Chapter-4

Internal Loading Developed in Structural Members

Objectives:
To develop the methods for finding internal forces and moments at
specified points along a member’s axis and for showing the
variation graphically using the shear and moment diagrams.

Topics
 Internal loadings at a specified point

 Shear & moment diagrams for a beam

 Shear & moment diagrams for a frame

 Moment diagrams constructed by the method of superposition

1
4-1 Internal loadings at a specified point
 The internal load at a specified point in a member can be
determined by using the method of sections. This consists
of:
 N, normal force

 V, shear force

 M, bending moment

 Sign convention
 Although the choice is arbitrary, the convention illustrated
in the following Figure has been widely accepted in
structural engineering

+ve normal force

+ve shear force +ve bending M
2
Example 4.1: Determine the internal shear & moment acting in
the cantilever beam shown in Figure at sections passing through
point C & D

SOLUTION
 If we consider free-body diagrams
of segments to the right of the
(b)
sections,
 These diagrams for segments CB
& DB are shown in Fig (b) & (c)
 Note that the internal loadings act
in their positive directions
(c)
3
Segment CB:
   Fy  0
Vc  5  5  5  0  Vc  15 kN (b)

 Mc  0
 M c  5(1)  5(2)  5(3)  20  0
 M c  50 kNm
Segment DB: (c)

   Fy  0  This example illustrates that

VD  5  5  5  5  0  VD  20 kN
 MD  0
 M D  5(1)  5(2)  5(3)  20  0
 M D  50 kNm
V is different on either side
of the concentrated force
while the moment remains
the same.
 It is ambiguous to determine
the shear directly under a
concentrated force.
4
 5 kN/m
Example 4.2 : Determine the magnitude
and direction of the axial force, shear
B
force and bending moment at C.
4
8m
Solution: 3
Free-body diagram of BC section C
A
5 kN/m

2m 4m
B
5 4=20kN 4
B sin  
VC 4 4 5 5
 4
3 3 3
MC 3 cos  
VC 5
C

NC 4m MC

NC 4m
5
 20 kN

   Fy  0 20sin
B
3 20cos 4

VC  20 cos   0  VC  20  3
5 VC
 VC  12 kN 
MC
 Fx  0 4m
NC
4
N C  20sin   0  N C  20 
5
 N C  16 kN

 MC  0
 M C  20  2  0
 M C  40 kN.m
6
4-2 Shear & Moment Diagrams for a Beam (usin relations
between load, shear & bending moment)
Rules for Constructing Shear Diagram:
 Concentrated force creates a jump in the shear diagram.

Downward jump Upward jump

 Change in shear equals area under load diagram (Eq. 2.1).

 Slope of shear diagram equals value of distributed load (Eq. 2.2)

Eq. 2.1 Eq. 2.2

** w upward (↑) is positive

7
4-2 Shear & Moment Diagrams for a Beam (usin relations
between load, shear & bending moment)
Rules for Constructing Moment Diagram:
 Concentrated moment creates a jump in the moment diagram.

Downward jump Upward jump

 Change in moment equals the area under the shear diagram

(Eq. 2.3).
 Slope of moment diagram equals the value of the shear
diagram (Eq. 2.4).
Eq. 2.3 Eq. 2.4

8
Example 4.3: Draw shear and moment diagrams for the beam in Fig.

SOLUTION
 The reactions have been calculated & are shown on the free-body
diagram of the beam, Fig. (b)

 At end points:
In between these
 x = 0 m, V = 30 kN two shears,
 x = 9 m, V = -60 kN zero shear exist

 Since the load w is –ve & linearly increasing, dV/dx=w

9
 The point of zero shear can be found
by using method of sections from a
beam segment of length x, Fig (e)

V 0
   Fy  0
1   x 
 30   20    x  0
2   9 
x  5.20m

• From the shear diagram, Fig (c), for

0<x<5.20 m, the value of shear is +ve but 
so, dM/dx = V
• At x = 5.20m, dM/dx=0
• Likewise for 5.20m<x<9 m, the shear & so
the slope of the moment diagram are –ve 
• Max M is at x = 5.20 m since dM/dx =V=0
10
Example 4.4: Draw shear & moment diagrams for each of the beams
in Fig.
(a) (b)

11
Example 4.5: Draw shear and moment diagrams for the beam in
Fig.(a).

Pin
Roller

12
 SOLUTION
Pin
I. Support reaction Fig. (b)
Roller

II. Shear diagram Fig. (c) III. Moment diagram Fig. (d)

13
Example 4.6: Draw shear and moment diagrams for each of the
beams shown in Fig.
(a).

Reactions

(b)

14
4-3 Shear & Moment Diagrams for a Frame
 Frame consists of several members that are either fixed or
pinned connected at their ends.

