CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

CHAPTER 1

1. General Introduction

1.1. Static and Kinematic Indeterminacy of Structures

The aim of structural analysis is to evaluate the external reactions, the deformed shape and
internal stresses in the structure. If this can be determined strictly from equations of
equilibrium, then such structures are known as determinate structures. However, in many
structures, it is not possible to determine either reactions or internal stresses or both using
equilibrium equations alone, because the structures having more unknown forces than
available equilibrium equations such structures are known as the statically indeterminate
structures. Static indeterminacy may be internal or external (or both), depending on the
redundancy. The total number of releases required to make a structure statically
determinate is called the degree of statical indeterminacy.

Fig 1.1 Statically indeterminate structure

For instance, the beam shown in Fig.1.1 has four reaction components, whereas we have
only 3 equations of equilibrium. Hence the beam is externally indeterminate to the first
degree.

Advantages and disadvantages of indeterminate structures

The advantages of statically indeterminate structures over determinate structures include

the following.
Smaller Stresses- the maximum stresses in statically indeterminate structures are
generally lower than those in comparable determinate structures.
Greater Stiffnesses- Statically indeterminate structures generally have higher

structures.
Redundancies- Statically indeterminate structures, if properly designed, have the
capacity for redistributing loads when certain structural portions become
overstressed or collapse in cases of overloads due to earthquakes, impact (e.g.
vehicle impacts), and other such events.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

The following are some of the main disadvantages of statically indeterminate structures,
over determinate structures.
Stresses Due to Support Settlements - Support settlements do not cause any stresses
in determinate structures; they may, however, induce significant stresses in
indeterminate structures, which should be taken into account when designing
indeterminate structures.
Stresses Due to Temperature Changes and Fabrication Errors- Like support
settlements, these effects do not cause stresses in determinate structures but may
induce significant stresses in indeterminate ones.

Kinematic Indeterminacy of structures

When the structure is loaded, the joints undergo displacements in the form of translations
and rotations. In the displacement-based analysis, these joint displacements are treated as
unknown quantities.
The joint displacements in a structure is treated as independent if each displacement
(translation and rotation) can be varied arbitrarily and independently of all other
displacements. The number of independent joint displacement in a structure is known as
the degree of kinematic indeterminacy or the number of degrees of freedom.
Consider a propped cantilever beam shown in Fig. 1.2 (a). The displacements at a fixed
support are zero. Hence, for a propped cantilever beam, we have to evaluate only rotation
at B and this is known as the kinematic indeterminacy of the structure. A fixed-fixed beam
is kinematically determinate but statically indeterminate to the 3rd degree. A simply
supported beam and a cantilever beam shown in Fig. 1.2 (a) & (b) are kinematically
indeterminate to 2nd degree.
Remark: - Usually, the axial rigidity of the beam is so high that the change in its length
along axial direction may be neglected.

(a) Propped Cantilever Beam

(b) Cantilever Beam

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

(c) Simply Supported Beam

Fig. 1.2 Kinematically indeterminate structures

In the plane frame shown in Fig.1.3 (a), the joints B and C have 3 degrees of freedom as
shown in the figure. However if axial deformations of the members are neglected then
u1= u4 and u2 and u4 can be neglected. Hence, we have 3 independent joint displacement as
shown in Fig. 1.3(b) i.e. rotations at B and C and one translation.

(a) (b)
Fig. 1.3 Rigid frames

1.2. Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

In the analysis of statically determinate structures, the equations of equilibrium are first used
to obtain the reactions and the internal forces of the structure; then the member force-
deformation relations and the compatibility conditions are employed to determine the

However, in the analysis of statically indeterminate structures, the equilibrium equations alone
are not sufficient for determining the reactions and internal forces. Therefore, it becomes
necessary to solve the equilibrium equations in conjunction with the compatibility conditions
of the structure to determine its response. Because the equilibrium equations contain the
unknown forces, whereas the compatibility conditions involve displacements as the
unknowns, the member force-deformation relations are utilized to express the unknown forces
either in terms of the unknown displacements or vice versa. The resulting system of equations
containing only one type of unknowns is then solved for the unknown forces or
displacements, which are then substituted into the fundamental relationships to determine the
remaining response characteristics of the structure.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .
For analyzing statically indeterminate structures, many methods have been developed. These
methods can be broadly classified into two categories, namely, the force (flexibility) methods
and the displacement(stiffness) methods, depending on the type of unknowns (forces or
displacements, respectively), involved in the solution of the governing equations.
Thus, some of these methods are:
The consistent deformation method (force/ flexible method)
Slope-displacement method
Cross Moment distribution method
Kani Method of Moment Distribution
The stiffness method
Analysis of indeterminate structures using consistent deformation and slope deflection
methods involve solutions of simultaneous equations. On the other hand, Cross and Kani
moment distribution methods involve successive cycles of computation.

