Substantial derivative

At time t1 , the fluid element is located at point 1 in the flow, At a later

time t2 the same fluid element has moved to a different location.

) , , , (
1 1 1 1 1
t z y x = ) , , , (
2 2 2 2 2
t z y x =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2
t t
t
z z
z
y y
y
x x
x

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ =


( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 2
1 2
1 1 2
1 2
1
1 2
1 2
1 1 2
1 2
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=

t t t
z z
z t t
y y
y t t
x x
x t t

Expansion in Taylor
Substantial derivative (2)
we can obtain a general expression for the substantial derivative in
cartesian coordinates:

Consider an example that will help to reinforce the physical meaning of the
substantial derivative. Imagine that you are hiking in the mountains, and you are
about to enter a cave. The temperature inside the cave is cooler than outside. Thus as
you walk through the mouth of the cave, you feel a temperature decrease analogous to
the convective derivative in Equation. However, imagine that, at the same time, a friend
throws a snowball at you such that the snowball hits you just at the same instant you
pass through the mouth of the cave. You will fee an additional, but momentary,
temperature drop when the snowball hits you-this is analogous to the local derivative.
The net temperature drop you feel as you walk through the mouth of the cave is
therefore a combination of both the act of moving into the cave, where it is cooler, and
being hit by the snowball at the same instant.
Navier Stokes Equations
We apply the second Newtons law to the fluid in the control
volume: F=ma

x y z
z
z x y
y
z y x
x Dt
Du
y z x
zx
yx
xx
A A A
c
c
+ A A A
c
c
+ A A A
c
c
= A A A
t
t
t

z y x Dt
Du
zx
yx
xx
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
t
t
t

Ma=F
Relation between the stresses and the velocity

Navier Stokes Equations (2)
x
u
V p
xx
c
c
+ V + = t 2

y
v
V p
yy
c
c
+ V + = t 2

z
w
V p
zz
c
c
+ V + = t 2

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= =
x
w
z
u
zx xz
t t
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= =
x
v
y
u
yx xy
t t
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= =
z
v
y
w
zy yz
t t
Navier Stokes Equations (3)
The integral form of the momentum equation can be obtained by returning to
Newton's law. The sum of the forces acting on a system of fluid particles is equal to the
rate of change of momentum of the fluid particles. Thus the sum of the body forces
and of the surface forces equals the time rate of change of momentum within the
volume plus the net efflux of momentum through the surface bounding the volume. In
vector form
V P
Dt
V D

2
Re
1
V + V =
For an incompressible flow, Navier Stokes equations in non dimensional units reduce
to: