EduRev Sign in Open App

UPSC Exam > UPSC Notes > History for UPSC

CSE > Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

Spectrum Summary: The

Revolt of 1857 | History for
UPSC CSE PDF Download

Table of contents

Introduction

Simmering discontent

The Revolt of 1857 - The Major Causes

Beginning and Spread of the Revolt

Suppression of the Revolt

The British Resistance

View More

Introduction
All the previous documents that you
have read is to gather knowledge about
the background events. In this EduRev
document you will reading about the
first war of independence which
considered as the starting point of the
unity between people across the
country. You will read about what are
the causes that led to this war and what
is outcome of this and how company
rule ended and crown rule started in our
country.

Simmering discontent
In 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, the
British laid the first step towards
getting power in northern India, And
in 1857 took place the major "Revolt"
which was a product of the character
and policies of colonial rule after
1757, and after which noteworthy
changes took place in the British policy
of ruling over India.
The cumulative effect of British
expansionist policies,
economic exploitation, and
administrative innovations over the
years had adversely affected the
positions of all—rulers of Indian states,
sepoys, zamindars, peasants, traders,
artisans, pundits, maulvis, etc. The
simmering discontent burst in the form
of a violent storm in 1857 which shook
the British empire in India to its very
foundations.
However, the period between 1757 and
1857 was not all peaceful and trouble-
free, it saw a series of sporadic popular
outbursts in the form of religiopolitical
violence, tribal movements, peasant
uprisings, and agrarian riots, and civil
rebellions. Enhanced revenue demands
—even in famine years - caused anger.

The Revolt of 1857 - The

Major Causes

Economic Causes
The colonial policies of the East India
Company destroyed the traditional
economic fabric of Indian society.
British rule also meant misery to the
artisans and handicrafts people.
The annexation of Indian states by the
Company cut off their major source of
patronage.
The Indian trade and mercantile class
were deliberately crippled by the
British who imposed high tariff duties
on Indian-made goods.
At the same time, the import of British
goods into India attracted low tariffs,
thus encouraging their entry into India.
Free Trade and refusal to impose
protective duties against the machine-
made goods from Britain, simply killed
Indian manufacture.
Zamindars, the traditional landed
aristocracy, often saw their land rights
forfeited with frequent use of a quo
warranto by the administration.
Example- In Awadh, the storm center
of the revolt, 21,000 taluqdars had
their estates confiscated and suddenly
found themselves without a source of
income, "unable to work, ashamed to
beg, condemned to penury".
The ruin of the Indian industry
increased the pressure on agriculture
and land.

Political Causes
The East India Company’s greedy
policy of aggrandizement
accompanied by broken pledges and
promises resulted in contempt for the
Company and loss of political prestige,
besides causing suspicion in the minds
of almost all the ruling princes in India,
through policies as of 'Effective
Control’, 'Subsidiary Alliance' and
'Doctrine of Lapse'.
The collapse of rulers—the erstwhile
aristocracy—also adversely affected
those sections of the Indian society.

1 Crore+ students have signed up on EduRev.

Have you?

Download the App

Administrative Causes
Rampant corruption in the Company’s
administration, especially among the
police, petty officials, and lower law
courts, was a major cause of discontent.

Socio-Religious Causes
Racial overtones and a superiority
complex characterized the British
administrative attitude towards the
native Indian population.
The government’s decision to tax
mosque and temple lands and making
laws such as the Religious Disabilities
Act, 1856.

Influence of Outside Events

The revolt of 1857 coincided with
certain outside events in which the
British suffered serious losses—the
First Afghan War (1838-42), Punjab
Wars (1845-49), and the Crimean
Wars (1854-56).

Discontent Among Sepoys

The conditions of service in the
Company's Army and cantonments
increasingly came into conflict with the
religious beliefs and prejudices of the
sepoys.
In 1856, Lord Canning's government
passed the General Service Enlistment
Act which decreed that all future recruits
to the Bengal Army would have to give an
undertaking to serve anywhere their
services might be required by the
government. This caused resentment.
The immediate cause of the sepoys'
dissatisfaction was the order that they
would not be given the foreign service
allowance (Bhatta) when serving in Sindh
or in Punjab.
History of revolts in the British Indian
Army—in Bengal (1764), Vellore (1806),
Barrackpore (1825), and during the
Afghan Wars (1838-42).

Question for Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

Try yourself: Which battle is

considered as the battle which gave
initial power to the company?

a. Battle of Haldighati

b. Battle of Wandiwash

c. Battle of Plassey

d. Battle of Buxar

View Solution

Beginning and Spread of the

Revolt
The Spark

The reports about the mixing of bone

dust in atta (flour) and the introduction
of the Enfield rifle enhanced the
sepoy's growing disaffection with the
government.
The greased wrapping paper of the
cartridge of the new rifle had to be
bitten off before loading and the grease
was reportedly made of beef and
pig fat.

This doc is part of

History for UPSC CSE
129 videos | 498 docs | 182 tests

Join course for free

Starts at Meerut
The revolt began at Meerut, 58 km
from Delhi, on May 10, 1857, and then,
gathering force rapidly, soon embraced
a vast area from Punjab in the north
and the Narmada in the south to Bihar
in the east and Rajputana in the west.
Sepoy of the 34th Native Infantry,
Mangal Pande, went a step further and
fired at the sergeant major of his unit at
Barrackpore.
On April 24, ninety men of the 3rd
Native Cavalry refused to accept the
greased cartridges.
On May 9, eighty-five of them were
dismissed, sentenced to 10 years
imprisonment, and put in fetters.
On May 10, they released their
imprisoned comrades, killed their
officers, and unfurled the banner of
revolt.

Choice of Bahadur Shah as

Symbolic Head

This spontaneous raising of the last

Mughal king to the leadership of the
country was a recognition of the fact
that the long reign of the
Mughal dynasty had become the
traditional symbol of India’s political
unity.
The broad outlook of the rebels was not
influenced by religious identity but by
the perception of the British as the
common enemy.
The entire Bengal Army soon rose in a
revolt which spread quickly. Awadh,
Rohilkhand, the Doab, Bundelkhand,
central India, large parts of Bihar, and
East Punjab shook off British authority.

Civilians Join
The revolt of the sepoys was
accompanied by a rebellion of the civil
population, particularly in the north-
western provinces and Awadh. The
peasants and petty zamindars took
advantage of the revolt to destroy the
moneylender's account books and debt
records.

Storm Centres and Leaders of the

Revolt
At Delhi, the real command lay with a
court of soldiers headed by General
Bakht Khan Sir Hugh Wheeler,
commanding the station, surrendered
on June 27, 1857, and was killed on the
same day.
Nana Saheb expelled the English from
Kanpur, proclaimed himself the
Peshwa, acknowledged Bahadur Shah
as the Emperor of India, and declared
himself to be his governor.

Nana Saheb

Begum Hazrat Mahal took over the

reins at Lucknow where the rebellion
broke out on June 4, 1857, and popular
sympathy was overwhelmingly in favor
of the deposed nawab. In March 1858,
the city was finally recovered by the
British.

Begum Hazrat Mahal

At Bareilly, Khan Bahadur, a

descendant of the former ruler of
Rohilkhand, not enthusiastic about the
pension being granted by the British,
organized an army of 40,000 soldiers
and offered stiff resistance to the
British.
In Bihar, the revolt was led by Kunwar
Singh, the zamindar of Jagdishpur. He
unhesitatingly joined the sepoys when
they reached Arrah from
Dinapore (Danapur).
Maulvi Ahmadullah
of Faizabad fought a stiff battle against
the British troops. He emerged as one
of the revolt’s acknowledged leaders
once it broke out in Awadh in May
1857.
Rani Laxmibai, who assumed the
leadership of the sepoys at Jhansi. The
Rani of Jhansi and Tantia Tope marched
towards Gwalior. Gwalior was
recaptured by the English in June 1858.

Tantia Tope

Shah Mal, a local villager in Pargana

Baraut (Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh)
organized the headmen and peasants of
84 villages (referred to as chaurasia
desh), marching at night from village to
village, urging people to rebel against
the British hegemony. Shah Mal's body
was cut into pieces and his head
displayed on July 21, 1857.