1.3. Revision on Consistent Deformation Method

The method of consistent deformations, or sometimes referred to as the force or flexibility
method, is one of the several techniques available to analyze indeterminate structures. The
following is the procedure that describes the concept of this method for analyzing externally
indeterminate structures with single or double degrees of indeterminacy.
Principle: - Given a set of forces on a structure, the reactions must assume such a value as are
not only in static equilibrium with the applied forces but also satisfy the conditions of
geometry at the supports as well as the indeterminate points of the structure.
This method involves with the replacement of redundant supports or restrains by unknown
actions in such a way that one obtain a basic determinate structure under the action of the
applied loading and these unknown reactions or redundant. Then, the derived basic
determinate structure must still satisfy the physical requirements at the location of the excess
supports now replace by redundant reactions.

1.3.1. Beams by Consistent Deformation

The basic procedures to solve intermediate beams by the method of consistent deformation
method are as follows:
determine the degree of indeterminacy
select redundant and remove restraint
determine reactions and draw moment diagram for the primary structure
calculate deformation at redundant
write consistent deformation equation
solve consistent deformation equation
determine support reactions
draw moment, shear, and axial load diagrams

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .
For illustration, consider the beam loaded as shown in Fig. 1.4 (a).

(a) (b)
Fig. 1.4
The basic determinate beam under applied loading and redundant reaction, RB 1 , is shown
in Fig. 1.4 (b).

B
The condition of geometry dictates that: B RB B 0 RB 0
B

The deflection of end B due to the applied load P and the redundant reaction RB become.

5 PL3 RB L3
B and B
48 EI 3EI

11 3
From statics, RB P and M A PL
16 16

1.3.2. Trusses by Consistent Deformation

The method essentially consists of choosing a basic determinate truss (structure) on which
the applied loading and the redundant force act and the applying conditions of geometry
requiring the deflection in the direction of the redundant force must be zero or specified
value. Once the redundant are determined, the member forces and other desired reaction
components can be determined by the principle of super position.

Fig 1.5

The given truss is indeterminate to the 1st degree externally. A basic determinate structure
shown below is selected with external redundant HD (the horizontal reaction).

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

Fig. 1.6
From the geometry of the original structure shown in Fig.1.6(a), the horizontal displacement
of support D due to the applied load becomes:

SL
0 u1
AE
Similarly, for Fig. 1.6 (b), the horizontal displacement of support D due to the fictitious load
u1=1kN, becomes:
2
u1 L
1
AE
The horizontal displacement of support D of the actual structure is zero. Thus the following
equation holds true.

0
0 HD 1 0, HD
1

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

CHAPTER 2
2. Slope Deflection Method
2.1. Introduction
The slope-deflection method uses displacements as unknowns and is referred to as a
displacement method. The basic idea of the slope deflection method is to write the moments
for each node of the members in terms of the deflections and rotations.

An important characteristic of the slope-deflection method is that it does not become

increasingly complicated to apply as the number of unknowns in the problem increases. In the
slope-deflection method the individual equations are relatively easy to construct regardless of
the number of unknowns. In this method, the relationship is established between moments at
the ends of the members and the corresponding rotations and displacements.
The basic assumptions are:
axial deformation is neglected
(axial deformation is considered for reasonable and highly sensitive structures)
shear deformation is neglected
deformation due to bending moment and rotation is considered

Degree of Freedom (DOF)

When a structure is loaded, it deforms into a unique shape that can be specified provided we
know the displacement of specific joints on a structure. The displacements are angular and
relative linear displacements. These displacements are called degree of freedom, DOF.

In the figure shown below, node A can rotate, node B is restrained from rotation and there is a
relative settlement between the supports. Thus, A and are called DOFs.

Fig. 2.1

Fixed-End Moments (FEM):

When all of the joints of a structure are clamped to prevent any joint rotation, the external
loads produce certain moments at the ends of the members to which they are applied. These
moments are referred to as fixed-end moments. These could be due to in-span loads,
temperature variation and/or relative displacement between the ends of a member.
Fixed-end moments for several common types of loading conditions may be found tabulated
in different structural analysis books for convenient reference.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

2.2. Sign Convention

The moments at the end of a member are assumed to be positive when they tend to rotate the
member clockwise about the joint. This implies that the resisting moment of the joint would
be counter-clockwise. Accordingly, under gravity loading condition the fixed-end moment at
the left end is assumed as counter-

2.3. Analysis of beams

2.3.1. Derivation of Slope-Deflection Equation

For the derivation of slope deflection equation, a typical member AB of a continuous beam
shown below is considered.

Fig 2.2

The slope-deflection equations can be obtained by superposing the moments induced at each
support due to the applied load (FEM) and each of the displacements ( A B and ).

I. Contribution of the applied load

Moments due to the applied load, FEMs, (MFAB and MFBA) are obtained from Tables.

Fig. 2.3

II. Contribution of rotation at A

In order to develop the method, consider the beam shown in Fig 2.4(a) below. By the
conjugate beam theorem, the deflection of the real beam at A and B is zero and therefore

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

Fig.2.4 (a) real beam Fig. 2.4 (b) conjugate beam

For the conjugate beam,

M BA L M AB L
M A' (2 L / 3) ( L / 3) 0 (2.1)
2 EI 2 EI
M BA L M AB L
M B' RA1 L ( L / 3) ( 2 L / 3) 0 (2.2)
2 EI 2 EI

Based on the conjugate beam theorem, the shear force of the conjugate beam is the rotation of the
corresponding actual beam. Therefore, RA1 A. From Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2) the following relations
are obtained:
4 EI 2 EI 1
M AB A
and M BA A
M BA M AB (2.3)
L L 2

A) on the end moment at A is twice as compared with the end

moment at B.

III. Contribution of rotation at B, B

Fig. 2.5
In a similar manner, the end moments due to rotation of node B are:
2 EI 4 EI
M AB B
and M BA B
(2.4)
L L

From the above results, it is observed that the end-moment at A has twice the contribution from
the rotation at A compared with the rotation at B. More generally, the contribution from a rotation

carry-over factor.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

IV. Contribution of relative linear displacement,

If the far node B of the member is displaced relative to A, so that the chord rotates clockwise (the
member experiences negative rotations) and yet both ends do not rotate, then equal but opposite
moment and shear reactions are developed in the member.

Using the conjugate beam method, the moment of the conjugate beam is the displacement of the
real beam and hence end B of conjugate beam shown in Fig. 2.6(b) must have subjected to a

Fig. 2.6 (a)-real beam Fig.2.6 (b): conjugate beam

Fig. 4b Fy 0 M AB M BA (2.5)

M BA L M AB L
Fig. 4b M B' ( L / 3) ( 2 L / 3) 0 (2.6)
2 EI 2 EI

Solve Eqs. (2.5) and (2.6) simultaneously,

6 EI
M AB M BA
L2

The total moment at each node is obtained by adding all the moments due to FEM, contributions
from rotations at A and B and relative linear displacement.
2 EI
M AB M ABF (2 A B
3 ) (2.7)
L
2 EI
M BA M BAF (2 B A
3 ) (2.8)
L

In Eqs. (2.7) and (2.8) quations, which express the

moments at the ends of a member in terms of its end rotations and translations for a specified
external loading, are called the slope-deflection equations.

From Equations (5a & 5b), we observe that the two slope-deflection equations have the same form
and that either one of the equations can be obtained from the other simply by switching the
subscripts A and B.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

2.4. Beams with Hinged Ends

The slope-deflection equations derived previously (Eq.(2.7) or Eq. (2.8)) are based on the
condition that the member is rigidly connected to joints at both ends, so that the member end
A B
ends is connected to the adjacent joint by a hinged connection, the moment at the hinged end must
be zero. The slope-deflection equations can be easily modified to reflect this condition. With
reference to Fig.2.2, if the end B of member AB is hinged, then the moment at B must be zero. By
substituting MBA =0 into Eq. (2.7), we write

2 EI
M AB M ABF (2 A B
3 ) (2.9)
L

2 EI
M BA M BAF (2 B A
3 )= 0 (2.10)
L

Solving for B from Eq. (2.10) and substitute this value into Eq. (2.9), thus obtaining the modified
slope-deflection equations for member AB with a hinge at end B:

F
3EI F M BA
M AB ( A
) M AB
L 2
(2.11)
M BA 0

Similarly, it can be shown that for a member AB with a hinge at end A, the rotation of the hinged
end is given by:

F
3EI F M AB
M BA ( B ) M BA
L 2
(2.12)
M AB 0

2.5. Structures with Cantilever Overhangs

Consider a continuous beam with a cantilever overhang, as shown in Fig. 2.7(a). Since the
cantilever portion CD of the beam is statically determinate in the sense that the shear and moment
at its end C can be obtained by applying the equations of equilibrium (Fig. 2.7(b)), it is not
necessary to include this portion in the analysis. Thus, for the purpose of analysis, the cantilever
portion CD can be removed from the structure, provided that the moment and the force exerted by
the cantilever on the remaining structure are included in the analysis. The indeterminate part AC
of the structure, which needs to be analyzed, is shown in Fig. 2.7(c).

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

(a) Actual beam

(b) Cantilever portion

(c) Part to be analyzed

Fig 2.7 Continuous beam with a cantilever overhang

Generally, the procedure for the analysis of beams by the slope-deflection method can be
summarized as follows:

Identify the degrees of freedom of the structure. For continuous beams, the degrees of
freedom consist of the unknown rotations of the joints.
Compute fixed-end moments. For each member of the structure, evaluate the fixed-end
moments due to the external loads
In the case of support settlements, determine the rotations of the chords of members
adjacent to the supports that settle (
Write slope-deflection equations. For each member, apply Eq. (2.7) to write two slope-
deflection equations relating member end moments to the unknown rotations of the
adjacent joints.
Write equilibrium equations. For each joint that is free to rotate, M = 0
Determine the unknown joint rotations. Substitute the slope deflection equations into the
equilibrium equations, and solve the resulting system of equations for the unknown joint
rotations.
Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and
Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .
Calculate member end moments by substituting the numerical values of joint rotations
determined in step 6 into the slope-deflection equations.
Compute member end shears. For each member,
a) draw a free body diagram showing the external loads and end moments and
b) apply the equations of equilibrium to calculate the shear forces at the ends of the
member
Determine support reactions by considering the equilibrium of the joints of the structure.
To check the calculations of member end shears and support reactions, apply the equations
of equilibrium to the free body of the entire structure. If the calculations have been carried
out correctly, then the equilibrium equations should be satisfied.
Draw shear and bending moment diagrams of the structure by using the beam sign
convention.

2.6. Analysis of frames

The slope deflection equations may be applied to statically indeterminate frames with or without
side sway. For frame analysis, the solution procedure is amended to include the identification of
unknown joint displacements and to establish shear equilibrium equations in addition to moment
equilibrium equations.

2.6.1. Frames without side sway

The analysis of frames using the slope-deflection method can also be carried out by applying
the two governing equations of beams.
A side sway will not occur if
(a) the frame geometry and loading are symmetric, and
(b) side sway is prevented due to supports

For the frame shown below, the values of angular displacement at each joint are obtained
from,

MB 0 M BA M BC 0
MC 0 M CB M CD 0 and (2.13)
Fx 0 HA HD 0

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

Fig. 2.7(a) Frame ABCD Fig. 2.7(b) FBD of members AB and DC

HA and HD are obtained by considering the FBDs of members AB and DC.

M BA M BC
From FBD of member AB, MB 0 HA and
h1

M CD M CB
From FBD of member CD, Mc 0 HD
h2

2.6.2. Frames with side sway

A side sway will occur if
(a) the frame geometry and loading are unsymmetrical, and
(b) side sway is not prevented due to supports.
For analysis of side sway frames using slope-deflection method, the contribution of
should be superimposed & it is necessary to consider the shear forces at the base of the
columns, and the horizontal external load must be in equilibrium (force equilibrium
equation) in addition to the equilibrium of joints.

Fig. 2.8(a) Frame ABCD Fig. 2.8(b) FBD of members AB and DC

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and
Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

HA and HD are obtained by considering the FBDs of members AB and DC.

M BA M BC
From FBD of member AB, MB 0 HA and
h1

M CD M CB
From FBD of member CD, Mc 0 HD
h2
MB 0 M BA M BC 0
MC 0 M CB M CD 0 and
Fx 0 HA HD 0

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

CHAPTER 3

3. Moment Distribution Method

3.1 Introduction
The moment-distribution method can be used to analyze all types of statically indeterminate
beams or rigid frames. Essentially, it consists in solving the linear simultaneous equations that
were obtained in the slope-deflection method by successive approximations or moment
distribution. Increased number of cycles would result in more accuracy. The iteration is stopped
when, at all joints, the out of balance moment is a negligible value.

