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, and RNA

25. A prokaryotic cell has which of the following?

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Unit 2 Practice B

(A) Centrioles
(B) Lysosomes
(C) Plasma membrane
(D) Mitochondria
(E) Endoplasmic reticulum

26. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?
(A) A membrane-bound nucleus
(B) A cell wall made of cellulose
(C) Ribosomes
(D) Flagella or cilia that contain microtubules
(E) Linear chromosomes made of DNA and protein

27. Which of the following groups of cellular components are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?
(A) Ribosomes, a nucleus, and chloroplasts
(B) Circular chromosomes, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum
(C) A nucleus, ribosomes, and cell walls
(D) An endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and a nucleus

Directions: Answers must be in essay form. Outline form is not acceptable. Labeled diagrams may be used to supplement
discussion, but in no case will a diagram alone suffice. It is important that you read each question completely before you
begin.

Proteins–large complex molecules–are major building blocks of all living organisms. Discuss the following in relation to
proteins.

28. The roles of proteins in membrane structure and transport of molecules across the membrane

General

4 points maximum

Role in membrane structure - 2 points maximum

1 point - description of integral and/or peripheral proteins
1 point - membrane synthesis
1 point - defines membrane sidedness

Membrane function other than transport

1 point - receptors
1 point - enzymes
1 point - cell to cell communication

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Unit 2 Practice B

1 point - anchoring of cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix

1 point - spatial configuration of reaction pathways (e.g., electron transport system)
1 point - cell recognition
1 point - cell junctions

Role in transport - 3 points maximum

1 point - transport proteins may be specific
1 point - process may require direct input of energy (e.g., use of ATP)
1 point - description of transport mechanisms (bind molecule, conformational change, release molecule) or description of
how proteins form channels and move molecules through them

Elaboration - 1 point
• description of a specific transport system (e.g., ATP synthase,

pump, receptor mediated endocytosis)

• description of chemiosmosis
• more than one molecule transported (e.g., symport, antiport)
• may be regulated by electrical or chemical stimuli (gated channels)

0 1 2 3 4

Student response earns four of the available points.

4 points maximum

Role in membrane structure - 2 points maximum

1 point - description of integral and/or peripheral proteins
1 point - membrane synthesis
1 point - defines membrane sidedness

Membrane function other than transport

1 point - receptors
1 point - enzymes
1 point - cell to cell communication
1 point - anchoring of cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix
1 point - spatial configuration of reaction pathways (e.g., electron transport system)
1 point - cell recognition
1 point - cell junctions

Role in transport - 3 points maximum

1 point - transport proteins may be specific
1 point - process may require direct input of energy (e.g., use of ATP)
1 point - description of transport mechanisms (bind molecule, conformational change, release molecule) or description of

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Unit 2 Practice B

how proteins form channels and move molecules through them

Elaboration - 1 point
• description of a specific transport system (e.g., ATP synthase,

pump, receptor mediated endocytosis)

• description of chemiosmosis
• more than one molecule transported (e.g., symport, antiport)
• may be regulated by electrical or chemical stimuli (gated channels)

29.

A student placed a semipermeable membrane inside a U-shaped channel with two chambers, as shown. The
membrane permits the movement of water but not salt. The student wants to vary the rate of osmosis that occurs
across the membrane. Which of the following experimental designs will result in the fastest net rate of water
movement into chamber A?

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Unit 2 Practice B

(A) Placing salt water in chamber A and distilled water in chamber B

(B) Placing distilled water in both chambers
(C) Placing distilled water in chamber A and salt water in chamber B
(D) Placing salt water in both chambers

30. The salinity of a small inland lake has recently started to increase. Researchers are planning to study the lake over
several decades to investigate how freshwater organisms survive significant changes in their natural habitat. Which
of the following physiological mechanisms will the researchers most likely observe among the surviving organisms
in the lake?
Prokaryotic organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract swelling of cells as a result of
(A)
increased water uptake.
Single-celled organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the increased flow of water from
(B)
cells to the environment.
Eukaryotic organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the diffusion of positively charged ions
(C)
across the cell membrane.
Multicellular organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the loss of cell adhesion as a result of
(D)
calcium deficiencies.

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