Research MULTIVERSE

Multiverse theory suggests that our universe, with all its hundreds of billions of galaxies and
almost countless stars, spanning tens of billions of light-years, may not be the only one.
Instead,there may be an entirely different universe, distantly separated from ours — and another.
Indeed, there may be an infinity of universes, all with their own laws of physics, their own
collections of stars and galaxies (if stars and galaxies can exist in those universes), and maybe
even their own intelligent civilizations.It could be that our universe is just one member of a much
grander, much larger multitude of universes: a multiverseThe concept of the multiverse arises in
a few areas of physics (and philosophy), but the most prominent example comes from something
called inflation theory. Inflation theory describes a hypothetical event that occurred when our
universe was very young — less than a second old. In an incredibly brief amount of time, the
universe underwent a period of rapid expansion, "inflating" to become many orders of magnitude
larger than its previous size, according to NASA.
[1]
The multiverse is the depth of infinity. A multiverse is a hypothetical collection of potentially
diverse observable universes, each of which would comprise everything experimentally
accessible by a connected community of observers. [2]It’s a basket of ideas from cosmologists
and quantum theorists that our universe might not be the only one and might share a higher
structure with multiple other universes.{3}A person living on a planet called Earth, with misty
mountains, fertile fields and sprawling cities, in a solar system with eight other planets. The life
of this person has been identical to yours in every respect – until now, that is, when your decision
to read on signals that your two lives are diverging.
Now, this idea might seem absurd and more philosophical rather than scientific, even though it is
true that the theory of the multiverse is not a bone-fide theory,it would be wrong to defy the idea,
completely.
{3}The farthest you can observe is the distance that light has been able to travel during the 14
billion years since the big-bang expansion began. The most distant visible objects are now about
4×1026 meters away , and a sphere. After emitting the light that is now reaching us, the most
distant things we can see have receded because of the cosmic expansion, and are now about
about 40 billion light years away. of this radius defines our observable universe, also called our
Hubble volume,or simply our universe. Likewise, the universe of your above-mentioned twin is a
sphere of the same size centered over there, none of which we can see or have any causal contact
with yet. This is the simplest (but far from the only) example of parallel universes.
1-Aguirre, Anthony. “Multiverse | Definition, Types, and Facts.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 5 Sept. 2023, www.britannica.com/science/multiverse.
2-Carter, Jamie. “Is The Multiverse Real? The Science Behind ‘Everything Everywhere All at Once.’” Forbes, 12 Mar. 2023,
www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2023/03/12/is-the-multiverse-real-the-science-behind-everything-everywhere-all-at-once/?sh=24729e3a3475.
3-Tegmark, Max. “Parallel Universes.” Scientific American, vol. 288, no. 5, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, May 2003, pp. 40–51. Crossref,
https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40.
4-Romeo, Jessica. “The Real Science of the Multiverse.” JSTOR Daily, 4 Jan. 2022, daily.jstor.org/the-real-science-of-the-multiverse.
5-Cleaver, Gerald. “Multiverse Theories: Philosophical and Religious Perspectives.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion, 22 Nov. 2019,
doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.157.
6-“The Universes of Max Tegmark.” The Universes of Max Tegmarks, space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/crazy.html. Accessed 30 Sept. 2023.
7-Ellis, George. “Opposing the Multiverse.” Astronomy & Geophysics, 1 Apr. 2008, doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4004.2008.49229_1.x.
8-S.W. Hawking and Thomas Hertog, S. W. Hawking and Thomas Hertog. “Taming the Multiverse: Stephen Hawking’s Final Theory About the Big.” University of
Cambridge, 2 May 2018, www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/taming-the-multiverse-stephen-hawkings-final-theory-about-the-big-bang.
9-“The Four Levels of the Multiverse by Max Tegmark | Free Essay Example.” StudyCorgi, 6 June 2023,
studycorgi.com/the-four-levels-of-the-multiverse-by-max-tegmark
10-Eckman, Ray, and Tom Russell. “Everything Everywhere All at Once'S Real Meaning Explained.” ScreenRant, 27 Apr. 2023,
screenrant.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-real-meaning-explained/#:~:text=Everything%20Everywhere%20All%20At%20Once%20is%20best%20explained
%20through%20its,it%20by%20embracing%20life%20anyway..
{4}The most straightforward multiverse scenario is the Level I Multiverse. First, we must
assume that space is infinite, stretching out in all directions, forever. However, the observable
universe (everything we can see) is not infinite. Parallel worlds lie beyond this cosmic horizon.
Basically, space is so mind-blowingly big that, eventually, it has to repeat itself. This includes the
existence of perfect doppelgängers (Tegmark uses probability to estimate that your nearest
duplicate is 10^118 meters away). According to Ellis, “Nearly all cosmologists today (including
me) accept this type of multiverse.
{5}The American philosopher William James invented the specific term multiverse in 1895, not
in a cosmological context but in reference to his view of the natural world. In the 20th century
the application of the term was broadened from James’s intent of areas including cosmology,
religion, philosophy, and psychology. This does make us question its existence and ‘realness’. As
how can someone believe something, if there origin has been based on pure philosophy? How
can something be conveyed as a fact, if the start wasn’t even an observation from an astrologer
or scientist but in fact, a poet who speaks and writes words which have no base of evidence or
science. But the idea was accepted and discovered by people long time back.
doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.157.
“Around 700 years ago, people in the western world had limited knowledge about the shape of
the Earth, believing it to be flat. This fact is quite fascinating.And the scriptures in the hindu
traditions, the name they have for geography is bhugol. The earth is round they knew it all the
while.However, now science is talking about the multiverse theory, right? That there are other
universes as well. And the vedas say, you know what, how many universes are there? All of this
that you are perceiving as one universe like this. There are infinite universes and each with one
Shankar, one Brahma, one Vishnu.” says a monk on the TRS clips podcast. He continues to say,
“According to the story, there was a time when Brahma visited Lord Krishna in Dwarka. He
approached the gatekeeper and requested him to inform Sri Krishna about his arrival. In
response, Sri Krishna asked the gatekeeper to clarify which Brahma had come to meet him.
Brahmaji was surprised when he was asked if there was any other Brahma besides himself. He
then proceeded to inform him about the four headed Brahma, who is the father of the four
Kumars.The gatekeeper said, Sri Krishna called him in.So Brahma Ji entered. He said,
Bhagawan, what was the meaning of your question? Which Brahma? Is there any brahma apart
from me?So Lord Krishna smiled at his yogi. Maya he called the brahmas of innumerable
universes. And they were all coming and offering their pranams. And our Brahmaji saw that
there is one Brahma who's got a thousand heads. So our Chaturmukhi Brahma said, how big will
be his universe? And then there was one Brahma who had one lakh heads and one Brahma who
had one Karod heads and one Brahma who had one Arab 1 billion heads. Our, brahmaji fell at
the feet of Sri Krishna. Sri Krishna said Brahmaji, there are infinite universes. Yours is the
smallest.”This religious analysis tells us that the idea of the multiverse has been going on for a
long time and is yet to be proven wrong. But if not proven wrong, does it make something right?
{5}To organize the collection of multiverses in a consistent way, in 2003, MIT cosmologist Max
Tegmark proposed a multiverse taxonomy. Tegmark argued that all multiverses can be fit into
four classes, which he designated as Levels 1 through 4. A given higher level multiverse contains
a set or sets of lower level multiverses. In 2007, string theorist Brian Greene of Columbia
University refined Tegmark’s classification system. Each of Greene’s nine classes fit within one
of Tegmark’s four Levels.{6}There are the survey physics theories involving parallel universes,
and the bottom line is that they form a natural four-level hierarchy of multiverses allowing
progressively greater diversity.
doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.157.
Level I: A generic prediction of cosmological inflation is an infinite ergodic universe, which
contains Hubble volumes realizing all initial conditions - including an identical copy of you
about 101029 meters away. To most cosmologists the debate is not on the existence of the
multiverse, rather than the depth of it.Although the implications may seem crazy and
counter-intuitive, this spatially infinite cosmological model is in fact the simplest and most
popular one on the market today. It is part of the cosmological concordance model, which agrees
with all current observational evidence and is used as the basis for most calculations and
simulations presented at cosmology conferences. In contrast, alternatives such as a fractal
universe, a closed universe, and a multiply connected universe have been seriously challenged by
observations. Yet the Level I multiverse idea has been controversial (indeed, an assertion along
these lines was one of the heresies for which the Vatican had Giordano Bruno burned at the stake
in 1600† ), so let us review the status of the two assumptions (infinite space and “sufficiently
uniform” distribution).
Level II: Infinitely many other regions exist in the same space-time as that of our universe, but
they are disconnected permanently from our own pocket universe, and within each of them the
laws of physics are different (described by Linde's eternal chaotic inflation and potentially the
string theory landscape)By the 1970’s, the Big Bang model had proved a highly successful
explanation of most of the history of our universe. It had explained how a primordial fireball
expanded and cooled, synthesized Helium and other light elements during the first few minutes,
