Micro Project Report

On
“Prepare A Report On IPv6 Next Generation Protocol”

Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the diploma in computer science

Engineering and polytechnic
Submitted By
Mr.Chetan Badgujar
Mr.Utkarsh Shelke
Ms.Shruti Ujjainkar
Ms.Chaitali Barahate

Guided By
Prof. A. R. Warkhede

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Padm.Dr.V.B.Kolte College of Engineering and Polytechnic, Malkapur.

2022-2023
1
 CERTIFICATE
This Is To Certify That Mr.Chetan Badgujar, Mr.Utkarsh Shelke,
Ms.Shruti Ujjainkar, Ms.Chaitali Barahate. Polytechnic Third-Year of
Computer Science and Engineering Have Submitted By A Micro-Project
Titled “Prepare a Report on IPv6 Next Generation Protocol” In Advanced
Computer Network During The Requirement For The Diploma In
Computer Science and Engineering of MSBTE Mumbai.

Prof.M.V.Shastri Prof.A.R.Warkhede
Head of Department Guided by computer
Science and Engineering Department

Prof.S.N.Khachane
Principal
Padm.Dr.VBKCOE,Malkapur

2
 Declaration
Declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and
where other’s ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and
referded the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles
of acedmic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
falsified any idea /data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any
violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the institute and
can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly
cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Submitted by
Mr.Chetan Badgujar
Mr.Utkarsh Shelke
Ms.Shruti Ujjainkar
Ms.Chaitali Barahate

3
 Acknowledgement
I express deep gratitude for enthusiasm and valuable suggestions that I got for
my Guide Prof. A. R. Warkhede Lecture for computer science and engineering
for successful completion of the project report. This wan not possible without
his invaluable. I pay this regard to our HOD. Prof. M. V. Shastri. Principal Prof.
S.N. Khachane. Who are instrumental setting standard for the student achieve.
Finally I am thankful to all the people who are related to the project directly or
indirectly I am grateful to all the teachers and staff of department on computer
science and engineering. I also want to thank my faculty who should a great will
of strength, encouragement and without his cooperation I would have not been
able to complete this work.

4
 Part A
1.0 Title of Micro-Project:- Prepare A Report On IPv6 Next Generation
Protocol

2.0 Brief Introduction:-

In 1970’s the Internet Protocol (IP) was designed upon certain assumptions and key design
decisions. After more than 25 years of deployment and usage, the resulting design has been
surprisingly appropriate to sustain the growth of the Internet that we have seen and continue
to see; not only the increase of the number of devices connected, but also of the kinds of
applications and usage we are inventing every day. This sustainability is a very impressive
achievement of engineering excellence. Despite the extraordinary sustainability of the current
version (IPv4), however, it is suffering and the Internet Protocol needs an important revision.
This chapter describes why we need a new version of the IP protocol (IPv6), by describing
the Internet growth, the use of techniques to temper the consequences of that growth and the
trouble experienced in deploying applications in current IPv4 networks. Some architecture
considerations are then discussed and new features needed in current and future networks
presented. Next, the work towards IPv6 at the IETF is shown along with the key features of
IPv6. Some milestones are also tabled. Finally, the IPv6 return on investment and drivers is
discussed.

3.0 Aim/Benefits of Micro-Project:-

IPv4 offers a unique global computer addressing to make sure that two network entities can
exceptionally identify one another. Due to the evolution in the number of users day to day,
IPv4 has lost its pace. In 1991, the IETF decided that the current version of IP, that is IPv4,
had outlived its design. The new version of IP, called either IPng (Next Generation) or IPv6
(version 6), was the outcome of an extensive and tumultuous process which came to a head in
1994, when the IETF gave a perfect direction for IPv6. IPv6 is intended to resolve the

5
limitations of IPv4. It does so by creating a new version of the protocol which serves the
functions of IPv4, but without the same limitations of IPv4. The differences between IPv6
and IPv4 in major areas are addressing, routing, security, network address translation,
administrative workload, and support for mobile devices.