Shah Mal

Question for Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

Try yourself: Which of the following

is the not the immediate cause for the
revolt?

a. Introduction of Enfield rifle

b. Death of Mangal Pandey

c. Bahadur shah declared emperor of

India

d. Rampant corruption in administration

View Solution

Suppression of the Revolt

The revolt was finally suppressed. The
British captured Delhi on September
20, 1857, thus the great House of
Mughals was finally and completely
extinguished.
Sir Colin Campbell occupied Kanpur on
December 6, 1857.

Sir Colin Campbell

Tantia Tope was captured while asleep

in April 1859 and put to death. The Rani
of Jhansi had died on the battlefield
earlier in June 1858. Jhansi was
recaptured by Sir Hugh Rose.

Download the notes

Spectrum Summary: The

Revolt of 1857

Download as PDF

The British Resistance

Delhi - Lieutenant Willoughby, John
Nicholson, Lieutenant Hudson
Kanpur - Sir Hugh Wheeler, Sir Colin
Campbell
Lucknow - Henry Lawrence, Brigadier
Inglis, Henry Havelock, James Outram,
Sir Colin Campbell
Jhansi - Sir Hugh Rose
Benaras - Colonel James Neill

Why the Revolt Failed?

All-India participation was absent.
The limited territorial spread was one
factor, there was no all - India veneer
about the revolt.

All classes did not join

Big zamindars acted as "break-waters
to storm", even Awadh taluqdars
backed off once promises of land
restitution were spelled out.
Educated Indians viewed this revolt as
backward-looking, supportive of the
feudal order, and as a reaction of
traditional conservative forces to
modernity.
Rulers who did not participate included
the Sindhia of Gwalior, the
Holkar of Indore, the rulers of Patiala,
Sindh and other Sikh chieftains, and
the Maharaja of Kashmir.

Poor Arms and Equipment

The Indian soldiers were poorly
equipped materially, fighting generally
with swords and spears and very few
guns and muskets.

Take a Practice Test

Test yourself on topics from UPSC
exam

Attempt Now

Uncoordinated and Poorly

Organised
The revolt was poorly organized with
no coordination or central leadership.
The principal rebel leaders—Nana
Saheb, Tantia Tope, Kunwar Singh,
Laxmibai.
The mutineers lacked a clear
understanding of the colonial rule, nor
did they have a forward-looking
program, a coherent ideology, a
political perspective, or a societal
alternative.

Hindu-Muslim Unity Factor

According to Maulana Azad, “Two facts
stand out clearly in the midst of the
tangled story of the Rising of 1857. The
first is the remarkable sense of unity
among the Hindus and the Muslims of
India in this period. The other is the
deep loyalty which the people felt for
the Mughal Crown.”
Thus, the events of 1857 demonstrated
that the people and politics of India
 were not basically communal or
sectarian before 1858.

Question for Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

Try yourself: Which of the following

personalities did not fight in 1857
revolt?

a. Mir Qasim

b. Begum Hazrat Mahal

c. Maulvi Ahmadullah

d. Bhakt Khan

View Solution

Nature of the Revolt

It was a mere 'Sepoy Mutiny’ to some
British historians—"a wholly unpatriotic
and selfish Sepoy Mutiny with no native
leadership and no popular support”,
said Sir John Seeley.
Dr. K. Datta considers the revolt of
1857 to have been “in the main a
military outbreak, which was taken
advantage of by certain discontented
princes and landlords, whose interests
had been affected by the new political
order”. It was "never all-Indian in
character, but was localized, restricted
and poorly organized". Further, says
Datta, the movement was marked by
the absence of cohesion and unity of
purpose among the various sections of
the rebels.
A "planned war of national
independence", by V.D. Savarkar in his
book, The Indian War of Independence,
1857. Savarkar called the revolt the
first war of Indian independence.
Dr. S.N. Sen in his Eighteen Fifty- Seven
considers the revolt as having begun as
a fight for religion but ending as a war
of independence.
Dr. R.C. Majumdar, however, considers
it as neither the first, nor national, nor a
war of independence as large parts of
the country remained unaffected
According to some Marxist historians,
the 1857 revolt was "the struggle of the
soldier-peasant democratic combine
against foreign as well as feudal
bondage".
Jawaharlal Nehru considered the
Revolt of 1857 as essentially a
feudal uprising though there were
some nationalistic elements in it
(Discovery of India).
M.N. Roy felt the Revolt was a last-
ditch stand of feudalism against
commercial capitalism.