became transparent after 400,000 years releasing the cosmic microwave background radiation,
and gradually got clumpier due to gravitational clustering, producing galaxies, stars and planets.
Yet disturbing questions remained about what happened in the very beginning. Did something
appear from nothing? Where are all the superheavy particles known as magnetic monopoles that
particle physics predicts should be created early on (the “monopole problem”)? Why is space so
big, so old and so flat, when generic initial conditions predict curvature to grow over time and
the density to approach either zero or infinity after of order 10−42 seconds (the “flatness
problem”)? What conspiracy caused the CMB temperature to be nearly identical in regions of
space that have never been in causal contact (the “horizon problem”)? What mechanism
generated the 10−5 level seed fluctuations out of which all structures grew?
Level III:There may be a third type of parallel world that are not far away but in a sense right
here. If the equations of physics are what mathematicians call unitary, as they so far appear to be,
then the universe keeps branching into parallel universes as in the cartoon below: whenever a
quantum event appears to have a random outcome, all outcomes in fact occur, one in each
branch. This is the Level III multiverse. Although more debated and controversial than Level I
and Level II, I've argued that, surprisingly, this level adds no new types of universes.
doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.157.
Level IV: The initial conditions and physical constants in the Level I, Level II and Level III
multiverses can vary, but the fundamental laws that govern nature remain the same. Why stop
there? Why not allow the laws themselves to vary? Welcome to the Level IV multiverse. You can
think of what I'm arguing for as Platonism on steroids: that external physical reality is not only
described by mathematics but that it is mathematics. And that our physical world (our Level III
multiverse) is a giant mathematical object in the Level IV multiverse of all mathematical objects.
We have described the four levels of parallel universes in order of increasing speculativeness, so
why should we believe in Level IV? Logically, it rests on two separate assumptions: •
Assumption 1: That the physical world (specifically our level III multiverse) is a mathematical
structure • Assumption 2: Mathematical democracy: that all mathematical structures exist “out
there” in the same sense In a famous essay, Wigner (1967) argued that “the enormous usefulness
of mathematics in the natural sciences is something bordering on the mysterious”, and that “there
is no rational explanation for it”. This argument can be taken as support for assumption 1: here
the utility of mathematics for describing the physical world is a natural consequence of the fact
that the latter is a mathematical structure, and we are simply uncovering this bit by bit. The
various approximations that constitute our current physics theories are successful because simple
mathematical structures can provide good approximations of how a SAS will perceive more
complex mathematical structures. In other words, our successful theories are not mathematics
approximating physics, but mathematics approximating mathematics. Wigner’s observation is
unlikely to be based on fluke coincidences, since far more mathematical regularity in nature has
been 14 discovered in the decades since he made it, including the standard model of particle
physics.
I certainly would not agree with the term “planned”, our universe is deterministic and —
according to the prevailing view in this Space — includes all times, past or future.
If you are thinking of the many-world interpretation of quantum mechanics (MWI), which is an
interpretation that tries to resolve the disparity between the quantum superposition of alternative
outcomes and the fact that only one outcome is ever observed by positing that they all occur —
then the situation is not fundamentally different. The “future” of each such world would still be
there, but there would be several parallel versions (forking at each quantum event) that are
independent of conscious choice or supposed free will.
doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.157.
{7}The very nature of the scientific enterprise is at stake in the multiverse debate. Its advocates
propose weakening the nature of scientific proof in order to claim that the multiverse hypothesis
provides a scientific explanation. This is a dangerous tactic. Two central scientific virtues are
testability and explanatory power.
The key observational point is that the domains considered are beyond the visual horizon and are
therefore unobservable. You cannot receive signals of any kind from beyond the horizon, as there
has not been time for messages to reach us from there since the universe began. Hence no object
out there is detectable by any kind of astronomical observation. To see this clearly one should
look at the space-time diagrams of our past light cone. The assumption made in justifying the
multiverse is that we can extrapolate to 10^100 times the horizon distance or even more (the
word “infinity” is casually used in these writings). The extraordinary pretentiousness of this
attempt should be clear.
The multiverse idea is provable neither by observation nor as an implication of well-established

physics. It may be true, but it cannot be shown to be true. It does have significant explanatory
power — it provides an empirically based rationalization for fine-tuning, developed from known
physical principles — but one must distinguish between explanation and prediction. Successful
scientific theories make predictions that can be tested. The multiverse theory cannot make any
testable predictions because it can explain anything at all.
Important people In the Theory
We are not down to a single, unique universe, but our findings imply a significant reduction of
the multiverse, to a much smaller range of possible universes.~Stephen Hawking Stephen
Hawking is a famously known scientist, his impact in the field of astrophysics has changed our
perspective several times. His claims on the multiverse is valued as well.(8)The theory, which
was submitted for publication before Hawking’s death earlier this year, is based on string theory
and predicts the universe is finite and far simpler than many current theories about the Big Bang
say.“The usual theory of eternal inflation predicts that globally our universe is like an infinite
fractal, with a mosaic of different pocket universes, separated by an inflating ocean,” said
Hawking in an interview last autumn. “The local laws of physics and chemistry can differ from
one pocket universe to another, which together would form a multiverse. But I have never been a
fan of the multiverse. If the scale of different universes in the multiverse is large or infinite the
theory can’t be tested. ” His opinions on the multiverse are refreshing as well as eye-opening as
most cosmologists prefer to stick to the theory and certify it rather than defying the possibility.
doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.157.
Hugh Everett’s many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics arose from what must have
been the most world-changing drinking session of all time. One evening in 1954, in a student hall
at Princeton University, grad student Everett was drinking sherry with his friends when he came
up with the idea that quantum effects cause the universe to constantly split.
He developed the idea for his PhD thesis – and the theory held up. According to his work, we are
living in a multiverse of countless universes, full of copies of each of us. It was sensational. This
envisions our Universe as just one of the numerous parallel worlds that branch off from each
other, nanosecond by nanosecond, without intersecting or communicating. One could call Everett
the ‘discoverer’ of the cosmology in the multiverse.
Max Tegmark known as “Mad Max” for his unorthodox ideas and passion for adventure, his
scientific interests range from precision cosmology to the ultimate nature of reality, all explored
in his new popular book “Our Mathematical Universe”. He is an MIT physics professor with
more than two hundred technical papers and has been featured in dozens of science
documentaries. {9}The document by Max Tegmark is an assertion that parallel universes by
definition are not just imaginations but remain the domain of metaphysics. The discussion on the
four levels of the multiverse is explicitly presented by Tegmark. These include level I – Beyond
our Cosmic Universe, level II multiverse – Other PostiInflation Bubbles, level III – Quantum
Many Worlds, and level IV – Other Mathematical Structures.
In conclusion, the concept of the multiverse is a fascinating and thought-provoking idea that has
captured the imagination of scientists, philosophers, and science fiction enthusiasts alike. While
the multiverse hypothesis remains highly speculative and lacks concrete empirical evidence, it
represents a tantalizing solution to some of the most perplexing questions in physics and
cosmology.
The idea that our universe is just one of many within a vast cosmic ensemble challenges our
understanding of reality, pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and expanding our
horizons. It invites us to contemplate the notion that there may be other universes with entirely
different physical laws, constants, and conditions, potentially offering a wealth of possibilities
and variations beyond our current comprehension.
doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.157.
As scientific research continues to advance, the multiverse hypothesis remains a subject of
ongoing investigation and debate. Whether or not it ultimately proves to be true, the mere
consideration of the multiverse has already enriched our understanding of the universe we
inhabit and inspires us to explore the profound mysteries of existence. It is a testament to the
enduring human spirit of curiosity and exploration, as we continue to seek answers to the
fundamental questions of our existence in this vast and ever-expanding cosmos.
doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.157.

Research MULTIVERSE

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Multiverse theory suggests that our universe, with all its hundreds of billions of galaxies and

The multiverse idea is provable neither by observation nor as an implication of well-established

Important people In the Theory

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