Since 1994, over 30 IPv6 Request for Comments (RFCs) have been published. Changing an
IP leads to the change of dozens of Internet protocols and conventions, ranging from how IP
addresses are stored in Domain Name System (DNS) and applications to how datagrams are
sent and routed over Ethernet, Point to Point Protocol (PPP), Token ring, Fiber Distribution
Data Interface (FDDI), and every other medium, to show how programmers call network
functions.

4.0 Course Outcomes Achieved:-

 Configure IPv6 Network
 Choose Routing protocol in the given network situation

6
5.0 Action Plan:-

Sr. Planned start Planned Name responsible

Details of activity
No. date finished date team member’s

1 First we select topic 15-10-2022 25-10-2022 Chetan Badgujar

Then collect all

2 30-10-2022 10-11-2022 Utkarsh Shelke
information

Then discuss with

3 13-11-2022 25-11-2022 Shruti Ujjainkar
your subject teacher

4 Then search about 27-11-2022 5-12-2022 Chaitali Barahate

Then prepare report

5 7-12-2022 9-12-2022 Chetan Badgujar
on it

6.0 Resources Required:-

Sr. No. Name of resources Specification Qty Remark

Computer Science
1 Textbook 1
and Engineering

Advanced
2 Reference book Computer 1
Network

7
Name of Team Member’s With Roll No’s:-
1. Chetan Badgujar (09)

2. Utkarsh Shelke (17)

3. Shruti Ujjainkar (01)

4. Chaitali Barahate (13)

8
 Part B
1.0 Titled of Micro-Project:- Prepare A Report On IPv6 Next Generation
Protocol

2.0 Brief Introduction:-

In 1970’s the Internet Protocol (IP) was designed upon certain assumptions and key design
decisions. After more than 25 years of deployment and usage, the resulting design has been
surprisingly appropriate to sustain the growth of the Internet that we have seen and continue
to see; not only the increase of the number of devices connected, but also of the kinds of
applications and usage we are inventing every day. This sustainability is a very impressive
achievement of engineering excellence. Despite the extraordinary sustainability of the
current version (IPv4), however, it is suffering and the Internet Protocol needs an important
revision. This chapter describes why we need a new version of the IP protocol (IPv6), by
describing the Internet growth, the use of techniques to temper the consequences of that
growth and the trouble experienced in deploying applications in current IPv4 networks. Some
architecture considerations are then discussed and new features needed in current and future
networks presented. Next, the work towards IPv6 at the IETF is shown along with the key
features of IPv6. Some milestones are also tabled. Finally, the IPv6 return on investment and
drivers is discussed.

 Definition of IPv6
IPv6 is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking and provides end-to-
end datagram transmission across multiple IP networks, closely adhering to the design
principles developed in the previous version of the protocol, Internet Protocol Version 4
(IPv4).

9
  Need of IPv6
The Internet has experienced a phenomenal increase of devices accessing the internet.
Because of this increase, IPV4 addresses are running out. The solution is for IPV6 to
accommodate this increased demand by providing a much larger address space, along with
improved traffic routing & better Security.

 IPv6 Addressing
IPv6 addresses have 128 bits. The design of the IPv6 address space implements a different
design philosophy than in IPv4, in which subnetting was used to improve the efficiency of
utilization of the small address space. In IPv6, the address space is deemed large enough for
the foreseeable future, and a local area subnet always uses 64 bits for the host portion of
the address, designated as the interface identifier, while the most-significant 64 bits are used
as the routing prefix.

The identifier is only unique within the subnet to which a host is connected. IPv6 has a
mechanism for automatic address detection, so that address auto-configuration always
produces unique assignments.

 IPv6 - Addressing Modes

In computer networking, addressing mode refers to the mechanism of hosting an address on
the network. IPv6 offers several types of modes by which a single host can be addressed.
More than one host can be addressed at once or the host at the closest distance can be
addressed.

