EXPERIMENT-05

AIM: Design a double-stub shunt tuner to match a load impedance ZL= 60 − j80 ohm to a 50-ohm
line. The stubs are to be open-circuited stubs and are spaced λ/8 apart. If this load consists of a
series resistor and capacitor and that the match frequency is 2 GHz, plot the reflection coefficient
magnitude versus frequency from 1 to 3 GHz

TOOLS REQUIRED:

QUCS (Quite Universal Circuit Simulator) tool

PROCEDURE:

Steps in QUCS: -
Drag and drop the following in the schematic window in QUCS
1. Components -> Transmission Lines -> Substrate Change the substrate parameters to er = 4.5,
h= 1 mm
2. Components -> Transmission Lines -> Microstrip Line
a) For 50ohm, W = 1.85432mm, L = 20.3556mm
3.Component->lumped component->Capacitor C= 0.995nH
4.Component->lumped component->resistor R=60 ohm
The width and length can be calculated using a microstrip line calculator.
However, changing the length will not affect the characteristic impedance. It is the width and
height which decides the characteristic impedance.
4.Components -> Lumped components -> Ground
5.Components -> Sources -> AC Power source
For solution 1:-
6.Component->transmission line->microstrip line w=1.8543 L= 10.1726mm
7.Component->transmission line->microstrip line w=1.8543 L= 16.61mm
8.Component->transmission line->microstrip line w=1.8543 L= 10.183mm
10.Component->transmission line->microstrip line w=1.8543 L= 11.894mm
11. Components -> Simulations -> S Parameter simulation Change the simulation parameters:
Start 1GHz, Stop 5 GHz and points 50.
12. Connect all the components together, save the design and simulate.
For solution 2:-
6.Component->transmission line->microstrip line w=1.8543 L= 10.1726mm
7.Component->transmission line->microstrip line w=1.8543 L= 28.51mm
8.Component->transmission line->microstrip line w=1.8543 L= 10.183mm
10.Component->transmission line->microstrip line w=1.8543 L= 39.62mm
11. Components -> Simulations -> S Parameter simulation Change the simulation parameters:
Start 1GHz, Stop 5 GHz and points 50.
12. Connect all the components together, save the design and simulate.

CALCULATIONS:

To calculate the distance between the stub and the load and to calculate the length of the stub
certain calculations need to be performed. The distance between the stub and the load D is given
by,
ϵreff = (ϵr+1)/2 + (ϵr -1) / (2*√1 + 12h/w)
ϵreff=(4.5+1)/2+(4.5-1)/2* √1 + 12*1/1.85432) =3.3
λo=3*10^8/ 2*10^9=150mm
λg=λo/ ϵ√reff
λg=150/ 3.3=81.47mm
D1(length between the two stubs) = λ/8=81.47/8=10.183mm
D2(length between the source and microstrip line) = 20.3556mm - 10.183mm= 10.1726mm
For solution 1
L1=0146 λg=0.146*81.47=11.894mm
L1=0.204 λg=0.2048/81.47=16.61mm
For solution2
L1'=0.482 λg=39.62mm
L2' =0.350 λg=28.51mm
SCHEMATICS IN QUCS:

Assemble the double stub microstrip lines as shown below.

The operating frequency in this case is 2 GHz.

Fig1: - Double stub matching network for 50-ohm microstrip line at 2GHz.

OUTPUT: -
Comparision of reflection coefficient.

Fig-2 Variation of S11 parameter for the two networks.

RESULT:

1)In double stub matching circuit we can see without using stub it has maximum reflection that is
-4.52at 1.98 GHz (approx. 2GHz).

2)For solution 1: -After adding the two stubs we get lesser reflection than that is

-15.2dB at 1.98GHz.

3) For solution 2: -After adding the two stubs we get lesser reflection than that is

-27dB at 1.98GHz.
 EXPERIMENT-06

AIM- Prototype Butterworth and Chebyshev LPF and HPF and compare the filter characteristics.

TOOLS REQUIRED: -

QUCS (Quite Universal Circuit Simulator) tool

PROCEDURE: -

Steps in QUCS: -
Drag and drop the following in the schematic window in QUCS
For Chebyshev (Low pass): -
1. Tools> Filter Synthesis -> Realization- LC- ladder->Filter Type-Chebyshev->
Filter class-Low pass ->Order-5->Corner frequency-2 GHz->Pass band ripple-3dB
->Impedance-50 ohm->Topology-> tee type->calculate and clip into the clipboard and paste it.
For Chebyshev (High pass): -
2. Tools> Filter Synthesis -> Realization- LC- ladder->Filter Type-Chebyshev->
Filter class-High pass ->Order-5->Corner frequency-2 GHz->Pass band ripple-3dB
->Impedance-50 ohm->Topology-> tee type-> calculate and clip into the clipboard and paste it.
For Butterworth (High pass): -
1. Tools> Filter Synthesis -> Realization- LC- ladder->Filter Type-Chebyshev->
Filter class-High pass ->Order-5->Corner frequency-2 GHz->Impedance-50 ohm->Topology->
tee type-> calculate and clip into the clipboard and paste it.
For Butterworth (Low pass): -
2. Tools> Filter Synthesis -> Realization- LC- ladder->Filter Type-Chebyshev->
Filter class-High pass ->Order-5->Corner frequency-2 GHz->Impedance-50 ohm->Topology->
tee type-> calculate and clip into the clipboard and paste it.
3. Save the design and simulate.
CALCULATIONS: -
We can also find the values of inductor and capacitor by using formula.

