SUMMING AMPLIFIER

Mini-Project Report

Submitted by

AMEEN A V (MAC20EC021)

ATHUL S MENON (MAC20EC041)

BASIL K JOY (LMAC20EC115)

MOHAMMED SAJJAD M (LMAC20EC121)

to

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

MAR ATHANASIUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

KOTHAMANGALAM, KERALA – 686 666

JUNE 2023
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
MAR ATHANASIUS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOTHAMANGALAM

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled SUMMING AMPLIFIER USING

LM358 submitted by AMEEN A V (MAC20EC021), ATHUL S MENON (MAC20EC041),
BASIL K JOY (LMAC20EC115) and MOHAMMED SAJJAD M (LMAC20EC121) to the APJ
Abdul Kalam Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award
of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering is a
bona fide record of the project preliminary work carried out. This report in any form has not
been submitted to any other University or Institute for any purpose.

Project Coordinator HOD, ECE Department

Prof. Dr. Mathew KM Prof. Dr. Thomas

George
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude and appreciation to all
those who have contributed to the completion of this project.

First and foremost, we would like to thank God Almighty for His blessings and guidance
throughout this endeavour. It is through His grace that we have been able to accomplish our
goals.

We extend our heartfelt thanks to Dr. BOS MATHEW, our Principal, for providing us with the
necessary facilities and unwavering support. His encouragement and belief in our abilities have
been invaluable.

We are deeply indebted to Prof. Dr. SIDDHARTH SHELLY, Associate Professor, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, for his continuous guidance and immense
contributions as our Faculty Adviser. His expertise and mentorship have been instrumental in
shaping the success of our mini-project.

We would also like to express our sincere appreciation to Prof. THOMAS GEORGE, Head of the
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, for her valuable guidance and timely
advice. Her expertise and insights have been of great significance in the preparation of our
microproject.

Special thanks go to Prof. Dr. MATHEW KM, Associate Professor, Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, for serving as our Mini-Project coordinator. We are grateful
for his support and the valuable feedback provided throughout the project.

We would like to extend our thanks to all the members of the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering for their valuable comments and suggestions on our microproject.
Their inputs have enhanced the quality and depth of our work.

We would also like to express our gratitude to our classmates for their valuable suggestions and
the healthy spirit of competition that motivated us to excel. Their support and collaboration have
been truly appreciated.

Lastly, we would like to acknowledge all other individuals who have directly or indirectly
contributed to the successful completion of this project. Your support, encouragement, and
contributions have made a significant difference.

In conclusion, we are immensely grateful to everyone mentioned above and to all those who have
supported us throughout this project. Your contributions have been crucial to our success, and
we sincerely thank you for being a part of our journey
 MINI PROJECT PART-A

SUMMING AMPLIFIER USING LM358

 ABSTRACT
This report presents the design, implementation, and analysis of a summing amplifier using the
LM358 operational amplifier. The summing amplifier is a fundamental circuit that calculate the
sum of multiple input signals and produces an output signal equal to their sum. The LM358, a
dual operational amplifier known for its low power consumption and high input impedance, is
utilized for this purpose. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical
background, design considerations, practical implementation, and performance evaluation of the
summing amplifier.
 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project was to design and build a summing amplifier circuit using the
LM358 operational amplifier IC and analyse its performance in terms of frequency and duty
cycle. The project encompassed component selection, circuit design, and practical
implementation. By designing schematic fabricate the PCB.
 INTRODUCTION

The summing amplifier is a widely used electronic circuit configuration that generates output as
sum of the input voltages applied. It finds applications in various electronic systems like signal
processing, audio mixing, instrumentation, and other relevant fields. LM358 operational
amplifier is a popular choice for building summing amplifier due to its availability and
versatility.

In this project, we aim to design, fabricate and analyse a summing amplifier circuit using LM358
operational amplifier by creating a printed circuit board (PCB). Fabricating a PCB offers several
advantages, such as increased reliability, compactness and ease of reproduction. It also provides
an opportunity to enhance our practical skills in electronics by working with the design and
manufacturing process.

LM358 IC is a dual operational amplifier integrated circuit with two Op-Amp powered by a
common power supply. It consists of two independent compensated operational amplifiers with
low power and high gain frequency. LM358 is specially designed to operate from a single supply
over a wide range of voltage.

The project will involve the initial design phase, where we select suitable components, calculate
the resistor values for desired output, and create a PCB layout using specialized software. Once
the PCB design is complete, we will proceed to the fabrication phase, which involves
transferring the design onto a blank PCB, etching the copper traces and drilling holes for
component placement.

After the PCB is fabricated, we will assemble the summing amplifier circuit by soldering LM358
operational amplifier and other necessary components onto the PCB. Careful attention will be
given to component placement and soldering techniques to ensure proper connections and
reliability.

Once the circuit is assembled, we will test and analyse its performance in terms of output
voltage. Using appropriate instruments, we will measure the output waveform and compare it to
the desired specifications. Any issues will be addressed and if necessary, modifications will be
made accordingly.

By fabricating the PCB for the summing amplifier project, we will gain valuable experience in
the entire process of designing, manufacturing and testing of electronic circuit. This project will
enhance our understanding of summing amplifier circuit, LM358 IC and intricacies of PCB
fabrication. Furthermore, the fabricated PCB can serve as a reliable and reproducible platform
for future experiments and applications.
In conclusion, this project aims to design and fabricate a PCB for a summing amplifier circuit
using LM358 IC. The PCB fabrication process allows for increased reliability, compactness and
ease of reproduction. Through this project, we will gain practical experience and enhance our
understanding of summing amplifier, LM358 operational amplifier and PCB manufacturing
process in realm of electronic circuits.

LITERATURE STUDY
1) LM358
LM358 IC is a dual operational amplifier integrated circuit with two Op-Amp powered by a
common power supply. It consists of two independent compensated operational amplifiers with
low power and high gain frequency. LM458 is specially designed to operate from a single supply
over a wide range of voltage. It is more flexible for low voltage AC and moderate voltage DC
applications. LM358 is available in a cheap-sized package so it is widely used in real-life
applications including transducer amplifier, DC gain block, active filter, and conventional op-
amp circuit design.
LM358 operational amplifier consists of two op-amps, with two inverting and non-inverting
input pins, two output pins, one power supply pin and one ground terminal. LM358 IC can
handle 3V- 32V DC supply and source up to 20 mA per channel. LM358 Dual Op-Amp IC has
four different types of packages, and they are DSBGA, PDIP, TO-CAN, and SOT-25
LM358 can be used as comparator, amplifier, conditioners, filters etc. In summing amplifier it
functions as an amplifier with unity gain, generating the summed value of input voltages as
output.
The components such as resistors and capacitors are connected to specific pins to determine its
gain and other parameters.

2) SUMMING AMPLIFIER
A summing amplifier is a type of electronic circuit that generates a total sum of voltages of
inputs. It can be implemented using different operational amplifiers like IC741, LM324, LM358
etc. LM358 contains two op-amps making it well suited for summing amplifier.
The basic circuit diagram of a summing amplifier contains one feedback path with a feedback
resistor (Rf) and other resistors (R1, R2, R3) for the input voltages. The feedback resistor Rf and
individual input resistors determine the gain. So to make gain unity, we must consider all the
resistors with equal values. When the power is applied, the total sum of the input voltages is
generated at output. Gain is determined by the equation A=-(Rf/R1). Negative sign indicates that
output is 180-degree phase shifted.
By adjusting resistor values, summing amplifier with different gains can be obtained. Summing
amplifier finds application in various electronic systems like audio mixers, level shifters and
digital to analog circuits (DAC).
 METHADOLOGY

PROCEDURE:

1. Design the schematic in Altium.

2. Fabricate the PCB from copper clad

3. Solder the components onto the PCB:

 Place the LM 358 onto the PCB, aligning the pins with their respective pads.

 Solder the resistors according to the schematic diagram.

 Ensure proper solder connections, avoiding short circuits or cold joints.

4. Connect the power supply:

 Solder the power supply leads to the appropriate pads on the PCB, ensuring
correct polarity.

 Double-check the connections for accuracy and stability.

5. Test and measure:

 Power up the circuit and verify the functionality.

 Use an oscilloscope to measure the output waveform characteristics, such as peak

to peak output voltage and gain.
 IMPLEMENTATION
Hardware Requirement:

1. LM358 Operational amplifier

2. Resistors: 1K
3. 15 V Power Supply
4. Digital Storage Oscilloscope
5. Connecting Wires

Software Requirement:

1. Altium Designer
2. Altium 365
ALTIUM DESIGNER
Altium Designer is a professional electronic design automation (EDA) software widely used for
designing printed circuit boards (PCBs) and electronic systems. It provides a comprehensive set
of tools and features to facilitate the entire PCB design process, from schematic capture to layout
and manufacturing output generation.

Some key features of Altium Designer include:

Schematic Capture: Altium Designer allows users to create and edit electronic schematics using
an intuitive interface. It offers a vast library of components and symbols, enabling easy
placement and connection of circuit elements.
PCB Layout: Altium Designer provides a powerful and flexible PCB layout editor. Users can
place and route components, define the layer stack-up, and optimize the placement of critical
circuit elements. The software supports advanced routing techniques, including differential pairs,
length matching, and high-speed design rules.
3D Visualization: Altium Designer offers a 3D visualization environment, allowing users to view
and analyse their PCB designs in three dimensions. This feature helps identify potential
mechanical clashes and ensures accurate component placement.
Design Rule Checking (DRC): Altium Designer includes a comprehensive set of design rule
checking capabilities. It helps users detect and resolve potential errors, such as clearance
violations, net connectivity issues, and manufacturing constraints, ensuring design integrity and
manufacturability.
Simulation and Analysis: Altium Designer supports simulation and analysis features, enabling
users to validate their designs before fabrication. It includes tools for signal integrity analysis,
power integrity analysis, and thermal analysis, among others.
Manufacturing Documentation: Altium Designer automates the generation of manufacturing
documentation, such as fabrication files (Gerber files), assembly drawings, and bill of materials
(BOM). This streamlines the manufacturing process and ensures accurate communication with
manufacturers.
Altium Designer is widely adopted in industries such as aerospace, automotive, consumer
electronics, and telecommunications. It caters to both professional engineers and hobbyists,
offering a comprehensive set of tools to support the entire PCB design process.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM