The Tiny Big Threat A Narrative Case Study About Farmers Life Threatening Experience With Pests 1

THE TINY BIG THREAT: A NARRATIVE CASE STUDY ABOUT FARMERS’
LIFE-THREATENING EXPERIENCE WITH PESTS
_____________________________
A Research Paper
Presented to
Tarlac National High School - Main
San Roque, Tarlac City
_____________________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements of the Subject
Practical Research 1
_____________________________
Rizza Mae L. Mateo

Leander Morry O. Ocado
Edrhealyn L. Ocampo
Jhome Ruzzle E. Puri
Leslie Mae E. Rivera
July 2021
APPROVAL SHEET
This research entitled THE TINY BIG THREAT: A NARRATIVE CASE
STUDY ABOUT FARMERS’ LIFE THREATENING EXPERIENCE WITH
PESTS, prepared and submitted by Rizza Mae L. Mateo, Leander Morry O. Ocado,
Edrhealyn L. Ocampo, Jhome Ruzzle E. Puri, Leslie Mae E. Rivera in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical Research I, has been examined
and is recommended for the acceptance and approval of ORAL EXAMINATION.
Mylene C. Narra
Research Adviser
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____.
MYLENE C. NARRA
Chairman
ABSTRACT
Title: THE TINY BIG THREAT: A NARRATIVE CASE STUDY

ABOUT FARMERS’ LIFE THREATENING EXPERIENCE
WITH PESTS
Researchers: Rizza Mae L. Mateo

Edrhealyn L. Ocampo
School: Tarlac National High School Main
Date: June 2021
Pest is one of the most terrible smallest creatures around the world. A precise idea
with its connection to the pests; defined as harmful organisms that cause damage to crops
or plants that leads plants to fail in reaching their genetic potential. Pest is indeed at its
best in eradicating farmers' lives, little by little. This study aimed to find out the
life-threatening experiences of farmers with pests. It aimed to answer the following
questions: (1) What makes the experience of farmers with pests life-threatening; (2) how
did the farmers overcome the experience; (3) what makes the experience challenging; (4)
what are the techniques that they did to resolve the problem.
This study employed qualitative research design, specifically narrative case study
design. The said design is a combination of a narrative design and a case study design.
Guide questionnaires were conducted with two participants who experienced

life-threatening pests. Transcripts of recorded interviews were subjected to thematic
analysis. Four superordinate themes emerged: a) “Manageable Problems that have Great
Negative Impact” which are the problems in agriculture they had experienced that bring
problems in their crops and as beings; b) “Long-Time Experience in Farming Made the
Farmers Become Experts and Professionals” which their experience help them to think
critically in making actions with regard to pests control; c) “Confusion: A Big Reason”
which stated that confusion and expenditures affect the way they will handle the
problems they are dealing with; and d) “Experience is a Must and the Other Aspects
Follow” which is from those experiences, they are able to learn and stand boldly to fight
the said problem in agriculture. These also served a great help with the participants’ way
of living and handling the phenomenon.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the researchers, express their gratitude and endless appreciation to the
following persons who generously contribute to the successful completion of this study.
To Mrs. Mylene C. Narra, the researchers’ adviser, for untiring guidance, a
second mother who never failed to put effort and assistance to her child throughout this
study.
To our beloved 11-Love with our adviser, Ms. Roxette Rosete who encourages us
to continue this study.
To our parents, who give us hope and strength throughout the process of
research.
To the participants in this study, thank you for taking part in the study and
providing enjoyable moments while conducting it. Without your generosity and
participation, this study would not have been possible.
And to the Lord God Almighty, who gave us the strength, knowledge, and
wisdom we needed, as well as the courage to complete this study.
The Researchers
DEDICATION
This research is dedicated to our loving parents and friends,
who encouraged us to carry with our research despite the threat of the pandemic.
To our research adviser who is always active
and the source of our intelligence and cognition,
most especially to our God,
who gave us strength, guidance, skills, knowledge, wisdom, and love.
R.M.L.M
DEDICATION
Above all, I dedicate this fruit of hard work and sacrifices
to the people behind this success.
To my group mates, to my genuine friends,
to my beloved family who gave me their unending support,
and most of all, to our Almighty God.
L.M.O.O.
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this study to our God Almighty
who give us courage and patience to finish this
research, to my group mates, advisers and research teacher, especially
to my family who help me a lot and for giving
me non-stop support.
E.L.O.
DEDICATION
I dedicate this study to the farmers who work hard
in field to sell food for our table,
to my group mates who help me to conduct this study
and above all to Almighty God who give us
knowledge, strength, patience and guidance for
making this research.
J.R.E.P.
DEDICATION
This study was dedicated to our Almighty God,
to farmers, my classmates and
teachers, my family and to all who read
our research paper.
L.M.E.R.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………….v
DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………...vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………..xi
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND………………………..14
Introduction………………………………………………………………………14
Research Questions………………………………………………………………17
Significance of the Study………………………………………………………... 17
Scope and Delimitation…………………………………………………………..19
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………....20
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ………….22
Related Literature………………………………………………………………...22
Related Studies…………………………………………………………………...24
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………..29
Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………………..30
CHAPTER 3: SOURCE OF DATA AND METHODOLOG Y…………………….... 33
Research Design………………………………………………………………….33
Selection of Participants…………………………………………………………33
Research Instrument……………………………………………………………...34
Research Locale…………………………………………………………………. 35
Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………………………..35
Mode of Analysis………………………………………………………………...36
Ethical Consideration…………………………………………………………….37
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………………………….38
Findings………………………………………………………………………….38
Reasons that Made the Experience of Farmers’
Pests Life-threatening……………………………………………………39
Ways They Did to Overcome the Experience…………………………...41
The Reasons Why the Experience Became Challenging………………...43
Techniques They Did to Resolve the Problem…………………………...46
Discussion……………………………………………………………………….. 47
CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS……...54
Summary…………………………………………………………………………….. 54
Conclusion……………………………………………………………....................... 56
Recommendations.……………………………………………………………...........57
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………................ 59
A. News Article……………………………………………………………..59
B. Website Article…………………………………………………………...60
C. Journal Article……………………………………………………………62
D. Books……………………………………………………………............. 62
APPENDICES……………………………………………………………...................... 63
Appendix A: Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study………………….... 64
Appendix B: Interview Guide Development………………………………... 65
Appendix C: Thematic Analysis…………………………………………….. 67
Appendix D: Consulting Interviewee’s Availability Conversation………….70
Appendix E: Verbatim Transcription………………………………………... 73
CURRICULUM VITAE……………………………………………………………….. 94
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Pest is one of the most terrible smallest creatures around the world. A precise idea
with its connection to the pests; defined as harmful organisms that cause damage to crops
or plants that leads plants to fail in reaching their genetic potential. Pest is indeed at its
best in eradicating farmers' lives, little by little. To wit, pests are damaging organisms that
affect both human activities and crops production.
Transboundary plants' pests and diseases have spread rapidly in recent years.
Globalization, trade, and climate change have all played a role. As the decreased
flexibility of development processes. A result of decades in agricultural intensification.
Plant pests and diseases can spread rapidly across borders and hot outbreaks proportions.
Continuous outbreaks can cause massive crop and pasture losses. Jeopardizing the
livelihoods of poor farmers as well as the food nutrition welfare of millions at a time.
(FAO,2021)
Pests are responsible for destroying, killing, and perversion in billion hectares of
farmers' crops. The two main kinds of damage caused by insects are: (1) First, direct
plant damage caused by insects consume leaves and burrow holes in branches, fruit
and/or roots causing direct damage to plants. (2) The other one is indirect damage, where
bacterial, viral or fungal infections are transmitted to a crop by insects. Insects are not the
only dilemma that farmers need to deal with. The most serious issue is rodents. Rats and
mice have been known to do extensive damage to agricultural structures. (Safeguard Pest
Control, 2021)
To go through the problem, pests present substantial menace to global agriculture,
although how the distribution of the threats widens between different countries remains
indefinite. In the United States alone, crop and forest production is depriving pests and
pathogens have been roughly calculated nearly US$40 billion per year. With increased
globalization and cohesiveness through world trade, the threat from pests arriving to
countries in which they were previously absent is expected to increase. To evaluate this
threat and develop effective biosecurity policy needs an understanding of the sources of
potential pests and pathogens,their possibility of arriving at a particular location, their
chance of establishment upon arrival, and an estimate of their possible impact.
In the Philippines, particularly in Negros Occidental, the rice farmers are losing
PHP 11.544 million because of the various crop pests in the past four months. On
Tuesday, The Office of the Provincial Agricultural Administration(OPA) released a report
about infestations of the pest between November 2018 and February 2019. The OPA
Provincial Crop Protection Team conducted field checks from February 27 to March 14
to continuously verify the existence of pests in established areas, according to Provincial
Agriculturist Japhet Masculino. He then said that they have also released 15 packs of
metarhizium anisopliae, a soil inhabiting fungus, for biological control in areas affected
by rice black bug.
One hundred seventy (170) farmers in seven barangays of Pontevedra, lost a total
amount of PHP 9.612 million in more than 208 hectares because of the rice black bug
that kept on pestering them. Also 33 farmers in five barangays lost Php 1.161 million
because of rats. Meanwhile, in Cagayan, 21 rice farmers suffered in bacterial leaf blight
which causes wilting of seedlings and yellowing and drying of leaves and losing a total
amount of PHP769,910. They have instructed local government units to continue field
monitoring and reactivate the Bantay Peste Brigades for sustained and collaborative pest
management according to Masculino.
The chief of OPA said that pest infestation is one of the pressing threats to the
agriculture sector in Negros Occidental along with calamities and climate change. He
additionally entreated farmers, who're uninsured, to avail of crop coverage to assist them
get over manufacturing losses added approximately with the aid of using calamities.
(Nanette Guadalquiver at PNA, 2019) Pest species can also cause much harm to finished
products that are getting ready for sale.
So-called stored product insects (SPIs) are the big problem in this regard. These
creatures infest grain and commodities, causing damage to raw food materials and
contaminating finished products. There are many different SPI species. The main culprits
are moths and beetles and an infestation can leave products unfit for human consumption,
resulting in loss of revenue and reputational damage among customers. One species – the
Khapra beetle – can be a particular nuisance (to put it lightly). This insect can be difficult
to control due to the fact that it feeds on a variety of dried materials. It’s also resistant to
insecticides and can go for long periods without food. Infestations of Khapra beetles can
result in up to 70% grain damage, leaving the products inedible and unmarketable. Rats
and mice also pose great threats to finished products. They will infest barns and storage
areas. Happily gnawing through sacks and urinating everywhere and on everything. They
are also carriers of disease and bacteria like salmonella and will leave a trail of
contamination on every surface and foodstuff they come into contact with. Therefore, an
infestation can have a serious negative impact on the economics of a farm – whole
harvests can be consigned to refuse as health risks render the products unfit for sale and
human consumption. Once again, effective pest control precautions must be in place to
prevent rodent infestations causing lasting damage to any stored products a farm
holds.(Safeguard Pest Control, 2021)
This study was conducted by the researchers to learn the story of every farmer
who experienced this kind of problem in agriculture. For the learners to know and learn
something about the life experiences of the subject. Lastly, for the farmers to share their
perspectives on the problems they encountered, the pests problems in particular.
Research Questions
This study aimed to find out the life-threatening experiences of farmers with
pests. Specifically, sought to answer the following questions:
1. What made the experience of farmers with pests life-threatening?
2. How did the farmers overcome the experience?
3. What made the experiences challenging?
4. What were the techniques that they did to resolve the problem?
Significance of the Study
The result of this study would be a great help to the farmers, consumers,
community, readers, Philippine Government, and future researchers in the following
ways:
To the farmers. This will work toward providing further knowledge and
understanding to the farmers with regards to ideas and techniques about pests control
when they experience tearing down of crops.
To the consumers. The findings of this study will shed light on consumers' minds
by knowing the hardships and struggles of farmers in producing the best they can
provide. This will also make them realize that farmers should be given importance.
To the community. This study will help them understand that being a farmer was
not an easy job. This will also highlight how farmers are struggling and what are the
ways they do in coping with pests.
To the readers. This study will provide a clearer knowledge about the
experiences, struggles and how farmers made a way in battling with pests.
To the Philippine Government. This study may suggest to the Philippine
Government to make a program which aims to protect farmers and provide them what
they need in battling pests and other problems in agriculture.
To future researchers. This study will contribute and would be a great help to the
future researchers. This will help the future researchers by serving as another source of
information and references for the research that they will be conducting.
Scope and Delimitation
The primary aim of this study was to know what were the experiences and
struggles of the farmers and their coping strategies in fighting the problems in farming:
the pests in particular. This study involved an online interview for those farmers who
experienced pests problems.

The selection of the participants were only for those farmers who experienced
pests problems in crops. This research was designed to have understanding or awareness
about pests in the agriculture industry; on how farmers dealt with pests and the impacts
they brought.
This study was focused on the life of farmers who handled the tiny big threat:
pests. Two participants have been chosen as sources of the stories of the pest problems.
The first participant is a 55-years-old woman with 20 years experience in the farming
industry and also affected by pests. A resident of Brgy. Pao, San Jose, Tarlac City. The
second participant is a 49 years-old woman with 20 years experience as well in the
farming industry; a resident of Brgy. San Francisco, Tarlac City. The researchers
conducted a study that only sought on the experiences of the farmers and fixed on their
own techniques. The data gathered in this interview was used to know more about how
the farmers managed these problems and what were the techniques that they did to
resolve the problem.
Definition of Terms
For a clearer and better understanding, the researchers defined the following terms
conceptually and operationally.
Agriculture - This refers to the science or practice of farming, including
cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food,
wool, and other products. In this study, it pertains to the main source of income of the
farmers, this is where they applied their skills in farming and planting crops.
Crops - These are cultivated plants that are grown as food, especially a grain,
fruit, or vegetable. In this study, these are the ones being deteriorated because of the
pests. It refers to the plant being planted by farmers, also their primary source of income.
Damage - It is defined as the physical harm caused to something in such a way as
to impair its value, usefulness, or normal function. In this study, it was the result of the
actions made by pests toward the crops. It's also the one causing the farmers to be
threatened.
Diseases - These are defined as anything that prevents a plant from performing to
its maximum potential. In this study, these refer to some of the problems encountered by
farmers which hinder their crops from growing.
Experience - This is defined as something that happens which has an effect on
you. In this study, this refers to the event and happening that farmers encountered before,
during, and after the arrival of pests.
Farmers - These were also called an agriculture, defined as persons engaged in
the business of agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. In this
study, these are the two participants ages 49 and 55 with both 2O years experience in
farming who experienced pests problems.
Pesticides - These refer to the substances that are meant to control pests. The term
pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticides, nematicide, molluscicide,
rodenticide, bactericide, etc. In this study, these are the chemicals used by farmers to at
least lessen and control the number of pests in their crops from rising.
Pests - These are destructive insects or other animals that attack crops, food,
livestock, etc. In this study, pests are the major cause of crops deterioration and farmers'
problems in agriculture.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The chapter presents the literature and studies after thorough research done by
the researchers. It provides a closer look at the struggles and farmers’ life-threatening
experience with the pests to be able to know the challenges that farmers need to cope
with. This chapter presents the synthesis of the studies and also the theoretical and
conceptual framework to fully understand how the research was done.
Related Literature
Thai farmers eager to profit from high rice prices have exacerbated the pest
outbreak. A massive rice insect that has caused widespread damage and losses has
resurfaced, putting farmers under a lot of stress. According to agricultural experts, the eel
has emerged as the new pest on palay. It drills holes along dikes to allow water to escape.
To survive the dry season, eels dig burrows up to 1.5 meters deep. Eels, however, don't
just strike during the dry season, according to PhilRice, since there are so many of them.
In Asia, rice is the most important crop. In most states, particularly in India, it is a
staple food. Despite this, according to an IRRI survey, pests and diseases cause a global
average yield loss of 37%. Species such as bacteria, pillows, and viruses cause many
paddy plant pests and diseases. Rajesh Krishnan's paddy field in Thrissilery, Wayanad,
has been pesticide-free for more than four years. He's managed to keep rice pests like the
leaf roller and stem borer at bay. Organic pesticides have been developed by farmers in
Kerala to combat borers, bugs, and caterpillars. The famous decoction

"Neemastram" is made with cow urine, dung, and neem leaf paste. The leaf roller
is dislodged from the leaves by the tree's rough leaves. Caterpillars fall into the water and
are quickly drained by draining them from the water.
Reduced crop losses from pests, such as insects, would be one way to increase
yields. Insects, for example, cause up to 15% losses in cereal crops like rice and maize,
which are staple foods for a significant portion of the world's population. Insecticide
resistance is expected to emerge in the near future. Insecticides are potentially
unsustainable, and their continued use has resulted in significant environmental damage.
The supply of insecticides for insect control is decreasing globally. As a result, there is a
pressing need to find alternatives, ideally eco-friendly insect-control methods. The
market demand for residue-free food is growing, and insecticides are linked to this.
'Fall armyworms' are native to the Americas, but they've been spreading
eastwards since 2016, sweeping through Africa. The insects have caused $1-3 billion in
damage before making their way to Asia. They arrived in India in July and have since
spread to Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, and China. The UN announced the
threat on Wednesday as a three-day meeting of global experts began to find ways to
mitigate the harm. Since August of last year, a brown planthopper outbreak has killed
368,000 hectares, or around 4% of Thailand's rice paddies. Ecologists say Thai farmers
eager to profit from high rice prices have exacerbated the pest outbreak.
Related Studies
A. Foreign
The study conducted by Litsinger (2005) entitled “Areawide Rice Insect Pest
Management: a Perspective of Experiences in Asia” was a study aimed to assess the
experiences of farmers around Asia. Asian societies are so wedded to rice that when it
becomes unavailable, either from losses in production due to weather events or pest
outbreaks,this leads to surges in prices in urban centres resulting in social upheaval in the
form of famine and riots. Insect pests have been one of the sources of high chronic or
epidemic losses in production, usually in combination with other stresses. Rice,due to
large cultivated areas worldwide, is beset by a wide array of pests,which literally infest
all rice fields from the time of sowing until harvest, potentially causing significant losses.
Set against this constraint is the need to feed a fast-growing human population, and thus
crop protection plays a vital role.
Integrated pest management (IPM) has been adopted by most Asian countries as
the reigning strategy for insect pest control since the 1980s,when it was recognized the
reliance on insecticides and genetic resistance measures would not suffice (Gallagher et
al.,1994). IPM strategies for insect pests are based on using the best mix of
genetic,biological,cultural, and chemical control tactics that together provide a durable
and sustainable rice production system (Kenmore et al.,1985).
The study of Litsinger (2005) and the latter study, both talked about how to
manage several kinds of pests. Moreover they both tackled the impact of pests in their
crops. But the former study focused only on rice production while the current study
focused on different kinds of crops. The previous study was conducted in
Dixon,California,USA while the latter study was conducted in the Philippines. The
former study is focused on farmers worldwide while the latter study was only focused on
two subjects.
Another study was conducted by A.V.F. Ngowi (2003) entitled “A Study of
Farmers’ Knowledge, Attitude and Experience in the Use of Pesticides in Coffee
Farming”.About 74% of the respondents knew of the existence of beneficial insects. Only
18% reported knowing other ways of killing pests, and 16% of reducing pest damage
other than using pesticides. As one of the ways of killing pests, chameleons are featured
as a predator for insects, cobwebs, trapped insects, ants, red beetles with black spots
(ladybirds) , eat scales, etc. To reduce pest damage, the respondents mentioned frequent
weeding to keep the farm clean, scrubbing the coffee trees to prevent stem borers from
hiding and using mechanical means such as wires to kill stem borers. About 16% of the
respondents were using some of the alternative methods mentioned above. With proper
guidance and training farmers could apply their pest and alternative pest control
knowledge to successfully produce agricultural crops, thus reducing the amount and types
of pesticides used.
The study of A.V.F. Ngowi (2003) and current study both tackle pest control that
is necessary to increase agricultural production.The previous study focused on several
people about 74% of the respondents knew of the existence of beneficial insects, 99% of
the interviewed farmers reported to have been using pesticides on their coffee and a few
of the respond-ents reported not using pesticides for reasons that included pesticide
scarcity or being not affordable. While the latter study focused on two subjects only.The
former study talked about the perceptions and experienced of farmers using pesticides
and more focused in the usage of it,while the current study focused on several ways on
how the farmers manage different kind of pest in their crops.This former study was
conducted in Tanzania,East Africa while the current study was conducted in Philippines.
Another study of Karimi Dehkordi et al. (2010) entitled “Farmers' Knowledge of
Integrated Pest Management: A Case Study in the Zanjan Province in Iran”. The aim of
this study was to assess farmers’ knowledge and skills of IPM for the farm pest control.
Added that their existing practice and knowledge regarding understanding pests’ life
cycle, and appropriate time and method of pesticides use were to some extent low. The
farmers hardly used nonchemical pest control methods (e.g. mechanical and biological
techniques and natural enemies) and their awareness of using these methods was low.
Although the farmers were to some extent aware of the side-effects of the excessive use
of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, they still continued utilizing chemical inputs due to
the shortage of knowledge of and little access to the alternative or sustainable techniques
and facilities.
The study of Karimi Dehkordi, E. and Hashemi, A. (2010) and the latter study
both talked about pest management of the farmers. The former study was conducted in
the Zanjan Province of Iran using a case study through qualitative and quantitative data
collection techniques such as participatory observations, structured and semi-structured
interviews, focus groups, and transect walks with the farmers of the Nimavar Village.
While the latter study was conducted in Philippine and it was qualitative research. The
previous study talked about the negative effect of pesticides on human health. Various
toxic chemicals can be found in some food crops. Herbicides are the most important
pollutant of surface water and groundwater resources. Pesticide resistance has also been
reported as a serious challenge in the US. This has caused farmers to apply greater,
newer, often more toxic and more expensive pesticides (Pimental and Paoletti, 2009).
Some point out that pesticides cannot easily be discarded (Devine and Furlong,
2007).While the current study focused only on the experience of farmers with the pest in
their crops.
A. Local
A study conducted at Kabacan, Cotabato, Philippines by Cabasan et al.
(2019) entitled “Economic and Ecological Perspectives of Farmers on Rice Insect Pest
Management” which aimed to explore the effect of using pesticides in farmers’ lives and
what is the coping mechanism used. Rice is the most important staple food for Filipinos
and the entire South East Asia (Intal and Garcia, 2005). It honed the Filipino culture
(Aguilar, 2005) and identity. Food sustainability in the Philippines is measured by the
volume of rice stored in its granaries. However, it was estimated that between 120 and
200 million tons of grains are lost yearly due to pests in rice fields in tropical Asia
(Willocquet et al., 2004). The most common way for a farmer to control insect pests is by
spraying pesticides (Balleras, 2012). The Philippine import values of pesticides increased
sharply from USD14 million in 1990 to USD214 million in 2013 (Magcale-Macandog,
2016). Pesticides are the highest chemical inputs and widely used by farmers due to the
fact that an unprotected rice farm has a tendency to reduce yield by 40% based on
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) research (Pathak and Dhalival, 1981).
However, the study of Perez et al. (2015) revealed the hazards of pesticides on the
health of rice farmers in the Philippines. Econometric analysis revealed that the
magnitude of chronic health effect and health cost is directly related to pesticide
exposure. When health effects were analyzed versus the net benefits of insecticide use to
rice production, the result is negative, and it causes significant reduction to labor
productivity. Therefore, the reduction of labor productivity may impact the cost of rice
production. This result was supported by Parsons et al. (2010) who reported that the
environmental and health cost of pesticide use is greater than the value of crop loss. The
use of pesticide has a negative effect on farmers’ health, and the farmers’ health has a
positive effect on their productivity, ergo, most likely, there are social gains from the
reduction of insecticide use in the Philippine on rice production (Antle, 1994). More than
99% of the pesticides applied moved into the environment and only 0.1% reached the
target pests. Pesticide residues contaminate the soil, water, and the atmosphere causing
adverse effects to health and beneficial biota (Pimentel, 1995). It is a challenge for the
farmers and the government to look for an alternative-non-chemical-ways to control
insect pests. Previous studies reported that more than 80% of insecticide sprays in rice
fields applied by farmers in a cropping season could be considered as misuse due to
farmers’ misperceptions of pests, overestimation of potential damages and losses, and
attitudes favoring insecticide use (Lazaro et al., 1993; Lazaro and Heong, 1995; Heong et
al., 2008).
The former study focused on the farmers’ experience of health issues by using
pesticides to control increasing damage of pests in the rice field. Moreover, pesticides are
known as the highest chemical inputs farmers use. The study stated that the health cost
of pesticide use is greater than the value of the crop. Losing more than 40% without using
pesticides may cause reduced yield. Both studies were conducted in the Philippines. The
difference between the former study and the researchers' study is that the former study
focuses on farmers' lives and how pesticides affect their health, whereas the latter focuses
on farmers' experience with pests.
Conceptual Framework
Wherever agriculture has been practiced, pests have attacked, destroying part or
even all of the crop. In modern usage, the term pest includes animals (mostly insects),
fungi, plants, bacteria, and viruses. Humans have been managing agricultural pests for
thousands of years. Pests can include weeds, plant pathogens (certain fungi, bacteria, and
viruses), rodents, and nematodes in addition to the plant-feeding insects and mites
described in the preceding text, and are estimated to destroy as much as one-third of all
agricultural yield.(Walker, 2019)
Figure 1.0 Paradigm of the Study
The illustration depicts the conceptual framework that supports the study. The
subject of this study is represented by a typical farmer holding a rake. This action
represents that they were capable of fighting the problems they encountered in
agriculture. The viruses serve as the problems caused by pests. First are the causes of
crop damages. This part includes the causes why crops were being damaged and how the
agriculture and farmers were affected. This part will also focus on their experiences with
regard to damages and diseases of crops and the main cause they had observed. The
second virus represents the effects of these experiences and how these experiences
became challenging to the lives of farmers, particularly will center on the impact and
changes it brought to their lives. Then the third virus represents the threat that pests
brought to the farmers, this will also focus on how these threats affect the overall well
being of the farmers. Lastly, the vegetables that emit light at the back of the man holding
a rake serve as the main source of strength on how the farmers will apply different coping
mechanisms in battling plant pests.
Theoretical Framework
This is the essence of Trophobiosis Theory: A Pest Starves on a Healthy Plant,
(Francis Chaboussou, An agronomist of France's National Institute of Agricultural
Research (INRA) in“Healthy Crops: A New Agricultural Revolution”. This theory
focuses on “a pest starves on a healthy plant” (1995). It is “a revolution in plant
pathology and is a mortal blow to agrochemistry as commonly practised in modern
agriculture” (Lutzenberger, 2000, p. 2). The theory emphasizes that “the more poisons we
apply, the more diseases and pests we get”. It is certainly the case that Agribusiness
continues its focus, not on the health of the crop, but rather on the demise of the pest, and
so continues to develop novel pesticides, genetically modified organisms that produce

pesticides or can withstand heavy pesticide dosages, and most recently the coupling of
nanotechnology and pesticides.
Chaboussou explains that the plants are weakened, and progressively more so, as
they are repeatedly assaulted by this chemical warfare. Because they are progressively
weakened ever more chemical intervention is required – hence the pesticide treadmill
experienced in chemical farming. There is the common experience that pesticides used on
crops lose their efficacy after so many applications, the pests return and the pesticide
dose, or the frequency of application needs to be stepped up, and/or new pesticides need
to be introduced into the spraying regime. The green revolution explanation of this is that
the pest develops.
Trophobiosis Theory, a thesis presented by Francis Chaboussou, an agronomist of
the France’s National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA) the trophobiosis
argument is that resistance and susceptibility to attack are a function of the nutritional
state of a plant – when proteins are being synthesised, the plant is resistant, and when
proteins are being broken down, the plantis at risk. Trophobiosis has been characterised
by the former Minister for the Environment in Brazil, Jose Lutzenberger, as: “a pest
starves on a healthy plant” (1995). It is a Revolution in plant pathology and is a mortal
blow to agrochemistry as commonly Practised in modern agriculture” Trophobiosis is a
symbiotic association between organisms where food is obtained or provided. The
provider of food in the association is referred to as a trophobiont. The name is derived
from the Greek τροφή trophē, meaning “nourishment” and -βίωσις -biosis which is short
for the English symbiosis.

Chapter 3
SOURCE OF DATA AND METHODOLOGY
This study presents the research methodology of study. This includes the
following: research design, research instrument, data gathering procedure, data analysis,
mode of analysis and ethical consideration.
Research Design
In this research, qualitative research was the method used to conduct this study to
identify the cause, effects and how farmers controlled pests. Qualitative research involves
collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or
experiences. This research aimed to gain an understanding from the participants of this
study on how pests affected farming.
Narrative research was defined as collecting and analyzing the accounts people
told to describe experiences and offer interpretation. Narrative research was used in this
study to helps understand and told the experience of farmers on what they needed to do
first before they planted their crops, what were their ways on how they prevented pests on
invading their crops, what pesticides did they use to different types of pest, and what
were the impact of these pests on their life in farming
Selection of Participants
The researchers selected people who are willing to share their pest-related
experiences and how they deal with them. In this study, researchers have gathered 2 (two)
participants who have 20 years experience in the farming industry and at their work
planting crops for a long time. Each participant in this study provided knowledge and
experience regarding this field, as well as data and definitions that researchers need in
their research issues. The participants in the study accurately described what they did to
eradicate pests from their crops and how they reorganized them.
Research Instrument
The major tool that has been used in gathering data and information
needed to solve the identified problems, is an interview-guide questionnaire. An
interview guide was used in this study with specific questions. The researchers got the
approval of the participants to finally have them for an interview and gathered some
information. They also communicated via Google meet. The interview was associated
with a certain question with follow up questions. The interview guide was divided into
three (3) parts. The first (1) part was focused on the experience of the subject that had
different kinds of pests in their crops. (2) was focused on the effects of pests on farmers
in their financial situation and the effects of pests on their crops. These studies included
awareness of other farmers to the agricultural industry. Also, in the latter part of the
interview, we asked the subject about the struggles they had encountered when they had
this kind of trouble and how they managed those given problems they experienced. If
needed, we conducted a follow-up question to our subject for the elaboration of the idea
in our study.
Research Locale
This study was conducted in Tarlac City. Tarlac is best known for its fine food
and vast sugar and rice plantation. The economy of Tarlac is dominantly agricultural.
Principal crops are rice and sugarcane. Other major crops are corn and coconut;
vegetables such as eggplant, garlic, and onion; and fruit trees like mango, banana, and
calamansi. (Islanos Property,2019). Moreover, the participants were interviewed via
Google Meet due to the current situations. The 2 participants in this study are currently
living in Tarlac City, Brgy. San Francisco and Pao in particular.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers formulated the interview guide that has been used during the
interview with the said participants of this study. After the completion of the interview
guide, researchers submitted it for the research teacher to check and inspect. After the
interview guide development was checked, our research teacher sent a copy of the
consent letter that served as guide, then researchers gave the consent letter to the
interviewees. With participants' approval, the researchers recorded the audio and wrote
notes, they reached the participants of this study thru-phone call for the schedule of
online interview.
Since it's pandemic, the researchers made a point and used a video-chatting
service, specifically the google meet conducted the interview. Interviewees made
requests for clarification and checked on the adequacy (specifically the sufficiency and
relevance) of their responses during telephone interviews (Irvine et al., 2013). Upon the
conducted interview, the researchers used their interview guide and supplied all the
follow-up questions that were answered by the participants. Due to the other participant
not having enough information to tell where maybe she limited and controlled what she
stated. Therefore, the researchers made a semi- structured interview to get what was
needed information that answered the research questions. After the interview, the
researchers arranged together all the information that was gathered then analyzed their
answers that supplied the questions in this study.
Mode of Analysis
The researchers used thematic analysis as the mode of the analysis of this study.
Thematic analysis is a method of analyzing qualitative data, it usually applies in text such
as interview transcripts. The researchers usually examine the data to identify themes-
topic, ideas, and patterns of the meaning word repeatedly from the participants.
(Caulfield,2020)
Thematic analysis was chosen by the researchers due to the participants who
talked not enough information, the researchers asked randomly to produce a dependable
statement in the study. There are classified conceptual and practice oriented tools that
guide the analysis: Familiarisation with the data, coding, generating initial themes,
reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and writing up. (Braun & Clarke,2006).
It suits questions related to people’s experiences, or people’s views and perceptions. It is
also useful for exploring the different perspectives of participants, emphasizing

similarities and differences, and generating unexpected insights (King,2004; Braun
& Clarke, 2006).
Ethical Consideration
Ethical Consideration is one of the most important parts in conducting this
research. The researchers showed private respect to the respondents, not just to conduct
and publish high-quality research, which must be balanced against the ethical interests of
the person (s) affected by their decision whether or not to be identified.
The participants in this study were chosen on purpose. The researchers freely
gave the decision to the participants whether they would take part in the study or not.
They are also informed on how the study will be conducted. Given the participants' prior
exposure to the pest, the researchers provided adequate information to the participants to
ensure that all personal information would not be exposed and that the participants'
confidentiality and anonymity would be protected. Permission to record the interview
was also obtained by the interviewee. And Lastly, the given interview must be translated
according to the honesty of the researchers.

Chapter 4
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the findings from the participant and the discussions
about their responses, aiming to answer the research question of this study.
Findings
The analysis of the data acquired from the interviews led the researchers to four
main themes, therefore satisfying each research question.
1. Reasons that Made the Experience of Farmers’ Pests Life-threatening
The two participants’ responses to this research question led the researcher to the
theme: “Manageable Problems that have Great Negative Impact”. The theme was
taken from their responses to the interview question asking them the farmers’
life-threatening experience with pests, the reason why they said it was a life-threatening
experience, and the strategies they did to overcome these challenges.
a. Participant No. 1
“Of course, we expect to harvest one hectare; we will harvest one hundred cavans
if the pest does not strike; and we will harvest less than one hundred cavans if the
pests strike. If we lose action immediately due to the war, our crops will be
reduced by twenty cavans, but if only ten sacks are caught, our crops will be
reduced by ninety, so we just need to be proactive with the crops so that the pests
can be easily killed and not damage the crops.
—Participant No. 1
According to the first participants, they are expecting to earn one hundred cavans
in one hectares for some reason there is a possibility that if pests does not prevented, they
will earn half of the expected cavans.
“We have experienced that before. When my husband and I plowed, he plowed
well and put in a weed killer so that the weeds would not grow. Secondly, because
we have experienced these pests, we already know the most effective chemicals
for snails, worms, and other pests. These are our experiences and they serve as
our foundation so that we do not repeat our mistakes. If we had experienced this,
the plants would not be as bad and the crops would not be affected; we need to be
prompt and diligent; you are already aware of such crop problems. Then, before
planting the rice, suppose you are plowing. You should plow it before you put
water in it, and dry it first, because the acidity of the soil will be removed before
you plant the rice. The soil, if the acidity of the grass is not removed, because
sometimes the grass stinks, the sour acid must be removed first before you can
fertilize the grass in the soil.”
The first participants considered that through experience, it serves to them as a
foundation to prevent pests in destroying crops and almost 20 years experience in the
farming industry. The first participants have tried buying different kinds of chemicals
over the years. It helps them to prevent from buying not effective chemicals.
b. Participant No. 2
“Yes. Heavy rain is also one of the reasons why our crops were being
destroyed.”
The second participant experienced pests and considers the rain as one of the
common problems why some crops are not able to grow nor live. When a rice filled was
soaked in water it causes rice to be damaged and not being able to produce, it leads to
worse.
“Here’s how it is, Miss. The pests came so sudden. We were not able to prevent it.
That's why our crops were destroyed and left us nothing.”
The second participants said that it was a sudden attack of pests on their crops and
they could not do any prevention in this case. This causes them to save less money
because of the expenses.
2. Ways They Did to Overcome the Experience
The responses of the two participants to this research question were summarized
to the theme: “Long-Time Experience in Farming Made the Farmers Become
Experts and Professionals”. This was evident from their responses that talk about the
professionalism of farmers when it comes to farming. Farmers worked hard during any
season to have a prolific paddy.
“If you don't take care of it, how will you take care of something?, take care of
your plants the way you take care of yourself. For the prevention of pests, we have
chemicals that your older brother sprays, the ones on the rice and at the topmost
part, your older brother used more spray so that the topmost part of the rice does
not wear out, the pesticides such as cymbush, brodan, but we use a different one
for eliminating unwanted grass, sprinkle. Snails and pests are different. That's the
only way to take care of the rice, then there is the pest in the root or at the topmost
when the paddy is already bearing grains, the worm is tall. They call them
stembuler. But when you pound your rice, the grains will turn into white and
empty. What to do there should be sprayed with foliar. So there are also preventive
sprays that come from the root that are preventive, then from the body of the rice
to its own fruit. There is a combination of zinc that your older brother mentioned
a while back, there are different types of chemical sprays to prevent pests on
crops.”
According to the first participant, not taking an immediate action will make
everything worse for farmers. If a farmer were not able to meet the expected condition of
the paddy, their living will also be affected. That’s why the participant said that a farmer
should take care of the plants the way they take care of themselves for it will have great
impacts. Using different types of chemicals sometimes do not work because they don’t
know if it's effective. That’s why they have to be careful. Good thing is, they had great
experiences that made them experts in this profession.
b. Participant No.2
”Yes. All were destroyed. Because even if we keep on spraying, the insects still
don't want to leave, that's why it's damaged.”

According to the second participant there are many chemicals they use to kill
pests, somehow many of the pesticides used are not that effective to kill the following
pests such as black bug, snails etc. In order for them to prevent this, they used many
kinds of pesticides and it cost them a lot of money.
3. The Reasons Why the Experience Became Challenging
The two participants’ responses to this research question led the researcher to the
theme, “Confusion: A Big Reason”. It was clearly stated in the interview here that they
were being devoured by confusions of what pesticides to buy and being not financially
stable.
“Of course, we were confused if we should buy it and what we must do. Why did
the chemical we purchased didn’t work? It was expensive, tiring, and we were
frustrated on what chemical we should use to kill those pests. But because of
those experiences, we learned. There are different types of pests going in the
paddy. There are pests under the stem of the paddy and there are pests in the
middle. Another thing, you will spend a lot of money on pesticides if you are not
able to eliminate the pests in the first chemical. Now that we experience the pests
repeatedly, we already know what are the most effective chemicals to use in our
paddy to eliminate the pests. So we were able to solve those problems because of
our experiences.”
According to the first participant, they are problematic to the point that they didn’t
know what products they should buy for the pest that was destroying their crops , and
sadly the other products didn’t work and it was too expensive. Even though they are tired
they are still trying their best to make their crops even better. And because of that
experience they’ve learned. They learned where the pests are coming from.
“Because the pests that land on rice are different, sometimes the leaves dry out
like that, so if you don't get the first pesticide right away, it's expensive. So, now,
because we have experienced the pests on our crops over and over again, we
know the most effective pesticide for every pest on our rice at the root, in the body
of the rice, up to the very top.”
According to the first participant, there are many types of pests that’s landing on
their crops. The products that they need to kill the different kinds of pests are too
expensive, they tried several types of pesticides but it’s still not enough to survive the
crops. They have many expenses but they still try to provide enough money to produce a
good quality of crops. However, because of that experience they’ve learned. Based on the
participant, they learned what strategies they should do and they also knew what products
they should buy .
“Now we don’t have anything to harvest, we don’t have money to buy our
needs for our crops, we do not know if we can survive this situation.”
The second participant said that they don’t have anything to harvest because of
those pests, it’s hard for them to manage this situation. Even though they are using
pesticides just to kill those creatures it is still not enough. They are hopeless in their
experience to the point that they don't know what to do.
“Because those pests are hard to remove and you can’t kill them easily.”
As she described their situation, they are suffering from this experience. It’s hard
for them to have these uncontrollable pests because it definitely affects not only their
financial but also their emotional and physical aspects.
4. Techniques They Did to Resolve the Problem
The responses of the two participants were derived to the theme: “Experience is
a Must and the Other Aspects Follow”. The theme was taken from their answers that
discussed their experiences as a farmer which played a crucial role and served as a
foundation in battling those creatures.
“We have experienced that before. When my husband and I plowed, he plowed
well and put in a weed killer so that the weeds would not grow. Secondly, because
we have experienced these pests, we already know the most effective pesticide for
snails, worms, and other pests.”
“These are our experiences and they serve as our foundation so that we will not
repeat our mistakes. In other words, we realized that this is what we must do to
lessen the numbers of pests in our paddy. We need to be prompt, diligent and we
should have knowledge on how to deal with such crop problems. Then, before
planting the rice for example, you are supposed to plow and cultivate the soil. You
should plow it before you put water in it, and dry it first, because the acidity of the
soil must be removed before you plant the rice. If you are not going to remove the
acidity of the grass in the soil it will stink. That’s why it must be removed first
before you plant and the grass in the soil must vanish..”
The participant added that the circumstances that they had experienced serve as a
lesson to never repeat those mistakes again. They also said that if that failure happens
again it is not as bad as what they experienced last time. In addition, they mentioned that
they need to be more alert and attentive to prevent those situations from happening. They
also recommended some tips to make the crops healthier and better.
“There are many ways to survive this life ma’am, we are doing a lot of strategies
but there is no way to kill the pests that destroyed our crops.)
The second participant said that they had already experienced having a lot of pests
in their crops. They did a lot of strategies for the crops to survive. They plowed their land
well and put some weed killer to prevent weeds from growing because weeds can
possibly damage the crops. They added also that they had already encountered these
pests and they have many strategies and effective medicines known for different kinds of
pests.
“We sprayed pesticides but still, it is not effective to kill those pests. We also
put in fertilizers and still not enough.”
The participant said that they already did a lot of techniques including spraying
pesticides and putting some fertilizers to make the crops healthier and to be fully
developed to harvest a good quality. Then she responded emotionally that it was still not
enough to have a good harvest.
Discussion
This study aimed to discover and analyze the life-threatening experience of the
two farmers who experienced loss of income, different life’s struggles because of pests
and how they cope with it. The researchers identified four themes that came up in the
participants’ responses in the online interview that was conducted, which will be
discussed in turn below.
1. Reasons that Made the Experience of Farmers’ Pests Life-threatening
The prevailing theme that answers the first research question is the “Manageable
Problems that have Great Negative Impact”. The life-threatening experience of the two
farmers were categorized as “loss” and “gain” which stated that from the experience, it
goes both ways; loss of income and the learning they acquire with that experience which
was narrated and identified by both farmers.
Based on the first participant’s story, the aftermath made a big impact on their
income, overall rice yield, and their whole being. In the participant’s story, stated that
when they do not make an urgent action to prevent the rise of different kinds of pests,
there would be possibilities to earn at least half of the cavans that they were expected to
earn and harvest. Also, they narrated being not financially stable due to the effects that
these problems brought to their lives. Wherever pest populations develop, their impact
always results in monetary loss, either directly or indirectly. In most cases, losses from
insect pests are directly proportional to the density of the pest population -- high density
increases the extent or severity of damage and makes the need for control more critical.
(Meyer, 2004). With these bad happenings, knowledge and learning also prevail. As the
first participant’s story, said that through experience, it serves as a foundation to prevent
pests from destroying their crops again. They were able to know what to do when this
happens, and they were even more prepared to fight these pests.
Based on what the second participant stated, unlike what the other participant
said, aside from the sudden attack of pests on their crops, the second participant also
considers the rain as one of the common problems why some crops are not able to grow
and others lead to death since they tend to have poor distribution, germination, and
emergence. Being not prepared and clueless of what things to do might lead to
destruction and will then be the cause of financial drought. That is exactly what happened
to the second participant’s experience because no one is entirely immune to infestation.
They were unaware about the pests arriving at their farm that resulted in loss of income
and other financial problems.
2. Ways They Did to Overcome the Experience
The theme that arrived with the repetitive strategies that farmers apply in battling
pests, is “Long-Time Experience in Farming Made the Farmers Become Experts and
Professionals”. It was based on both participants’ stories that you can really state and it
was evident how professionals and experts they are, the way they talk about their
experiences and how they present themselves in narrating all the hardships and coping
strategies they have done in order to get through that kind of problem in agriculture.
However, the ways were categorized as “chemical sprays” and “long-time experience”.
The first participant starts her answer with the quotation she owns which is, “If
you don't take care of it, how will you take care of something? Take care of plants the
way you take care of yourself”. A quotation that the researchers witnessed not just heard.
The first participant really proved how she cares and puts her whole heart into that field.
The first participant stated in the interview what are the chemicals they use to get rid of
these creatures.
The names of different kinds of chemicals that they used were all mentioned by
the first participant of this study, some chemicals were used for different parts of crops
because in terms of infestation there are no exceptions to pests. Many farmers choose to
use chemicals to keep weeds and pests from destroying their crops and to add more
nutrients to the soil. There are three different kinds of pesticides; herbicides, insecticides
and fungicides. All three of these pesticides are used to kill different kinds of pests that
can be found on a farm. (Martin, 1985). However, the most contributing factor is their
own experience for a long-time of farming, composure and staying informed before and
after the invasion of pests really contributed and made it less easier for them to battle and
prevent pests invasion.

b. Participant No.2
The second participant did all she could do to prevent their crops from pests, but
in the end it was all damaged. At that moment, it cost them too much money from buying
all those chemicals but it was not as effective as they expected it to be, causing a great
impact, loss or reduced the efficiency of agricultural production. The researchers can
really tell how regretful the farmer was, as she reminisces about what happened in those
heart-rending moments.
In general, even if all those chemicals they bought did not work, it’s still
valuable to have that kind of experience because from those experiences there are
learnings that they gained through time and will make them even more ready and
prepared when things get worse again.
3. The Reasons Why the Experience Became Challenging
The theme that is being emphasized as the reasons why the experience became
challenging, is the “Confusion: A Big Reason”. The reasons were categorized as
“confusions”, “financial problem”, and “right choice of pesticides”. It was clearly said
here that they were being devoured by confusions of what pesticides to buy and not being
financially stable.
Confusions are the root cause why the first participant was not able to fight and
eliminate those pests since they are clueless of what chemicals should buy, what
pesticides will suit and capable of killing the pests and besides, they also stated that
purchasing different chemical-sprays repetitively cause them to spend hefty amount of

money, the time and energy were consumed also. However, they always highlight their
experience, they put into their minds that being well-experienced helps them to get
through and fight the problems with open arms. She then added how disturbing the pests
are, seeing those pests in every part of the crops really made them burnout and affect their
emotional aspect. Based on the introductory paragraph of Pestech “Pest Solutions”, aside
from the physical health concerns surrounding pests and the damage they can do to your
home or business, an infestation can also result in emotional and psychological effects
such as phobias, Delusional Parasitosis (DP), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
and etc.
As the second participant narrated her story, the researchers can really tell how
affected they were financially and emotionally. They are thinking back then if they can
survive in that rendering situation, because they tried their best, they tend to buy all those
chemicals to prevent pests from infesting but it looks like no matter what they do, it was
not worth it. In addition, not being ready for that phenomenon will lead to worse.
4. Techniques They Did to Resolve the Problem
The theme that answers the final research question is, “Experience is a Must and
the Other Aspects Follow”. Through time to time, both participants learned that their
experiences will definitely bring them back on top of their jobs. Their experience served
as a technique to eliminate pests.
The participant recalls what preparations they have done to assure that their crops
will grow and can be a source of income for their family. She recalls her with her
husband working in the farm applying their skills gained from their previous experience
with pests. Through time, they were able to know the most effective pesticide in different
kinds of pests. She also added that the circumstances that they had experienced serve as a
lesson to never repeat those mistakes again. The first participant also mentioned that they
need to be more alert, ready and attentive to prevent those situations from happening
again.
On the contrary, the second participant told the researchers that whatever
pesticides or any chemical sprays they use, things didn't go well as to what they’re
expecting. They emotionally narrated what happened in their crops, they did anything
they could but it seems not enough. Their situation is not good, it affects their life in
different aspects. They were disappointed in the outcome of their crops.

Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter discusses the summary of the study’s findings, the conclusions that
the researchers have made based on the data that they collected, and the
recommendations of the researchers for future use.
Summary
A pest is an organism living and growing where they are not wanted and can
cause damage to plants, humans, structures, and other creatures, including crops that are
grown for food. (PennStateExtension,2016). Pests known for their common name
parasites on plants affecting farmers’ income, food supply and health. It serves to them as
an experience, many of them normalize in encountering these pests such us black bugs,
snails, birds and also rats. It serves as a threat for them to spend money for the chemicals
used. According to the participant, many pesticides used are not effective enough for
them to prevent pests on their crops. Some farmers who experienced these pests serve as
a foundation of knowledge to come up with ideas on how they are going to prevent and
what strategies they are going to perform to stop pests in destroying, killing, and losing
food supplies for people. This study aimed to explain the following experience of farmers
with pests and how it became life-threatening, how did the farmers overcome the
experience, what makes the experience challenging, and the techniques that they did to
resolve the problem. Through interviews and analysis made by researchers to acquire the
important data from two participants. The researchers found out the following:
1. Reasons that Made the Experience of Farmers' Pests Life-threatening. Pests
damage farmers' crops, leaving them with almost nothing to harvest, especially when
insects or pests attack unexpectedly. Pests have ruined their crops, and they sometimes
have hardly nothing to harvest. They are almost in debt because once they have planted
what they have just borrowed, pests devour it. They don't give up until they find the
perfect insecticide for the pests on their plants, no matter how difficult it is.
2. Ways They Did to Overcome the Experience. They overcome this challenge by
understanding the pesticides they used and seeking advice from specialists on what
should be sprayed on the crops. Because you occasionally need an assistant to keep you
informed about what's going on and what you should do. So that it doesn't happen again,
you should know what kind of insect they are and remember what kind of insecticide
they will apply.
3. The Reasons Why the Experience Became Challenging. The first participant said
that pest control is a big problem for farmers and they didn't know what to do about it.
They learned where the pests are coming from and how to get rid of them, but some
chemical products were too expensive so they're still trying to improve their crops.
According to the participants, there are many types of pests that are invading their crops.
The products that they need in order to kill different kinds of pests are too expensive and
it's still not enough to prevent the crops from infestation. Based on the participant, they
learned what strategies they should do and they also knew what products they should buy.
On the other hand, the second participant said that farmers are suffering from an
uncontrollable pest problem. They don't have anything to harvest because of those pests.
Even though they are using pesticides to kill those creatures, it is still not enough. It's
hard for them to have these uncontrollable pests because they don't know what to do.
4. Techniques they Did to Resolve the Problem. The first participant mentioned that
they had already experienced having a bunch of pests in their crops. They recommended
some tips to make the crops healthier and better. The participants also said that if that
failure happens again, it is not as bad as what they experienced last time, they need to be
more alert and attentive. While the second respondent said that they were disappointed in
the outcome of their crops after they were hit by a cold snap and bad weather. Their
situation is not good as it was before, it affects their life in different aspects. The
participant was also asked why she thought it was still not enough to have a good harvest.
She said that they already did a lot of techniques including the use of pesticides and
putting in some fertilizers to make the crops healthier and to be fully developed.
Conclusion
Based on the researchers findings regarding the investigation of farmers’
life-threatening experiences with pests, the researchers therefore conclude the following:
1. The farmers’ experience is one of the greatest foundations of gaining knowledge on
how they will come up on the strategies to stop the damage caused by the pest,
however farmers’ hindrances was unknown chemicals used on which they are going
to use or not.
2. Damage to their financial income from farmers' high expectations will be ruined by
pests due to sudden attack. The following stated by participants are the common
problem in damaging their crops: pests, rats, black bugs, snails and also flood. When
crops are damaged by different pests the cause may be a great negative impact in
farmers’ lives, both emotionally and physically. The exhaustion in maintaining plants
growth, money spent in buying chemical products and lastly their income the
estimation of cavans of rice decreased by 50%.
3. Pest infestations bring crop damages, financial drought and negative impacts on
farmer’s overall health and well being.
4. Confusions, expenditures, and lack of knowledge about dealing with problems in
agriculture are the factors affecting the way farmers will decide and plan to get rid of
pests.
5. In problems in agriculture, farmers must be skillful, bold, and ready for any change
that the problems will bring.
Recommendations
For the betterment of the field of farming in terms of the life-threatening
experience of farmers’ and for the next researchers about pests, the researchers suggest
the following:
1. Pest management in organic farming is a holistic approach that largely depends on the
ecological processes and biodiversity in the agroecosystem. Accordingly, most IPM
tactics, principles, and components match with organic farming systems. The goal of
this strategy is to prevent pests from reaching economically damaging levels without
causing risk to the environment. Successful IPM programs in organic farming may
have the following components: first is monitoring crops for pests, second is
accurately identifying pests, and then developing economic thresholds and
implementing integrated pest control tactics, and lastly record keeping and evaluation.
2. Identification and monitoring of crop pests: crop pests include insects, weed, plant
pathogens, invertebrate, and vertebrate animals. Identification of insect pests and their
natural enemies is an important step in any pest management program. Insect pests
and natural enemies could be identified using keys and field guides or otherwise
consulting official identification bodies.
3. Cultural pest control: the goal of cultural control is to alter the environment, the
condition of the host, or the behavior of the pest to prevent or suppress an infestation.
It disrupts the normal relationship between the pest and the host and makes the pest
less likely to survive, grow, or reproduce.

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APPENDICES
Appendix A
LETTER OF PERMISSION TO CONDUCT THE STUDY
Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
TARLAC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL - MAIN
Senior High School - Department
San Roque, Tarlac City
June 18, 2021
Dear Ma’am/Sir,
We , the Grade 11-Love students of Tarlac National High School-Main, are
conducting a research entitled “The Tiny Big Threat: A Narrative Case Study about
Farmers’ Life-Threatening Experience with Pests” as a requirement for the subject
Practical Research I.
In view thereof, we would like to ask permission for an interview at your most
convenient time.
Rest assured that whatever information you will provide will be treated with
utmost confidentiality. Thank you.
The Researchers,
Rizza Mae L. Mateo
Edrhealyn L. Ocampo
Noted:
Mylene C. Narra
Subject Teacher
Appendix B
INTERVIEW GUIDE DEVELOPMENT
INTERVIEW GUIDE DEVELOPMENT
Term Reference A Prior Code Meaning Interview Questions
1. Life- Merriam Webster Capable of causing causing death - Have you ever
threatening death: potentially fatal experienced pests
destroying your crops
that you have earned
almost nothing because
of that?
- How do pests become
life- threatening on
farmers' lives?
2. Overcome Oxford Dictionary Succeed in dealing with Succeed/ -What is the hardest
(a problem or difficulty) Problem experience you have in
managing pests on your
crops?
- What are your
strategies to overcome
your problem?
3. Challenging Cambridge Dictionary Difficult to deal with or Difficult/ - What are the
achieve, especially in a Achieve difficulties you
way that forces you to encountered in battling
prove your skills or
determination to pests?
succeed. - How have these
difficulties burdened
you to deal with pests?
- What did you feel
when you faced these
pests?
- How long did you
recover from damaging
your plants/crops?
4. Techniques Vocabulary A method of doing Task/ - What did you do to get

some task or performing Performing rid of the pest on your
something. crop?
-How did you get back
the quality of the crops?
-What preparations did
you do so that you
would never experience
it again?
Appendix C
THEMATIC ANALYSIS
1. What makes the experience of farmers with pests life-threatening?
CODE CATEGORY THEME
Heavy rain
Snails Dilemma Manageable Problems

that have Great
Black Bugs Negative Impact
Money Expenditures
Low Harvest Scarcity
2. How did the farmers overcome the experience?
CODE CATEGORY THEME
Experience
Knowledge
Prevention of pests
Cymbush
Products
Long-Time Experience
Brodan
in Farming Made the
Farmers Become
Pesticides Chemicals Experts and
Professionals
Chemical-spray
Equipment
Sprinkler
3. What makes the experience challenging?
MEANING UNIT CONDENSED CODE THEME

UNIT
Of course, we were
confused as to what
to buy and what to We are problematic Confusions they
do,but the and the product Problematic had in choosing the
they need is too most effective
medication we
expensive. pesticide.
purchased did not
work because it was
too expensive.
We thought about
what pesticide
should be used to
kill those pests, but What pesticides Pesticides The most effective
they should use. thing to do.
because of that
experience, we
learned.
We know the most

effective pesticide
for every pest on Effective products Effective products
our rice at the root, for the pest. Products to get rid of the
Pest.
in the body of rice,
up to the topmost
part.
4. What are the techniques that they did to resolve the problem?
MEANING UNIT CONDENSED CODE THEME

UNIT
He plowed well and

put in a weed killer
so that the weeds
would not grow.
Secondly, because
Techniques we did Techniques Strategies to
we have to get rid of pests. Manage Pests
experienced these
pests, we already
know the most
effective medicines
for snails, worms,
and other pests.
These are our

experiences and
they serve as our We used our Experience Experienced to
foundation so that experience to have Prevent Failure
a better outcome.
we do not repeat
our mistakes.
If we had
experience with
this, the plants
would not be as bad We need to be more Alert Alertness for the
alert and attentive. Crops to Survive
and the crops would
not be affected; we
need to be prompt
and diligent
Appendix D
CONSULTING INTERVIEWEE’S AVAILABILITY OF CONVERSATION
Participant No. 1
Participant No. 2
Appendix E
VERBATIM TRANSCRIPTION
Participant No. 1
Researchers: Hello po tita! Magandang gabi po! Kami po ay mga mag-aaral ng Tarlac
National High School- Main at ngayon po ay magtatanong kami ng mga katanungan
upang matugunan ang aming pag-aaral.
(Hello po auntie! Good evening! We are the students from Tarlac National High School-
Main and we’re here to conduct an interview for our research)
Participant 1: Magandang gabi din sa inyo! Sige, ano magsisimula na ba?
(Good evening! Ok, are we going to start?)
Researcher: Sige po, first question, Naranasan niyo na po bang mapeste na halos wala na
po kayong kinitang pera?
(All right, first question, Have you ever experienced pests destroying your crops that you
have earned almost nothing because of that?)
Participant No. 1: Kung ‘di mo inalagaan, paano ka mag-aalaga?, kung paano mo
alagaan sarili mo, gano’n din ‘yong pag-aalaga mo sa halaman. ‘Yong prevention sa
mga peste, meron tayong mga gamot na ini-ispray ni kuya mo, ‘yong sa palay, ‘yong sa
pinakadulo niya may ginamit na pang spray si kuya mo para hindi mapudpod ‘yong
pinakadulo ng palay, ‘yong mga pesticide katulad ng simbus, brodan, iba ‘yong pang
patay ng damo, spray, ‘yong kuhol, ‘yong mga peste iba-iba. ‘Yun lang ‘yung pag aalaga
sa palay, tapos mayroon naman pepestihin ‘yong pinakaugat o kaya ‘yong pinakadulo
no’ng palay, ‘yong namumunga na, uod naman ‘yong taas. ‘Yong tawag doon stembuler.
Pero ‘pag nag-iiba ‘yong palay ni’yo, ‘yong mga bunga niya ay pumuputi walang laman
‘yon, ang gawin doon, dapat ng i-sprayan ng foliar. So may mga preventives din na
spray na magmula do’n sa ugat na preventives tsaka sa body ng palay hanggang do’n sa
pinaka pagbunga n’ya, may pinag spray si kuya mo na binanggit, iba't ibang klase para
ma-prevent ‘yong pag peste sa pananim, para maiwasan.
(If you don't take care of it, how will you take care of something?, take care of your
plants the way you take care of yourself. For the prevention of pests, we have chemicals
that your older brother sprays, the ones on the rice and at the topmost part, your older
brother used more spray so that the topmost part of the rice does not wear out, the
pesticides such as cymbush, brodan, but we use a different one for eliminating unwanted
grass, sprinkle. Snails and pests are different. That's the only way to take care of the rice,
then there is the pest in the root or at the topmost when the paddy is already bearing
grains, the worm is tall. They call them stembuler. But when you pound your rice, the
grains will turn into white and empty. What to do there should be sprayed with foliar. So
there are also preventive sprays that come from the root that are preventive, then from the
body of the rice to its own fruit. There is a combination of zinc that your older brother
mentioned a while back, there are different types of chemical-sprays to prevent pests on
crops.)
Question no. 2
Researcher: Paano naging banta po or pa’no po nakakaapekto ‘yung peste na ito sa
pamumuhay niyo po? (How do pests become life- threatening on farmers’ lives?)
P1: Syempre expect namin aani kami, sa one hectare aani kami ng one hundred kaban
kapag ‘di naagapan ang peste magkukulang ‘yung pag-ani namin. Instead na one
hundred, ‘pag wala kami action agad na ginawa sa pananim namin, ma-dededuct ng
twenty kaban. Magiging eighty na lang pero kung naagapan, mga ten sacks lang
mababawasan, ninety ganun, so kelangan maagap lang sa pananim para ‘yung mga
peste madaling maagapan mapatay at ‘di na makapinsala ng pananim.
(Of course, we expect to harvest in one hectare; we will harvest one hundred cavans if the
pest does not strike; and we will harvest less than one hundred cavans if the pests strike.
If we fail to make immediate action to fight the pests, our crops will be reduced by
twenty cavans, but if only ten sacks are caught, our crops will be reduced by ninety, so
we just need to be proactive with the crops so that the pests can be easily killed and not
damage the crops.)
Question No. 3
R: Bilang magsasaka ano po yung pinakamahirap na karanasan niyo po sa pagsugpo or
paglaban niyo po sa peste na sumisira po sa inyong pananim?
(As a farmer, what is the hardest experience you have in managing pests on your crops?)
P1: Sa karanasan sa paninira sa pananim syempre nahihirapan ako kung papatayin
‘yung mga naninira. Iba-iba ‘yong gamit na gamot minsan ‘di mo matamaan ‘yong mga
ano, mahihirapan ka kung pa’no patayin syempre lahat ng dapat mong gawin na paraan
gagawin namin para maiwasan namin ‘yong naninira sa pananim sa ugat, sa mga puno
niya, dahon ‘yun lang ‘yung mahirap sa magsasaka, kapag minsan nababawi lahat mga
dahon, lumalago pero ‘di sapat ang pag lago nila. ‘Yun lang, sabi ni kuya sumubok siya
ng bagong gamot kapag hindi tumalab sa uod, sa kuhol, ‘yung ginamit niyang insecticide
gagamit naman siya ng ibang mas malakas para mapinsala ‘yung namiminsala sa anong
pananim.
(In the experience of damaging crops, of course I'm having a hard time dealing with the
pests, other things have been treated, different chemicals are being used but sometimes it
is difficult to eliminate the pests. Of course you will have to do everything that we can do
so that we can avoid the pests that are destroying the root crops, trees, and leaves. That's
the only thing that is difficult for the farmer. Sometimes leaves can be recovered and they
will eventually grow, but they won't grow as they should be. That's all. Your older brother
said that he tried a new chemical when the other one didn't react to the worms and snails,
and he used another insecticide that was a stronger one to kill and damage our crops.)
Question No. 4
R: Ano po yung mga strategies po or mga paraan niyo po upang malampasan ‘yung mga
problemang nangyayari pong ‘yan sa mga pananim niyo po? (What are your strategies to
overcome your problem?)
P1: (Karanasan na namin ‘yung ganyan, una ‘pag nagtanim kami ng asawa ko inaararo
niya ng mabuti, nilalagyan niya ng pamatay damo para ‘di lumaki yung damo.
Pangalawa, dahil naranasan namin ‘yung napepestehan, alam na namin ‘yung
mabibisang gamot sa mga kuhol, sa mga uod, sa mga naninira, naranasan na namin na
labanan ‘yung mga peste peste na ‘yan na napatay namin sa gantong gamot, ‘yung mga
uod, kuhol. Ito ‘yung mga karanasan namin, ‘yun ‘yung nagsisilbing tungtungan namin
para ‘di na maulit yung pagkakamali namin. Kung baga nagkaroon kami ng karanasan
na eto pala dapat namin gawin para ‘yong peste sa aming halaman ‘di na ganoon ka
grabe at ‘di naapektuhan ‘yong mga pananim, kailangan maagap, masipag, at may
kaalaman ka na, paraan para sa mga ganoong problema ng mga pananim. Saka ‘yong
bago itanim ‘yong palay, kunwari inararo mo, ibinungkal mo dapat bago mo lagyan ng
tubig, patuyuin niyo muna dahil para ‘yung asim ng lupa matanggal bago mo itamnan
‘yong palay. ‘Yong lupa dahil ‘pag ‘di natanggal asim ng damo, kasi yung minsan damo
mabaho maasim-asim, dapat matanggal muna bago ka magtanim dapat tunaw na tunaw
‘yung damo sa lupa.
(We have experienced that before. When my husband and I plowed, he plowed well and
put weed killer so that the weeds would not grow. Secondly, because we have
experienced these pests, we already know the most effective pesticide for snails, worms,
and other pests. These are our experiences and they serve as our foundation so that we
will not repeat our mistakes. In other words, we realized that this is what we must do to
lessen the numbers of pests in our paddy. We need to be prompt, diligent and we should
have knowledge on how to deal with such crop problems. Then, before planting the rice
for example, you are supposed to plow and cultivate the soil. You should plow it before
you put water in it, and dry it first, because the acidity of the soil must be removed before
you plant the rice. If you are not going to remove the acidity of the grass in the soil it will
stink. That’s why it must be removed first before you plant and the grass in the soil must
vanish.)
Question No. 5
R: Ano po yung mga paghihirap na encounter niyo po sa pagsugpo ng mga peste? (What
are the difficulties you have encountered in battling pests?)
P1: (Syempre yung badget pag di tumama ‘yong biniling pesticide ng asawa ko
mag-aanother kami ng pang-spray, bibili para masugpo ‘yong mga naiwan na uod, kuhol
o ano mang peste sa aming halaman, so knowledge den sa aming pagtatanim kung ano
ang pinakamabisang pesticide ang gagamitin para masugpo agad din itong mga paulit ulit
na tatrabahuhin at bibilhin ng produkto ng ibang pesticide ‘yung may mabisang gamot na
paraan ginawa si kuya mo. )
(Of course, if the pesticide that my husband bought did not meet our budget, we'll buy
another spray to get rid of the worms, snails, or any remaining pests on our plants. So we
know what are the most effective pesticides to use. It can also be stopped immediately by
those who repeatedly work and order the product of another pesticide if your older
brother has an effective method using chemicals.)
Question No. 6
R: Paano po nakakahadlang ‘yung paghihirap na ‘yan sa paglaban at pagpuksa sa peste
po? (How have these difficulties burdened you to deal with pests?)
P1: Syempre pagod, bumili ng another na gamot instead na isang gamot lang, sa oras,
budget gano’n kapag ‘di namin alam kung anong mabisang gamot sa peste, uod, kuhol, o
mga lumilipad na kulisap. No’ng una, gano’n ang ano namin ahhh… eto, ito pesticide
hindi namin alam na ‘di pala gaanong kabisa du’n sa papatayin namin na insekto, so
dapat may kaalaman ka talaga sa mga naninira ng halaman na peste para isang bilihan
na lang at ‘yong oras na ikukunsume mo, isang beses lang hindi nadodoble ng gastos, ‘di
dodobleng pagod, ‘yun ‘yung mga naging hadlang noong una wala kang alam. No’ng
una, wala kaming alam na... ah eto pala ‘yong mabisa, ah eto pala ‘yung hindi mabisa,
so ngayon matagal ng nagtatanim si kuya mo at matagal na kami sa pagbubukid
natutunan namin kung ano ‘yong pinakamabisang pesticide, ‘yun ang karanasan namin,
‘yun minsan lang tatrabahuhin, minsang bibilin.
(Of course, we’re tired of buying another pesticide instead of just one pesticide, it’s also
time consuming, and our budget is not enough, these are the results when we don't know
what is the most effective pesticide for pests, worms, snails, or flying insects. At first,
that's what we use then. We are unaware about the effectiveness of the pesticides that we
bought for the insects that we are about to kill. So you should really know something
about the plant pests, so you can just buy one at a time and also it will not be time
consuming, it will not cost too much money, these are the burdens before when we are
not mindful. At first, we are unaware of what pesticide is effective or not. So, now that
your older brother has been planting and we have been into this field for a long time, we
already know what pesticides are effective one. That was our experience. It requires our
work and patience.)
Question No. 7
R: Ano po ‘yung nararamdaman niyo po no’ng kinakaharap niyo po ‘yung problema sa
inyong panamin na dulot po ng peste? (What did you feel when you faced these pests?)
P1: Syempre nalilito kami kung ano dapat bang bilhin, ano dapat gawin ba’t hindi
tumalab ‘yung isang gamot na binili namin, kasi gastos ‘yun, pagod, tapos inisip mo
kung ano ba’ng dapat na gamot para mamatay ‘yong mga pesteng ‘yon pero dahil sa
karanasan na ‘yun, natuto kami kasi iba iba ‘yong peste kasi, meron kasing nasa ilalim
ng puno ng palay, meron nasa gitna. Iba-iba kasi ‘yung mga pesteng dumadapo sa palay,
minsan ‘yung natutuyo ‘yung dahon gano’n tsaka marami kang gagastusin kung ‘di mo
natamaan ‘yong unang gamot gano’n lang, magastos, kaya ngayon dahil naranasan na
namin ‘yung paulit-ulit ‘yung peste sa aming pananim, alam na namin ‘yung
pinakamabisang gamot sa mga bawat peste ng aming palay sa ugat, sa body ng palay,
hanggang sa may pinaka tuktok, alam na namin kung ano ano’ng klaseng gamot na
mabisa para mapuksa sila agad, so nasolusyonan namin ‘yung problemang ‘yon dahil sa
mga karanasan namin.
(Of course, we were confused if we should buy it and what we must do. Why did the
chemical we purchased didn’t work? It was expensive, tiring, and we were frustrated on
what chemical we should use to kill those pests. But because of those experiences, we
learned. There are different types of pests going in the paddy. There are pests under the
stem of the paddy and there are pests in the middle. Another thing, you will spend a lot of
money on pesticides if you are not able to eliminate the pests in the first chemical. Now
that we experience the pests repeatedly, we already know what are the most effective
chemicals to use in our paddy to eliminate the pests. So we were able to solve those
problems because of our experiences.)
Question No. 8
R: No’ng naranasan niyo po ‘yong pamemeste nung mga gano’ng klase ng insekto gaano
po katagal bago po kayo nakabangon or gaano po katagal umayos ‘yong mga pananim
niyo po? (When you experienced the infestation of such types of insects, how did you
cope up and recover or how long did it take for your crops to bring back its quality?)
P1: Minsan kasi’yong resulta ng pag-aalaga ng palay, katiis-tiisan bago lumaki, ‘yong
tanim isang buwan parang nag-ulit ka ng tanim kasi maninibago yung dahon n’ya eh
tapos matutuyo lahat yon, tapos tutubo sa ibang suli na lalago ‘yong kanyang dahon.
Matagal bago mamunga ‘di gaano minsan sira pero makakabawi din. Ano, mga one
month mag-experiment kami sa mga iniispray namin, may ‘di tumama, may ‘di namatay,
may umayos ‘yong growth niya, may ‘di umayos. So dahil sa karanasan namin, natuto
kami talagang gano’n sa pagtatanim sa lahat may ano, may problema kaya lang ‘pag
dumating ‘yong problemang ‘yon dahil na encounter na namin, alam na namin
paghahandaan namin, eto ‘yong gamot na ‘to, gan’to gagawin namin, so ‘yon natuto
kami, so dumating man, parang easy na lang sa’min kasi naranasan na namin kung
paano solusyonan ‘yong mga pesteng nagmula sa ugat, sa body ng palay, hanggang sa
pinaka tuktok, alam na ni kuya mo kung ano ‘yong bibilhin dahil naranasan na namin
‘yong mga problema, ‘yong dapat na bilhin, hindi na makukunsumo ‘yong oras, ‘yong
pagod, ‘yong mabisang gamot para madaling mamatay, syempre alagaan ang halaman
ng mabuti para iwas din sa peste para hindi pwedeng pabayaan.
P1: (Sometimes, because nurturing rice requires patience before it grows, it takes a
month, just like if you are a plant, because its leaves will change, eh, then it will all dry
out, and then it will grow into another seed that will grow your leaves. It takes a long
time to bear fruit. Sometimes it is broken, but it can also be recovered. For just a month,
we will have an experiment with the chemicals that we use. Some didn't grow properly,
some didn't die, some improved their growth, some didn't improve. So, because of our
experience, we have really learned how to plant everything when there is a problem.
When that problem arises because we have encountered it, we know when to be prepared,
here are the chemicals; that's what we will do, even if it comes again, it will be easier for
us because we had experienced how to solve pests from the root, in the stem of rice, to
the topmost part. Your older brother already knows what to buy because we had
experienced the problem, even the chemicals to buy, and our time and effort will not be
consumed, and it would be less tiring, lastly, of course taking good care of the crops.)
Question No. 9
R: Hindi po ba tita naranasan niyo na po ‘yong gano’n nga pong pangyayari,ano po
‘yong mga paghahanda na ginawa ni’yo upang kung dumating man po ‘yong time na
mapeste ulit ‘yog mga pananim niyo ready na po kayo? (Aunt, haven’t you already
experienced such an event? What preparations have you made so that when this problem
comes again, you are ready?)
P1: Alam na namin kasi bawat isang puno ng palay o ano mang halaman ‘yon, kasi
tuwing linggo chinicheck mo ‘yong pananim mo para kung darating man yun peste or
sakit ng palay, alam mo na, nakahanda ka na, huwag mong pabayaan na dumami pa
‘yong naninira sa’yo. ‘Pag nakita mo ‘yong dahon nagpula-pula, alam mo na ‘yong
gagawin,nakahanada na ‘yong dapat mong gawin na ispray mo sa palay, ‘yon ichecheck
up ni kuya mo everyday lalo na ‘pag papalaki na ‘yong palay talagang marami nang
maninira saka preparation pala sa lupa na sabi nga ni kuya mo na aararuhin niya ng
mabuti, patuyuin niya para ‘yong mga maasim na dahon, hindi na iyon nagdudulot ng
sakit sa pananim, talagang preparation sa lupa, malinis, maayos para kapag tumutubo
‘yong palay, walang gano’ng peste kasi pinrepare na ni kuya mo yung lupa na malinis,
maayos. So kahit anong bagay, kapag malinis at maayos, walang magiging problema.
(We know every single rice tree or what kind of plant it is because every week you tick
off your crops, so that if that pest or rice disease comes, you know that you are ready, so
that you don't let the number of those who destroy your crops increase. When you see the
leaves turn red, you know what you are going to do. Like your older brother said earlier,
he plows well, he will dry the sour leaves without damaging the crop, and he truly
prepares the soil thoroughly for rice without such pests, because it is neat and clean. So,
as long as it was cleaned properly, there would be no problem.)

Participant No. 2
Researcher: Hello Apong! Makatarus kayo tagalog? (Hello po Lola! Nakakaintindi po ba
kayo ng tagalog?) (Hello Grandma! Do you understand Tagalog?)
Participants No. 2: Opo. (Yes.)
R: Sige po. Ahm.. Hello po! Ahm… Ako po si Edrhealyn Ocampo Ahm… ako po yung
tumatayong assistant ng research namin. Ahm… Ang research po namin ay tungkol po sa
“The Tiny Big Threat: A Narrative Case Study about Farmers’ Life-threatening
Experience with Pests”. Ahm… “Apong adda lang damagik kanyayo… (Ahm...Lola may
tatanungin lang po ako sa inyo…) (All right. Ahm .. Hello! Ahm… I'm Edrhealyn
Ocampo Ahm… I'm our research assistant. Ahm… Our research is about “The Tiny Big
Threat: A Narrative Case Study about Farmers’ Life-threatening Experience with Pests .”
Ahm ... Grandma, I just want to ask you something…)
P2: Ana adyay Madam? (Ano po ‘yon Madam?) (What is it Ma’am?)
R: Ehm..Hahaha madi naneng langin Apong. (Ehm...Hahaha... hindi po, binibi na lamang
po Lola.) (Ehm...Ha! Ha! Ha! Just call me Miss, grandma.)
P2: (both laugh….)
R: Ahh… Sige ngarud in Apong ta rugyan tayon. (Ahh.... Sige po! Start na po natin
Lola.), (Ah… Alright grandma, we will proceed now.)
P2: Osige. (Sige.) (Alright.)
R: Ang una pong tanong dito po lola… Naranasan niyo na po bang mapeste ang inyong
mga pananim na kung saan halos wala na po kayong kinitang pera? (The first question
here, Grandma… Have you ever experienced pests destroying your crops that made you
earn almost nothing?)

P2: Opo…Nasira lahat. (Yes. All were destroyed.)
R: Ano pa po yung ibang “dahilan lola? Dahilan po no ampay napirdian kayo. (Ano pa
po yung ibang dahilan lola kung bakit nasiraan kayo ng pananim?) (What are the other
reasons why you have a destroyed paddy? )
P2: Ngamin uray no ananwun mi nga s-sprayan ku madi mut nga pumaw ti insekto isu
nga “nasira. (Kasi kahit anong spray gawin namin ayaw pa rin umalis ng mga insekto
kaya nasisira.) (Because even if we keep on spraying, the insects still don't want to leave,
that's why it's damaged.)
R: Ahh...Madi tumalab adyay “pesticide nga kwa u Apong? (Ahh… Hindi po umeepekto
yung mga gamot na pang-peste na binili ninyo lola?) (Ah! The pesticide chemicals that
you bought didn't kill the pests?)
P2: Wun… Tuloy nga nasira amin.(Oo… Kaya nasira mga pananim.) (Yes... That’s why
the crops were destroyed)
R: Ahm… Ahm...Mano mut ti nagastos yo mut didyay pesticides nga ginamit yo?
(Ahm...Ahmm…Magkano naman po ang nagastos nyo po sa pagbili ng mga pesticides?)
(Ahm ... Ahmm… How much did you spend to buy pesticides?)
P2: Ay agidyay… Depende ngamin. Adu ti ginamit mi nga ag-aggas awan mut latta
nagnaan na. (Ay...yung mga... Depende din kasi. Marami kaming ginamit na mga gamot
kaso wala kinahinatnan.)(Ah. Those… It depends. There’s a lot actually. We used
numerous chemicals but there were no results.)
R: Wun Apong. Adyay ngarud Apong atoy ay sumaruno nga “question mi toy kung paano
po naging banta ang mga pesteng ito sa inyong pamumuhay o sa inyong buhay? (Opo
lola. Ayun nga po lola ito po yung susunod po na tanong namin; kung paano po naging
banta ang mga pesteng ito sa inyong pamumuhay o sa inyong buhay?) (Yes grandma.
Here’s our next question; how did the pests become a threat to your living or in your
lives?)
P2: Adyay ngarod binibini, no kabud na lang dumating ‘yung mga peste. Ehh.. Hindi na
namin naagapan kaya ayun. Dumating ‘yung mga insekto kaya nasira 'yung mga palay
namin wala kaming naani. (Ayun nga binibini, biglaan na lang pong dumating ‘yung
mga peste. Ehh..Hindi namin naagapan kaya ayun. Dumating 'yung mga insekto kaya
nasira ‘yung mga palay namin wala kaming naani.) (Here’s how it is, Miss. The pests
came so sudden. We were not able to prevent it that’s why our crops were destroyed and
left us nothing.)
R: Ahh… Parang biglaan po’yung pagsalanta po. Wun Apong. (Ahh… Parang biglaan po
yung pagsalanta po.) (Ah! It seems like a sudden attack.)
R: Ay sumaruno mut nga tanong Apong bilang isang magsasaka ano po ‘yung
maituturing po ninyong pinakamahirap na karanasan niyo po sa..para maano niyo po
malabanan po ‘yung mga peste na sumisira po sa inyong pananim. (‘Yung susunod
naman pong question lola. Bilang isang magsasaka, ano po yung maituturing po ninyong
pinakamahirap na karanasan niyo po sa paraan kung paano niyo po nilalabanan po ‘yung
mga peste na sumisira po sa inyong pananim.) (The next question is; as a farmer, what is
the most difficult situation you have been in dealing with the pests which are destroying
your paddy?)
P2: Mahirap talaga ma’am, Kahit na anong e-spray namin eh.. Hindi naman tumatalab.
(Mahirap po talaga binibini. Kahit anong pang-spray ang ilagay namin hindi ito
umeepekto.) (It is really difficult to fight the pests. Whatever chemical-spray we put in,
doesn’t affect pests.)
R: Napadasan u ba adhyay nadipisan ti pagay...pananim? (Nasubukan niyo na po ba'ng
masiraan o natumbahan ng palay Lola?) (Have you ever experienced falling paddy?)
P2: Wun nalayos adhyay maysa pay adhyay nukka ngamin napigsa ti kwa..ti danom
malayos. (Oo nabaha ayun isa pa ‘yung dahilan, minsan malakas ‘yung… ‘yung tubig
nababaha.) (Yes. Heavy rain is also one of the reasons why our crops are being
destroyed.)
R: Wun Apong. Isu adhyay nukka awan karga na adyay pagay’n Apong. (Opo Lola. ‘Yun
‘yung dahilan minsan kaya walang laman ‘yung palay.)
P2: Isu awan maapit mi. (Kaya wala kaming maaning palay.) ( That’s why we don’t have
crops to reap.)
R: Apong adhyay ngarud Apong ay sumaruno apong adda pay ti inim nga tanong.
Hahaha… Kaya u pay sagutin Apong? (Ayun nga po lola. Yung susunod naman po
lola...May anim pa tayong tanong kaya pa ba Lola?) (Anyway grandma, we will proceed
to the next question. We still have 6 questions left, can you still answer further grandma?)
P2: Ay… Subukin mo kung kaya kong sagutin. (Ay… Kaya pa, tanungin mo lang ako
yung mga kaya kung sagutan.)
R: Wun Apong. Isu adhyay “prior knowledge u lang mut no ana adhyay amo u about
farming. (Opo Lola. Ayun nga po ‘yung kaalaman niyo lang po tungkol sa pagsasaka.)
(Yes grandma. You can answer these based on your knowledge in farming.)
R: Atoy mut Apong, Ano po yung mga estratehiya o pamamaraan ninyo upang
malampasan po yung problemang yun. ‘Yung pagka peste po ng palay nyo? (Ito naman
po lola, ano po ‘yung mga estratehiya o pamamaraan ninyo upang malampasan po ‘yung
problemang ‘yun. ‘Yung pagka peste po ng palay nyo?) (Here grandma. What are your
strategies or ways to overcome those problems?)
P2: Adu nga pamamaraan madam tano nga meron kaming ikinabubuhay ganon. Adu ti
kwa nga inaramid mi pero awan ti paraan na agidyay nga peste… nga spray. Awan mut
ti timalab agidyay nga insekto nga sumangpit itoy ayan mi. (Maraming pamamaraan
madam para may ikinabubuhay kami. Marami kaming ginawa pero wala ng paraan ang
mga napeste. Tulad ng pag-spray. Wala namang umepekto na gamot sa mga peste na
dumating dito sa amin.) (There are so many ways in order to make a living, Miss.)
R: Ahm… Bukod ti spray Apong gumamit kayo ba iti abono tano makwa agidyay peste.
(Ahm… Bukod po sa pag-spray lola gumamit din po ba kayo ng abono para mapuksa po
yung mga peste?) (Aside from pest chemicals, have you also used fertilizers? )
P2: Wun nag abono kami ngem kaya lang talaga nga madi da nga kwa nga agbiyag. (Oo
nag abono rin kami, yun nga lang hindi na nabuhay yung mga napeste.) (Yes, we also
used fertilizers but the crops affected by pests cannot be revived.)
R: Ana mut agidyay nga peste nay nga pumirdi iti kwa u Apong? (Ano naman po yung
mga peste na sumira sa palay niyo po Lola.) (What are those pests who destroyed your
paddy?)
P2: Agidyay black bug, Agidyay nangingisit nga ag perde iti pagay. (Yung mga black
bug, tapos yung mga maiitim na sumisira sa palay.) (Those black bugs are the ones who
destroyed our paddy.)
R: Ana pay Apong kohol? (Ano pa po lola, yung mga kohol po?) (How about the snails
grandma?)
P2: Kohol agidyay adu nga ag perde iti pagay. (Kohol yung mga yun sumisira sa mga
palay.) (Snails are the number one reason for destroying our paddy.)
R: Pati ba bilit Apong? (Pati po ba mga ibon Lola?) (Also the birds, grandma?)
P2: No maminsan adda mut..adda bilit pero agidyay talaga ti narigat nga sumampit toy
ayan mi ay black bug. (Oo paminsan-minsan meron naman… merong ibon pero yung
mga pinaka mahirap talagang puksain yung mga black bug.) (Yes, sometimes birds are
coming to our paddy but those are not our major problem. It is still the black bugs.)
R: Wun Apong. Adda ba ti “year nga naranasan u adyay Ahm… kasla adu nga insekto
nga napan itta kapagayan u Apong? (Opo Lola. Meron po bang taon noon na naranasan
niyo pong nasalanta kayo ng madaming insekto?) (Yes grandma. Is there a year that you
experienced where a lot of insects occur to your paddy?)
P2: Adda agidyay uod. Ana nga tawin edi adda agidyay uod nga nangpirdi’n? Idyay
paylang San Juan adhyay edi ku. Pero edi napirdi iti pagay mi iti black bug edi 2019.
(Meron yung mga bulate. Ano kasing taon yun noon nong may mga bulate na sumira sa
mga palay? Sa san Juan pa yun dati eh. Pero noong nasira yung aming palay ng mga
black bug noong 2019 yun.) (Yes, there are worms. What year was it when worms
destroyed our paddy? But our paddy got destroyed by black bugs way back 2019. )
R: Ay... Edi 2019 lang Apong. (Ah… Noong 2019 lang pala Apong.) (Ah. It was in 2019.)
P2: Wun edi sumampet agidyay black bug. (Oo noong dumating yung mga black bug.)
(Yes, when the black bugs came.)
R: Adyay ngarud Apong ay sumaruno nga “question ittoy Apong anya ba agidyay pag
hihirap nga naranasan u tano masugpo agidyay nga peste? Na na encounter u Apong.
(Ayun nga po Lola yung susunod po naming tanong ay ano po yung mga paghihirap na
naranasan ninyo upang masugpo ang mga peste?) (Anyway grandma, our next question
is; what are the struggles you have been through to suppress the pests?)
P2: Mahirap talaga patayin yung mga dumating na insekto noon. (It was really difficult
to kill the insects that came then.)
R: Opo Apong. Tapos apong paano po nakakahadlang yun tano madi dumakkil agidyay
pagay u? (Opo Lola. Tapos po paano po nakakahadlang yun para hindi lumaki yung mga
palay po ninyo.) (Yes grandma. Then how did it affect the growth of your paddy?)
P2: Sinisira nga nila eh… Kaya kung minsan ayun hindi lumalaki yung mga pananim
namin. (They are destroying it… So sometimes our crops don't grow.)
R: Uray no adda ti inaramid u nga paraan adyay pag spray ku adda talaga ay madi
dumakkil agidyay kwa yun palay yun Apong. (Kahit po may ginawa kayong paraan tulad
ng pag spray wala na pong pag-asa na lumaki yung mga palay, no lola?) (Even if you
made a way like spraying, there’s no chance for the paddy to grow, right grandma?)
P2: Wun ngem adda ay agas mi nga talaga nga madi da nga diggin ag perdi da. (Oo may
mga gamot talaga na hindi umeepekto sa mga palay kaya yung mga insekto mas sinisira
pa yung palayan namin.) (Yes, there are really chemicals for paddy that don’t affect the
paddy. The insects will just keep on destroying our paddy.)
R: Ana mut ngay ay naramdaman u edi kwa...edi ado nga peste ti...ado nga peste na
napan dyay ayan ti pagay u Apong? (Ano naman po yung naramdaman niyo nong
nasalanta ng maraming peste yung inyong pananim Lola?) (What did you feel when your
paddy got struck by the insects?)
P2: Syempre malungkot kami ah ta awan ti ani. (Syempre nalungkot kami kasi wala ng
maa-ani.)(Of course we were saddened because there’s nothing left for us.)
R: Wun Apong awan pay… bassit pay kitain. (Opo Lola konti po yung kinita ninyo.) (Yes
grandma. You earned a little.)
P2. Awan awan ah … madi nga rumwar ay kita iti inutang mi nga ginamit.(Wala...wala
ah hindi lumabas yung kita na inutang namin para magamit.) (We really earned nothing.
The funds from our debt did not pay off.)
R: Ay in-expect’n u Apong nga kwarta nga dapat maani u. Tapos Apong Ahm… Gaano
katagal or gaano kabayag nga umabot adhyay nga ay… Gaano po katagal umabot or
buwan bago kayo nakabangon sa pag kakapeste. (Yung inaasahan niyong pera na dapat
maanin ninyo. Tapos pos lola Ahm...Gaano katagal umabot yung…Gaano po katagal o
ilang buwan bago kayo nakabangon sa pag kakapeste.) (The money that you are
anticipating, it didn’t come back. Then grandma, how long would it take for you to earn
back the money that you lost?)
P2: Kasi hindi naman … hindi ano yung parang parating-rating lang yung mga insektong
yun eh. Kung minsan naman maganda naman ang ani kasi meron lang yung dumating
na... ano parating yung mga insekto. (The scenario is not always like what we are talking
about. Sometimes the crops are better because there are just quarters where insects
occur.)
R: Wun Apong. Ana pay agidyay inaramid u nga paraan tano madi nga mapirdi adhyay
palay u? (Opo Lola. Ano pa po yung ibang paraan na ginawa nyo po para hindi masira
ang inyong mga palay?) (Yes grandma. What are the other ways that you do to protect
your paddy?)
P2: Eh.. Nag tatanong kami sa mga ano kung ano dapat na e spray yung mga tanim.
(Um... We consult experts on what chemical/s we should spray.)