 Unicast Address
In unicast mode of addressing, an IPv6 interface (host) is uniquely identified in a network
segment. The IPv6 packet contains both source and destination IP addresses. A host interface

10
is equipped with an IP address which is unique in that network segment. When a network
switch or a router receives a unicast IP packet, destined to a single host, it sends out one of its
outgoing interface which connects to that particular host.

Fig:- Unicast Address

 Anycast Address
This is a type of address which is used to define a group of computers with addresses which
have the same prefix. In this addressing mode, multiple interfaces (hosts) are assigned same
Anycast IP address. When a host wishes to communicate with a host equipped with an
Anycast IP address, it sends a Unicast message. With the help of complex routing

11
mechanism, that Unicast message is delivered to the host closest to the Sender in terms of
Routing cost.

Fig:- Anycast Address

 Multicast Address
The IPv6 multicast mode is same as that of IPv4. The packet destined to multiple hosts is
sent on a special multicast address. All the hosts interested in that multicast information, need
to join that multicast group first. All the interfaces that joined the group receive the multicast
packet and process it, while other hosts not interested in multicast packets ignore the
multicast information.

12
 Fig:- Multicast Address

Sending message to such a group is called multicasting and the routing algorithm used for
multicasting is multicast routing.

There are two types of routing algorithm:

1. Non-adaptive algorithms
2. Adaptive algorithms.

Multicast routing is a special class of broadcast routing

13
  IPv6 – Headers
The wonder of IPv6 lies in its header. An IPv6 address is 4 times larger than IPv4, but
surprisingly, the header of an IPv6 address is only 2 times larger than that of IPv4. IPv6
headers have one Fixed Header and zero or more Optional (Extension) Headers. All the
necessary information that is essential for a router is kept in the Fixed Header. The Extension
Header contains optional information that helps routers to understand how to handle a
packet/flow.

Fig:- IPV6 Fixed Header

IPv6 fixed header is 40 bytes long and contains the following information.

 Version (4-bits): It represents the version of Internet Protocol, i.e. 0110.

 Traffic Class (8-bits): These 8 bits are divided into two parts. The most
significant 6 bits are used for Type of Service to let the Router Known what services
should be provided to this packet. The least significant 2 bits are used for Explicit
Congestion Notification (ECN).
 Flow Label (20-bits): This label is used to maintain the sequential flow of the
packets belonging to a communication. The source labels the sequence to help the
router identify that a particular packet belongs to a specific flow of information. This
field helps avoid re- ordering of data packets. It is designed for streaming/real-time
media.

14
  Payload Length (16-bits): This field is used to tell the routers how much
information a particular packet contains in its payload. Payload is composed of
Extension Headers and Upper Layer data. With 16 bits, up to 65535 bytes can be
indicated; but if the Extension Headers contain Hop-by-Hop Extension Header, then
the payload may exceed 65535 bytes and this field is set to 0.
 Next Header (8-bits): This field is used to indicate either the type of Extension
Header, or if the Extension Header is not present then it indicates the Upper Layer
PDU. The values for the type of Upper Layer PDU are same as IPv4’s.
 Hop Limit (8-bits): This field is used to stop packet to loop in the network
infinitely. This is same as TTL in IPv4. The value of Hop Limit field is decremented
by 1 as it passes a link (router/hop). When the field reaches 0 the packet is discarded.
 Source Address (128-bits): This field indicates the address of originator of the
packet.
 Destination Address (128-bits): This field provides the address of intended
recipient of the packet.

 IPv6 Policy Principles

To address the goals described in the previous section, the policies in this document discuss
and follow the basic principles described below.

 Address space not to be considered property

It is contrary to the goals of this document and is not in the interests of the Internet
community as a whole for address space to be considered freehold property. The policies in
this document are based upon the understanding that globally unique IPv6 unicast address
space is licensed for use rather than owned. Specifically, IP addresses will be allocated and
assigned on a license basis, with licenses subject to renewal on a periodic basis. The
granting of a license is subject to specific conditions applied at the start or renewal of the
license.

15
RIRs will generally renew licenses automatically, provided requesting organizations are
making a “good faith” effort at meeting the criteria under which they qualified for or were
granted an allocation or assignment. However, in those cases where a requesting organization
is not using the address space as intended, or is showing bad faith in following through on the
associated obligation, RIRs reserve the right to not renew the license. Note that when a
license is renewed, the new license will be evaluated under and governed by the applicable
IPv6 address policies in place at the time of renewal, which may differ from the policy in
place at the time of the original allocation or assignment.

 Routability not guaranteed

There is no guarantee that any address allocation or assignment will be globally routable.
However, RIRs must apply procedures that reduce the possibility of fragmented address
space which may lead to a loss of routability.

 Minimum allocation
The minimum allocation size for IPv6 address space is /32.

 Consideration of IPv4 infrastructure

Where an existing IPv4 service provider requests IPv6 space for eventual transition of
existing services to IPv6, the number of present IPv4 customers may be used to justify a
larger request than would be justified if based solely on the IPv6 infrastructure.

 IPv6 - Features
The successor of IPv4 is not designed to be backward compatible. Trying to keep the basic
functionalities of IP addressing, IPv6 is redesigned entirely. It offers the following features:

 Larger Address Space

In contrast to IPv4, IPv6 uses 4 times more bits to address a device on the Internet. This

16
much of extra bits can provide approximately 3.4×1038 different combinations of
addresses. This address can accumulate the aggressive requirement of address allotment
for almost everything in this world. According to an estimate, 1564 addresses can be
allocated to every square meter of this earth.

 Simplified Header
IPv6’s header has been simplified by moving all unnecessary information and options
(which are present in IPv4 header) to the end of the IPv6 header. IPv6 header is only twice
as bigger than IPv4 provided the fact that IPv6 address is four times longer.

 End-to-end Connectivity
Every system now has unique IP address and can traverse through the Internet without using
NAT or other translating components. After IPv6 is fully implemented, every host can
directly reach other hosts on the Internet, with some limitations involved like Firewall,
organization policies, etc.

 Auto-configuration
IPv6 supports both stateful and stateless auto configuration mode of its host devices. This
way, absence of a DHCP server does not put a halt on inter segment communication.

 Faster Forwarding/Routing
Simplified header puts all unnecessary information at the end of the header. The
information contained in the first part of the header is adequate for a Router to take routing
decisions, thus making routing decision as quickly as looking at the mandatory header.

 IPSec
Initially it was decided that IPv6 must have IPSec security, making it more secure than
IPv4. This feature has now been made optional.

17
  No Broadcast
Though Ethernet/Token Ring are considered as broadcast network because they support
Broadcasting, IPv6 does not have any broadcast support any more. It uses multicast to
communicate with multiple hosts.

 Anycast Support
This is another characteristic of IPv6. IPv6 has introduced Anycast mode of packet
routing. In this mode, multiple interfaces over the Internet are assigned same Anycast IP
address. Routers, while routing, send the packet to the nearest destination.

 Mobility
IPv6 was designed keeping mobility in mind. This feature enables hosts (such as mobile
phone) to roam around in different geographical area and remain connected with the same
IP address. The mobility feature of IPv6 takes advantage of auto IP configuration and
Extension headers.

 Enhanced Priority Support

IPv4 used 6 bits DSCP (Differential Service Code Point) and 2 bits ECN (Explicit
Congestion Notification) to provide Quality of Service but it could only be used if the end-
to-end devices support it, that is, the source and destination device and underlying network
must support it.
In IPv6, Traffic class and Flow label are used to tell the underlying routers how to
efficiently process the packet and route it.

 Smooth Transition
Large IP address scheme in IPv6 enables to allocate devices with globally unique IP
addresses. This mechanism saves IP addresses and NAT is not required. So devices can
send/receive data among each other, for example, VoIP and/or any streaming media can be
used much efficiently. Other fact is, the header is less loaded, so routers can take
forwarding decisions and forward them as quickly as they arrive.

18
  Transition From IPv4 to IPv6
Complete transition from IPv4 to IPv6 might not be possible because IPv6 is not backward
compatible. This results in a situation where either a site is on IPv6 or it is not. It is unlike
implementation of other new technologies where the newer one is backward compatible so
the older system can still work with the newer version without any additional changes. To
overcome this short-coming, we have a few technologies that can be used to ensure slow and
smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6.

 Dual Stack Routers

A router can be installed with both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses configured on its interfaces
pointing to the network of relevant IP scheme.

Fig:- Dual Stack Routers

 Tunneling
In a scenario where different IP versions exist on intermediate path or transit networks,
tunneling provides a better solution where user’s data can pass through a non-supported IP
version.

The above diagram depicts how two remote IPv4 networks can communicate via a Tunnel,
where the transit network was on IPv6. Vice versa is also possible where the transit network
is on IPv6 and the remote sites that intend to communicate are on IPv4.

19
 Fig:- Tunneling

 NAT Network Address Translation

This is another important method of transition to IPv6 by means of a NAT-PT (Network
Address Translation – Protocol Translation) enabled device. With the help of a NAT-PT
device, actual can take place happens between IPv4 and IPv6 packets and vice versa. See
the diagram below:

Fig:- NAT Network Address Translation

A host with IPv4 address sends a request to an IPv6 enabled server on Internet that does not
understand IPv4 address. In this scenario, the NAT-PT device can help them communicate.
When the IPv4 host sends a request packet to the IPv6 server, the NAT-PT device/router
strips down the IPv4 packet, removes IPv4 header, and adds IPv6 header and passes it
through the Internet. When a response from the IPv6 server comes for the IPv4 host, the
router does vice versa.

20
  Difference between IPv4 & IPv6

Sr. No. IPv4 IPv6

1 IPv4 has 32-bit address length IPv6 has 128-bit address length

It Supports Manual and DHCP It supports Auto and renumbering

2
address configuration address configuration

In IPv4 end to end connection In IPv6 end to end connection integrity is

3
integrity is Unachievable Achievable

It can generate 4.29*109 address

4 It can generate 3.4*1038 address space
space

Encryption and Authentication is Encryption and Authentication is Not

5
provided Provided

3.0 Aim of Micro-Project:-

 It is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP)

 IPv6 is to supplement and eventually replace IPv4

4.0 Course Outcome Integrated:-

 Configure IPv6 Network

 Choose Routing protocol in the given network situation

21
5.0 Actual Procedure Followed:-

 First of all, Sir introduced a micro-project topic to our group.

 Subsequently, our group fully understood the micro-project topic provided by Sir.
 Then our group started collecting information through the books & the different
websites.
 After collecting the information, it is structured according to the micro-project format.
 We also included some figures in the information provided.
 After that, we created a complete micro project according to given format.
 The soft copy of the micro project is shown to correct the errors after the micro
project is created.
 After that Sir saw the micro-project soft copy completely and told us some mistakes
andwe corrected it and printed the micro-project.

6.0 Actual Resource Used:-

Name of
Sr. No. Specification Qty Remark
resources
Computer science and
1 Textbook 1
engineering
Reference
2 Text Book 1
book
3 Internet https://www.learncoding.com 1

7.0 Outcomes of Micro-Project:-

 To understand the IPv6 protocol
 To understand the addressing

22
8.0 Skill Developed/Learning Outcomes of The Micro-Project:-

 Ability to work independently and within groups

 Analyse user needs
 Analytical thinking
 Critical thinking
 Creativity
 Emotional Intelligence
 Leadership
 Motivation
 Communication
 Planning Skills
 Test systems and networks
 Plan and prepare for network configuration.

23
 TEACHER EVALUATION SHEET
Name of Student:- Chetan Badgujar Enrolment No:- 2015650013
Name of Programme:- Computer Sci and Engineering Semester:- (Fifth)
Course Title:- Advanced Computer Network DTE code:- 22520
Title of Micro-Project:- Prepare A Report On IPv6 Next Generation Protocol.

Course Outcomes Achieved

Sr. No. Characteristics Poor marks Average Good marks Excellent
to be assessed marks 6-8 marks
1-3 4-5 9-10

1 Relevance to
course
2 Literature
survey
3 Project proposal

4 Completion of
target
5 Analysis and
representation
of data

6 Quality and
prototype of
model

7 Report
presentation

Product assessment
Process assessment Product assessment
Part A project Project Part B project Individual Total marks 20
proposal 2 methodology 2 proposal/working presentation
marks marks model 2 marks viva 4 marks

24
 Comments / suggestion about team work / leadership / inter-personal
communication (if any)
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________

 Any other comments

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_____________________

Signature:- _____________________

Name and Designation of

Faculty Member’s:- Prof. A.R.Warkhede

25
 TEACHER EVALUATION SHEET
Name of Student:- Utkarsh Shelke Enrolment No:- 2015650025
Name of Programme:- Computer Sci and Engineering Semester:- (Fifth)
Course Title:- Advanced Computer Network DTE code:- 22520
Title of Micro-Project:- Prepare A Report On IPv6 Next Generation Protocol

Course Outcomes Achieved

Sr. No. Characteristics Poor marks Average Good marks Excellent
to be assessed marks 6-8 marks
1-3 4-5 9-10

1 Relevance to
course
2 Literature
survey
3 Project proposal

4 Completion of
target
5 Analysis and
representation
of data

6 Quality and
prototype of
model

7 Report
presentation

Product assessment
Process assessment Product assessment
Part A project Project Part B project Individual Total marks 20
proposal 2 methodology 2 proposal/working presentation
marks marks model 2 marks viva 4 marks

26
 Comments / suggestion about team work / leadership / inter-personal
communication (if any)
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________

 Any other comments

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_____________________

Signature:- ______________________
Name and designation of
Faculty Member’s:- Prof. A. R. Warkhede

27
 TEACHER EVALUATION SHEET
Name of Student:- Shruti Ujjainkar Enrollment No:- 2015650002
Name of Programme:- Computer Sci and Engineering Semester:- (Fifth)
Course Title:- Advanced Computer Network DTE code:- 22520
Title of Micro-Project:- Prepare A Report On IPv6 Next Generation Protocol

Course Outcomes Achieved

Sr. No. Characteristics Poor marks Average Good marks Excellent
to be assessed marks 6-8 marks
1-3 4-5 9-10

1 Relevance to
course
2 Literature
survey
3 Project proposal

4 Completion of
target
5 Analysis and
representation
of data

6 Quality and
prototype of
model

7 Report
presentation

Product assessment
Process assessment Product assessment
Part A project Project Part B project Individual Total marks 20
proposal 2 methodology 2 proposal/working presentation
marks marks model 2 marks viva 4 marks

28
 Comments / suggestion about team work / leadership / inter-personal
communication (if any)
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________

 Any other comments

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_____________________

Signature:- _______________________
Name and designation of
Faculty Member’s:- Prof. A. R. Warkhede

29
 TEACHER EVALUATION SHEET
Name of Student:- Chaitali Barhate Enrolment No:- 2015650019
Name of Programme:- Computer Sci and Engineering Semester:- (Fifth)
Course Title:- Advanced Computer Network DTE code:- 22520
Title of Micro-Project:- Prepare A Report On IPv6 Next Generation Protocol

Course Outcomes Achieved

Sr. No. Characteristics Poor marks Average Good marks Excellent
to be assessed marks 6-8 marks
1-3 4-5 9-10

1 Relevance to
course
2 Literature
survey
3 Project proposal

4 Completion of
target
5 Analysis and
representation
of data

6 Quality and
prototype of
model

7 Report
presentation

Product assessment
Process assessment Product assessment
Part A project Project Part B project Individual Total marks 20
proposal 2 methodology 2 proposal/working presentation
marks marks model 2 marks viva 4 marks

30
 Comments / suggestion about team work / leadership / inter-personal
communication (if any)
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________

 Any other comments

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_____________________

Signature:- _______________________
Name and designation of
Faculty Member’s:- Prof. A. R. Warkhede

31