R.P. Dutt also saw the significance of

the Revolt of the peasantry against
foreign domination It had seeds of
nationalism and anti-imperialism but
the concept of common nationality and
nationhood was not inherent to the
revolt of 1857.
S.B. Chaudhuri observes, the revolt
was "the first combined attempt of
many classes of people to challenge a
foreign power. This is a real if remote,
approach to the freedom movement of
India of a later age".

Consequences
The revolt of 1857 marks a turning
point in the history of India. It led to
far-reaching changes in the system of
administration and the policies of the
British government.
The British Parliament, on August 2,
1858, passed an Act for the Better
Government of India. The Act declared
Queen Victoria as the sovereign of
British India and provided for the
appointment of a Secretary of State for
India
The assumption of the Government of
India by the sovereign of Great Britain
was announced by Lord Canning at a
durbar at Allahabad in the 'Queen’s
Proclamation’ issued on November 1,
1858.

The proclamation also promised equal

and impartial protection under the law
to all Indians, besides equal
opportunities in government services
irrespective of race or creed. It was also
promised that old Indian rights,
customs, and practices would be given
due regard while framing and
administering the law.
The Army Amalgamation Scheme, 1861
moved the Company’s European
troops to the services of the Crown.
'Conservative brand of liberalism’, as it
was called by Thomas Metcalf—had
the solid support of the conservative
and aristocratic classes of England who
espoused the complete non-
interference in the traditional structure
of Indian society. The Indian economy
was fully exploited without fear.
In accordance with the Queen’s
Proclamation of 1858, the Indian Civil
Service Act of 1861 was passed, which
was to give an impression that under
the Queen all were equal, irrespective
of race or creed.
Racial hatred and suspicion between
the Indians and English was probably
the worst legacy of the revolt.
The complete structure of the Indian
government was remodeled and based
on the notion of a master race justifying
the philosophy of the
‘Whiteman’s burden’.

Question for Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

Try yourself: Which of the following is

incorrect with respect to failure of the
1857 revolt?

a. Uncoordinated and Poorly organised

b. Revolt was not spread all over the

country

c. Hindu-Muslim unity was absent

d. Poor arms and equipment

View Solution

Significance of the Revolt

For the British, the Revolt of 1857
proved useful in that it showed up the
glaring shortcomings in the Company’s
administration and its army, which they
rectified promptly. These defects would
never have been revealed to the world
if the Revolt had not happened.
For the Indians, the 1857 Revolt had a
major influence on the course of the
struggle for freedom. It brought out in
the open grievances of people and the
sepoys, which were seen to be genuine.
However, it was also obvious that the
primitive arms that the Indians
possessed were no match for the
advanced weapons of the British.
Furthermore, the senseless atrocities
committed by both sides shocked the
Indian intellectuals who were
increasingly convinced that violence
was to be eschewed in any struggle for
freedom.
The educated middle class, which was a
growing section, did not believe in
violence and preferred an orderly
approach. But the Revolt of 1857 did
establish local traditions of resistance
to British rule which were to be of help
in the course of the national struggle
for freedom.

This event that you have gone through is

considered as the first step towards the
independence of our country. In the
next EduRev document you will read
about the social changes and reforms
that happened across the country and
famous personalities involved in it.

To practice questions of the topic "The

Revolt of 1857", you just read, attempt the
test given below:

Spectrum Test: The Revolt of 1857

The document Spectrum Summary: The

Revolt of 1857 | History for UPSC CSE is a
part of the UPSC Course History for UPSC
CSE.

All you need of UPSC at this link: UPSC

UPSC is the most crucial stepping stone for

aspirants, and the right platform can make all
the difference. Get access to high-quality
study material including notes, videos,tests &
all famous books summaries along with expert
guidance, and a community of like-minded
individuals.Take the first step towards success
by signing up on EduRev today.