In moment distribution method; fixed end moment, stiffness, distribution and carry-over factors
are of great importance and used frequently.

Fixed-end moment: The moment induced at member ends due to applied load (in-span load).

Stiffness factor: It is defined as the moment required to be applied at a joint to produce unit
rotation at that joint.

Distribution factor: It is the ratio of the stiffness factor of the member being considered to the sum
of the stiffnesses of all the members meeting at that particular continuous
joint.

Carry-over factor: The constant (1/2) obtained in the slope-deflection equation is carry-over
factor.
Calculation of distribution factors
Consider a simple structure shown below.

where: kEA, kEC, kEB, kED are stiffness

factors of members EA, EC, EB
and ED respectively.

4 EI ij
k ij if the far end is fixed
Lij
3EI ij
k ij if the far end is pinned
Fig. 3.1 Lij

M)
should be M
members meeting at that joint in proportion to their stiffness factor. (This called stiffness
concept)
The distribution factor DFi of a member connected to any joint j is:
ki
DFi n
1 (3.1)
kj
j 1

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

Note that DFi=0 for fixed end and DFi=1 for pinned end.
where n :total number of members at joint j
ki :the stiffness of member i connected to joint j

3.2 Moment distribution method for beams and non-sidesway frames

Application of the moment distribution method for beams and frames having no sidesway
follow the same procedure. Steps involved in moment distribution method:
Calculate fixed end moments due to applied loads
Calculate relative stiffness.
Determine the distribution factors for various members framing into a particular joint.
Distribute the net fixed end moments at the joints to various members by multiplying the
net moment by their respective distribution factors in the first cycle.
In the second and subsequent cycles, carry-over moments from the far ends of the same
member (carry-over moment will be half of the distributed moment). Distribute these
moments just "carried over"; Each cycle consists of two steps:
distribution of out of balance moments,
calculation of the carry over moment at the far end of each member
Consider this carry-over moment as a fixed end moment and determine the balancing moment.
This procedure is repeated from second cycle onwards till convergence
Add all moments - fixed-end moments, distributed moments, moments carried over - at
each end of each member to obtain the true moment at the end

3.3 Moment distribution method for sidesway frames

In the case of sidesway frames, the analysis consists of two cases. First, the moment
distribution is carried out without considering sway of the frame. This is done by fixing the
joint to obtain non-sway moments, Mo. Second; the frame is allowed to sway by releasing the
previously restrained joint. For a certain assumed value of (the members to be displaced)
obtain the corresponding sway moments, Ms.

For illustration purpose, consider the frame shown below.

Fig. 3.2 (a) Actual frame Fig. 3.2 (b) Joint B is restrained Fig. 3.2 (c) Joint B is released

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre
CENG 2103-Theory of Structures II AAiT, School .

Case 1 (Fig. 3.2 (b)): The frame is a non sway frame since joint B is restrained. The moments,
Mo, is obtained by following the same procedure as discussed for non-sway frames.

MB 0 M BA M BC 0
MC 0 M CB M CD 0 and (3.2)
Fx 0 HA HD RB

M BA M BC
From FBD of member AB, MB 0 HA and
h1

M CD M CB
From FBD of member CD, Mc 0 HD
h2

Case 2 (Fig. 3.2 (c)): Release joint B and compute the corresponding sway moment, Ms. In
this case, the FEM are computed for a certain assumed value of .

6 EI
For member AB, M BAF M ABF ; L h1
L2

MB 0 M BA M BC 0
MC 0 M CB M CD 0 and (3.3)
Fx 0 H ' A H 'D R' B

M BA M BC
From FBD of member AB, MB 0 H 'A and
h1

M CD M CB
From FBD of member CD, Mc 0 H 'D
h2

The actual lateral displacement of the frame is x times the assumed value, =x x is the
sway correction factor. For the actual frame shown in Fig. 3.2 (a), summation of horizontal
forces at joint B is zero.
Fx 0 RB xR ' B 0 x RB / R' B (3.4)

The final moment for various members will be the sum of non-sway and sway moments, and it
is given by:
M ij ( M ij ) o x(M ij ) s (3.5)

3.4 Moment distribution for multistory frames

Multistory frames may have more joint displacements and require more computations. To
analyze such structures, the same procedure as that of single framed structures is used.

Lecture Note by: Dr. Abrham Gebre and

Yisihak Gebre