For N=5;
We can find the value of g from the given table: -

From above table we get the values

(Low pass filter Butterworth)

g1=0.6180, g2 =1.6180, g3 =2.0000, g4 =1.6180, g5 =0.6180, g6 =1.0000

We get the values of inductor and capacitor by using formula: -

𝑔1×𝑟𝑜 0.618×50
L1=L5= = =2.45nH
𝑤𝑜 2×109

𝑔2 1.618
C2=C4=𝑟𝑜×𝑤𝑜=50×2×109=2.57pF
𝑔3×𝑟𝑜 2×50
L3= =2×109=7.96nH
𝑤𝑜
(High pass filter Butterworth)
1 1
C1=C5=𝑔1×𝑤𝑜×𝑟𝑜=0.618×2×3.14×2×109×50=2.57pF

1 1
C3=𝑔1×𝑤𝑜×𝑟𝑜=2×2×3.14×2×109×50=7.95nH

𝑟𝑜 50
L2=L4= 𝑔2×𝑤𝑜 =1.618×2×3.14×2×109=2.59nH

We can also find the values of inductor and capacitor by using formula.
For N=5; ripple=3dB
We can find the value of g from the given table: -

g1=3.4817, g2 =0.7618, g3 =4.5381, g4 =0.7618, g5 =3.4817, g6 =1.0000

(Low pass filter Chebyshev)

𝑔1×𝑟𝑜 3.4817×50
L1=L5= =2×3.14×2×109=13.85nH
𝑤𝑜

𝑔2 0.7618
C2=C4=𝑟𝑜×𝑤𝑜=2×2×3.14×50×109=1.21pF
𝑔1×𝑟𝑜 4.5381×50
L3= =2×3.14×2×109=18.06nH
𝑤𝑜
(High pass filter Chebyshev)
1 1
C1=C5=𝑟𝑜×𝑤𝑜×𝑔𝑜=50×2×3.14×2×109×3.4817 =457.1fF

𝑟𝑜 50
L2=L4=𝑤𝑜×𝑔2 =2×3.14×2×109×0.7618=5.22nH

1 1
C3=𝑤𝑜×𝑔2×𝑟𝑜=2×3.14×2×109×4.5381×50=350fF

SCHEMATICS IN QUCS: -
Assemble the Butterworth and Chebyshev LPF and HPF using lumped components as shown
below.
The operating frequency in this case is 2 GHz.

Fig1: - Butterworth and Chebyshev LPF and HPF using lumped components at 2GHz
OUTPUT: -
A) Comparision of reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient of low pass filter
(Butterworth and Chebyshev).

B) Comparision of reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient of high pass filter

(Butterworth and Chebyshev).
RESULT: -

These results clearly show the trade-offs involved with the two types of filters. The 5 order of the
Butterworth (maximally flat) filter and Chebyshev (equal ripple) filter to satisfy the insertion loss
specification at above -30 GHz and -3dB at cutoff frequency 2 GHz. We can observe the equal-
ripple response has the sharpest cutoff characteristic but ripples in passband and the maximally
flat response have a flatter attenuation characteristic in the passband but a slightly lower cutoff
rate.

EXPERIMENT-07
AIM: - 5 poles quarter wave transmission line and quarter wave microstrip line BSF of Chebyshev
response and compare their characteristics.
TOOLS REQUIRED: -

QUCS (Quite Universal Circuit Simulator) tool

PROCEDURE: -

Steps in QUCS: -
Drag and drop the following in the schematic window in QUCS
For Chebyshev (Quarter wave): -
1. Tools> Filter Synthesis -> Realization- Quarter wave ->Filter Type-Chebyshev->
Filter class-Band stop ->Order-5->Pass band ripple-0.5dB->start frequency -2.775 ->stop
frequency -3.225 ->Impedance-50 ohm->calculate and clip into the clipboard and paste it.
For Chebyshev (Quarter wave microstrip): -
2. Tools> Filter Synthesis -> Realization- Quarter wave microstrip ->Filter Type-Chebyshev->
Filter class-Band stop ->Order-5-> Pass band ripple-0.5dB->start frequency –2.775stop
frequency-3.225>Impedance-50 ohm->calculate and clip into the clipboard and paste it.
3. Save the design and simulate.

CALCULATIONS: -
A useful form of band stop filter consists of 𝜆 /4 stubs connected by 𝜆 /4 transmission lines.
Design equation for BSF using /4 stubs.
SCHEMATICS IN QUCS: -
Assemble the Chebyshev BSF using Quarter wave transmission line and quarter wave microstrip
line as shown below.
Bandwidth=15%
The start frequency in this case is 2.775GHz.
The stop frequency in this case is 3.225GHz.

Number of poles=5

Ripple=0.5dB

Fig1: - Chebyshev BSF using quarter wave

Fig2: - Chebyshev BSF using quarter wave using microstrip

OUTPUT: -
A) Comparision of reflection coefficient of quarter wave and quarter wave microstrip of
Chebyshev.
B) Comparision of transmission coefficient of quarter wave and quarter wave microstrip of
Chebyshev.

Result: -

A) we have designed a Band stop filter for Chebyshev at 3 GHz using quarter wave and quarter
wave microstrip line we get transmission coefficient-46.6dB and -574dB.
B) we have designed Band stop filter for Chebyshev at 3 GHz using quarter wave and quarter wave
microstrip line we get reflection coefficient-47.2dB and-61.5dB.

EXPERIMENT-08