R: Wun Apong. Gaano mut kabayag nga umepekto adhyay pinag spray u nukaa apong?
(Opo Lola. Gaano po katagal umepekto yung mga gamot a inspray niyo po lola?) (Yes
grandma. How long does the chemical that you sprayed lasts?)
P2: Kung talagang umepekto yung gamot sa isang linggo eepekto yun, pero kung hindi
tala yun umepekto wala na. (If the chemical effect, it will last for about a week but if
not, it’s gone.)
R: Ahh…Parang sayang ay kwarta u nukka Apong? (Ahh...Parang sayang po yung pera
niyo don?) (Ah... So if it’s not effective, your money will be useless?)
P2: Opo talagang sayang. Meron naman yung umepekto , meron naman yung hindi. (Yes,
it is really a waste. There are effective, there are not.)
R: Opo. Ahm… Paano po ninyo naibalik adhyay...adhyay kinapintas na adhyay palay u?
(Opo Ahm… Paano po ninyo naibalik ang kalidad ng inyong pananim na palay?) (Yes.
But how do you manage to turn back the quality of your paddy?)
P2: Ayun nga sinunog namin yung mga nag gapasan para mamatay yung ibang mga
insekto. (Ayun nga sinunog namin yung mga dayami para mamatay yung ibang mga
insekto.) (We are burning the hays to kill the other insects.)
R:Wun Apong. Bukod idyay gayami ba apong ana pay agidyay pag gyagyanan agidyay
insekto Apong? (Opo Lola. Bukod po sa mga dayami lola ano pa po yung ibang
tinitirahan ng mga insekto lola?) (Yes grandma. Aside from hays, what are the other
dwellings of insects?)
P2: Pumapasok sila sa lupa. (They are going under the ground.)
R: Ay nagsimula kayo ag tanimin Apong madi u ba nga mapapansin nukka idyay ayan ti
luplupa Apong? (Kapag nag simula na po kayong magtanim Lola hindi niyo po ba
napapansin yung mga nasa lupa po?) (When you are starting to plant grandma, haven’t
you noticed the insects in the ground?)
P2. No… Rumwar ti danomim rumwar da agidyay spray’n mi mut. (Kapag mayroong
tubig lumalabas sila kaya kami naman inisprayhan namin. (When there is water they
come out and we will spray chemicals to kill them.)
R: Bago kayo agsimula ng ag tanim adhyay Apong? (Bago po kayo magsimula yun
Lola?) (Before you start planting, grandma?)
P2: Wun sprayan mi. Adu nga may S-spray para lang mamatay agidyay nga insekto. (Oo
ini sprahan namin. Maraming kaming ginagamit na gamot pang spray para lang mamatay
yung mga insekto.) (Yes, we spray on them. We used a lot of chemicals to kill the
insects.)
R: Ahh… Kadwa agidyay pang ruot nga sprayer’n Apong? (Ahh...Kasama na po yung
pang damo po don?) (Ahh... are the grass included?)
P2: Wun adu nga pang kohol, pang damo, ken agidyay pang patay peste. Adu ng
ag-agasin. (Oo marami ng gamot pang-kohol,pang-damo, tapos yung mga pang patay din
ng peste. Madami ng mga gamot na ginamit.) (Yes, there are a lot of chemicals for snails,
grass, and pests’ killer.)
R: Adda ba ammom nga nagan ng pinag spray u Apong? (Meron po ba kayong alam na
gamot na ginamit ninyo Lola?) (Can you tell me a chemical that you are using?)
P2. Agidyay Brodan. Adu nga kaklase ti agas ti nay papadas min. (Yung Brodan.
Maraming klase ng gamot na ang ginamit namin.) (Brodan. We use a lot of chemicals in
our paddy.)
R: Adhyay Apong nalpasen. (Ayun po Lola tapos na po.) (That’s all grandma.)
P2: Oh...Sige salamat…
R: Salamat din po Apong ti “cooperation u Apong. (Salamat din po Lola sa kooperasyon
po ninyo.) (Thank you so much grandma for participating and for your cooperation!)
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Rizza Mae L. Mateo
Address: Buenavista, Tarlac City
Date of Birth: August 08,2004
Place of Birth: Tarlac City
Sex: Female
Height: 5’3”
Weight: 52 kg
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father: Ryan C. Mateo
Mother: Marlen L. Mateo
Educational Background
Elementary: Pao Elementary School
Date Graduated: 2015 - 2016
Honor Received: Valedictorian
High School: Tarlac National High School San Miguel Campus - Annex
Honor Received: With Honors

Name: Leander Morry O. Ocado
Address: San Francisco, Tarlac City
Date of Birth: March 03, 2004
Place of Birth: Pag-ibig Park Subdivision Brgy. Gulang- gulang Lucena City
Sex: Male
Height: 5’7”
Weight: 52 kg
Religion: Born Again Christian
Father: Leovin O. Ocado
Mother: Morena O. Ocado
Elementary: Masin Elementary School
Honor Received: With Honors - 4th Place in Division Technolympics

Name: Edrhealyn L. Ocampo
Address: Blk 7 Lot 12 Fiesta Communities San Rafael, Tarlac City
Date of Birth: April 09,2004
Place of Birth: Tarlac Provincial Hospital
Sex: Female
Height: 5’0”
Weight: 52 kg
Religion: Born Again
Father: Edgardo F. Ocampo
Mother: Analyn L. Ocampo
Elementary: Pitombayog Elementary School
Honor Received: Fourth Honor
Honor Received: With Honors - Boys Scout of the Year

Name: Jhome Ruzzle E. Puri
Address: DPCH Tarlac City
Date of Birth: May 03, 2004
Place of Birth: Tarlac City
Sex: Male
Height: 5’5”
Weight: 55 kg
Father: Gregorio P. Puri
Mother: Imelda E. Puri
Elementary: Joy Ecumenical Christian Academy Inc.
High School: Tarlac Christian Fellowship Learning Center

Name: Leslie Mae E. Rivera
Address: Sta. Catalina Cutcut II, Tarlac City
Date of Birth: October 22,2004
Place of Birth: St. Martin De Porres
Sex: Female
Height: 4’11”
Weight: 41 kg
Father: Jesus C. Rivera
Mother: Marlyn E. Rivera
Elementary: Don Pepe Cojuangco Elementary School
High School: Tarlac Christian Fellowship Learning Center

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THE TINY BIG THREAT: A NARRATIVE CASE STUDY ABOUT FARMERS’

LIFE-THREATENING EXPERIENCE WITH PESTS

Rizza Mae L. Mateo

This research entitled THE TINY BIG THREAT: A NARRATIVE CASE

STUDY ABOUT FARMERS’ LIFE THREATENING EXPERIENCE WITH

Edrhealyn L. Ocampo, Jhome Ruzzle E. Puri, Leslie Mae E. Rivera in partial

and is recommended for the acceptance and approval of ORAL EXAMINATION.

Approved by the committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____.

Title: THE TINY BIG THREAT: A NARRATIVE CASE STUDY

Researchers: Rizza Mae L. Mateo

School: Tarlac National High School Main

Date: June 2021

life-threatening experiences of farmers with pests. It aimed to answer the following

Guide questionnaires were conducted with two participants who experienced

of living and handling the phenomenon.

To Mrs. Mylene C. Narra, the researchers’ adviser, for untiring guidance, a

to continue this study.

participation, this study would not have been possible.

wisdom we needed, as well as the courage to complete this study.

This research is dedicated to our loving parents and friends,

To our research adviser who is always active

and the source of our intelligence and cognition,

most especially to our God,

who gave us strength, guidance, skills, knowledge, wisdom, and love.

Above all, I dedicate this fruit of hard work and sacrifices

to the people behind this success.

To my group mates, to my genuine friends,

to my beloved family who gave me their unending support,

and most of all, to our Almighty God.

I would like to dedicate this study to our God Almighty

who give us courage and patience to finish this

research, to my group mates, advisers and research teacher, especially

to my family who help me a lot and for giving

I dedicate this study to the farmers who work hard

in field to sell food for our table,

to my group mates who help me to conduct this study

and above all to Almighty God who give us

knowledge, strength, patience and guidance for

making this research.

This study was dedicated to our Almighty God,

to farmers, my classmates and

teachers, my family and to all who read

our research paper.

CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND………………………..14

Significance of the Study………………………………………………………... 17

Scope and Delimitation…………………………………………………………..19

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES ………….22

CHAPTER 3: SOURCE OF DATA AND METHODOLOG Y…………………….... 33

Data Gathering Procedure………………………………………………………..35

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS…………………………………….38

Reasons that Made the Experience of Farmers’

Ways They Did to Overcome the Experience…………………………...41

The Reasons Why the Experience Became Challenging………………...43

Techniques They Did to Resolve the Problem…………………………...46

CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS……...54

Appendix A: Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study………………….... 64

Appendix B: Interview Guide Development………………………………... 65

Appendix C: Thematic Analysis…………………………………………….. 67