Download App for Free

History for UPSC CSE

129 videos | 498 docs | 182 tests

Join Course

Up Next

Overview: The Revolt of 1857

Video | 09:11 min

Sepoy Mutiny: The Revolt of

1857
Video | 02:18 min

Spectrum Test: The Revolt of

1857
Test | 10 ques

Top Courses For UPSC

History for UPSC CSE

Current Affairs & Hindu

Analysis: Daily, Weekly &…
Monthly

Indian Polity for UPSC CSE

Famous Books for UPSC Exam

(Summary & Tests)

Geography for UPSC CSE

View all

Best Study Material for UPSC Exam

History for UPSC CSE

Current Affairs & Hindu Analysis: Daily,

Weekly & Monthly

Explore all UPSC courses

FAQs on Spectrum Summary: The

Revolt of 1857 - History for UPSC CSE

1. What were the major causes of

the Revolt of 1857?

Ans. The major causes of the Revolt of 1857

included the discontent among sepoys due to
various factors such as the introduction of
new cartridges greased with animal fat, racial
discrimination, and lack of career
advancement opportunities.

2. How did the Revolt of 1857 begin

and spread?

3. How was the Revolt of 1857

suppressed by the British?

4. What was the nature of the

Revolt of 1857?

5. What impact did the Revolt of

1857 have on India's struggle for
independence?

About this Document

This document is useful for UPSC , BPSC
(Bihar) , MPPSC (Madhya Pradesh) , HPSC
(Haryana) , UPPSC (UP) , WBCS (West
Bengal) , RPSC RAS (Rajasthan)

17.5K Views

4.85/5 Rating

UPSC Achievers

Document Description: Spectrum Summary:

The Revolt of 1857 for UPSC 2024 is part of
History for UPSC CSE preparation. The notes
and questions for Spectrum Summary: The
Revolt of 1857 have been prepared according to
the UPSC exam syllabus. Information about
Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857 covers
topics like Introduction, Simmering discontent,
The Revolt of 1857 - The Major Causes,
Beginning and Spread of the Revolt, Suppression
of the Revolt,  The British Resistance,
Why the Revolt Failed?, Nature of the Revolt,
Consequences, Significance of the Revolt and
Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857
Example, for UPSC 2024 Exam. Find important
definitions, questions, notes, meanings,
examples, exercises and tests below for
Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857.

Introduction of Spectrum Summary: The Revolt

of 1857 in English is available as part of our
History for UPSC CSE for UPSC & Spectrum
Summary: The Revolt of 1857 in Hindi for
History for UPSC CSE course. Download more
important topics related with notes, lectures and
mock test series for UPSC Exam by signing up
for free. UPSC: Spectrum Summary: The Revolt
of 1857 | History for UPSC CSE

Description

Full syllabus notes, lecture & questions for

Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857 |
History for UPSC CSE - UPSC | Plus excerises
question with solution to help you revise
complete syllabus for History for UPSC CSE |
Best notes, free PDF download

Information about Spectrum Summary: The

Revolt of 1857

In this doc you can find the meaning of Spectrum

Summary: The Revolt of 1857 defined &
explained in the simplest way possible. Besides
explaining types of Spectrum Summary: The
Revolt of 1857 theory, EduRev gives you an
ample number of questions to practice Spectrum
Summary: The Revolt of 1857 tests, examples
and also practice UPSC tests

Download as PDF

How to Prepare for UPSC

Read our guide to prepare for UPSC which is created by
Toppers & the best Teachers

Read for Free

Download the FREE EduRev App

Track your progress, build streaks, highlight & save
important lessons and more!

Related Searches
Sample Paper, Exam, study material, Extra Questions, Spe
ctrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857 | History for UPSC C
SE, video lectures, Previous Year Questions with Solution
s, Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857 | History for U
PSC CSE, ppt, MCQs, practice quizzes, mock tests for exa
mination, Semester Notes, Free, past year papers, Viva Q
uestions, Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857 | Histor
y for UPSC CSE, shortcuts and tricks, Summary, pdf , Imp
ortant questions, Objective type Questions;

SCHOOLS
￭ Medical ￭ Non- Medical ￭ Commerce
￭ Humanities ￭ CBSE Class 10 ￭ CBSE Class 9
￭ CBSE Class 8 ￭ CBSE Class 7 ￭ CBSE Class 6
￭ CBSE Class 5 ￭ CBSE Class 4 ￭ CBSE Class 3
￭ CBSE Class 2 ￭ CBSE Class 1

COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS
￭ UPSC ￭ NEET ￭ JEE ￭ CLAT ￭ CAT ￭ GMAT
￭ GATE ￭ Railways ￭ SSC ￭ IIT JAM ￭ Defence
￭ Insurance ￭ Teaching ￭ CA Foundation

QUICK ACCESS LINKS

￭ Online Tests / MCQs ￭ Verbal Aptitude
￭ Logical Reasoning ￭ Data Interpretation
￭ Current Affairs ￭ Free Study Material
￭ Question & Answers ￭ Revision Notes
￭ Important Questions ￭ Quantitative Aptitude
￭ Practice Quizzes ￭ NCERT Solutions
￭ NCERT Textbooks ￭ NCERT

TECHNICAL EXAMS
￭ GATE ￭ SSC JE ￭ RRB JE ￭ Civil Engineering
￭ Computer Science Engineering
￭ Electrical Engineering ￭ Electronics Engineering
￭ Biotechnology Engineering
￭ Mechanical Engineering ￭ Chemical Engineering

Additional Information about

Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of
1857 for UPSC Preparation

Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

Free PDF Download
The Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857 is an
invaluable resource that delves deep into the core of
the UPSC exam. These study notes are curated by
experts and cover all the essential topics and concepts,
making your preparation more efficient and effective.
With the help of these notes, you can grasp complex
subjects quickly, revise important points easily, and
reinforce your understanding of key concepts. The
study notes are presented in a concise and easy-to-
understand manner, allowing you to optimize your
learning process. Whether you're looking for best-
recommended books, sample papers, study material,
or toppers' notes, this PDF has got you covered.
Download the Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857
now and kickstart your journey towards success in the
UPSC exam.

Importance of Spectrum Summary: The

Revolt of 1857
The importance of Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of
1857 cannot be overstated, especially for UPSC
aspirants. This document holds the key to success in
the UPSC exam. It offers a detailed understanding of
the concept, providing invaluable insights into the
topic. By knowing the concepts well in advance,
students can plan their preparation effectively. Utilize
this indispensable guide for a well-rounded
preparation and achieve your desired results.

Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

Notes
Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857 Notes offer
in-depth insights into the specific topic to help you
master it with ease. This comprehensive document
covers all aspects related to Spectrum Summary: The
Revolt of 1857. It includes detailed information about
the exam syllabus, recommended books, and study
materials for a well-rounded preparation. Practice
papers and question papers enable you to assess your
progress effectively. Additionally, the paper analysis
provides valuable tips for tackling the exam
strategically. Access to Toppers' notes gives you an
edge in understanding complex concepts. Whether
you're a beginner or aiming for advanced proficiency,
Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857 Notes on
EduRev are your ultimate resource for success.

Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857

UPSC Questions
The "Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857 UPSC
Questions" guide is a valuable resource for all aspiring
students preparing for the UPSC exam. It focuses on
providing a wide range of practice questions to help
students gauge their understanding of the exam
topics. These questions cover the entire syllabus,
ensuring comprehensive preparation. The guide
includes previous years' question papers for students
to familiarize themselves with the exam's format and
difficulty level. Additionally, it offers subject-specific
question banks, allowing students to focus on weak
areas and improve their performance.

Study Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of

1857 on the App
Students of UPSC can study Spectrum Summary: The
Revolt of 1857 alongwith tests & analysis from the
EduRev app, which will help them while preparing for
their exam. Apart from the Spectrum Summary: The
Revolt of 1857, students can also utilize the EduRev
App for other study materials such as previous year
question papers, syllabus, important questions, etc.
The EduRev App will make your learning easier as you
can access it from anywhere you want. The content of
Read this doc in...
Spectrum Summary: The Revolt of 1857 is prepared as
per the latest UPSC syllabus.

EduRev App Open

Chrome Continue
© EduRev