 To obtain the shear & moment

diagrams:
 Determine the reactions at the frame
supports
 Using method of sections, find the
axial, shear and moments acting at the
ends of each member
 All loadings are resolved into
components acting parallel &
perpendicular to the member’s axis
 The shear & moment diagrams for
Steel frame that is used to support a
each member can then be drawn as crane rail. The frame can be
described previously assumed fixed connected at its top
joints and pinned
15
at the supports.
Sign Convention

Following rule will be used to draw SFD & BMD on the

frame
 For 1st vertical member, you can consider left (out) side is
+ve side and right (in) side is ve side. Start drawing from
bottom of the vertical member.
 For horizontal member, start from drawing from left side
as beam.
Remember, this is not the only way
+ve ve to consider +ve & -ve side of vertical
side side members

Starting point

16
Example 4.7. Draw shear and moment diagrams for each member of the frame Fig.a.
Assume A is fixed, the joint at B is pin, and support C is roller.
100 kN
3
5 kN/m B 4 C

4m
(a) Idealized
A

3m 3m
Solution:
By 60 kN
5 kN/m 80 kN
Bx B C
Bx
By Cy From part BC:

F x  0;  Bx  80 kN
M B  0;  C y  6  60  3  0
A
 C y  30 kN  By  30 kN
17
 30 kN 60 kN 30 kN
80 kN B 80 kN
C
80 kN
30 kN
30 30
20 kN B + C
80 -
2m 30 30
A Ax
Ay + SFD (kN)
MA
100 A
90
 Fx  0;  Ax  100 kN +
B
F y  0;  Ay  30 kN C

M A  0;  M A  360 kN.m BMD (kN.m)

-
A 360
18
Example 4.8: Draw shear and moment diagrams for each member of
the frame. Assume that support A is pin and D is roller.

16 kN/m
B C

12 kN/m
4m
Idealized
A
Solution: 80 kN 5m
B
C
 F  0;  A  48 kN
x x

 M  0;  D   48  2  80  2.5 / 5
A y
48 kN  Dy  59.2 kN
A Ax
D F y  0;  Ay  20.8 kN
Ay Dy 19
Solution (cont.): 20.8
16 kN/m + C
B B
96 kN.m C -
1.3 m
20.8 kN 59.2 kN 59.2

59.2 kN SFD (kN)

+
20.8 kN 48 A D
96 kN.m
109.52
4m
12 kN/m

96
D +
96 B
59.2 kN C
48 kN +
A
BMD (kN.m)
20.8 kN

Freebody diagram A D
of every parts
Diagrams on Frame
20
 Example 4.9: Draw shear and moment diagrams for the frame.
Assume A is a pin, C is a roller, and B is a fixed joint.

Idealization of
the frame

Solution:
 Determine the support
reactions
 ΣMA = 0
 -120*1.5-80*6+Cy*8 = 0
 Cy = 82.5 kN
 ΣFy = 0; -Ay-80+Cy = 0
 Ay = 2.5 kN
21
 Determine the internal forces of the members

170 kN-m 1.5 kN

170 kN-m 1.5 kN
72 kN
2 kN
2 kN
70 kN
5m
70 kN
97.5 kN
97.5 kN

22
 Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams

23
Diagrams on the frame
2
2.5 

70 + 82.5

S. F. D. (kN)

170 165
170.1 170
+

B. M. D. (kN.m)

24
 4-4 Moment Diagrams constructed by the Method of
Superposition

 Most loadings on the beam

will be a combination of the
loadings shown in Figs.

25
Example 4.10:

(i) Beam with specified

=
loads

(ii) Only uniform load

+

(ii) Left moment +

(iii) Right moment

26
Tutorial 4-1: Draw shear force and bending moment diagram
The connection at B & E are
pin (hinge) connections.

225 kN

27
 Tutorial 4-2. Draw shear force and bending moment diagrams for
the following frame.
20 kN
1.8 m 5 kN
1.2 m 0.6 m
B
E
C
0.6 m
10 kN
3 kN/m

0.6 m
1.8 m
D

20 kN 5 kN
A
1.2 m 1.8 m 0.6 m
B E
Solution: C
0.6 m
Find out support reactions. 1.8 m
10 kN
3 kN/m

0.6 m
M  0;
D
A

Dy  3  10  1.2  5  3.6  20 1.2  (3  1.8)  0.9  0

Dy
 Dy  11.62 kN  Ax
Ay
28
 5 kN
 Fy  0,  Ay  20  5  11.62  0, 1.2 m
20 kN
1.8 m 0.6 m
 A y  13.38kN  B E
C
F x  0,  Ax  3 1.8  10  0,
1.8 m
0.6 m

 Ax  4.6 kN  10 kN

3 kN/m
0.6 m
D
Dy
Ax
Ay

13.14 kN.m
Free body diagram (F. B. D.) for member AB
By

10 kN
F y  0,  13.38  By  0,  B y  13.38kN  MB
Bx
F x  0,  4.6  3 1.8  Bx  0,  Bx  10 kN 


3 kN/m


M  0,   M B  4.6 1.8   3  1.8   0.9  0,

4.6 kN
B

 M B  13.14 kN.m
Ax =4.6 kN
S.F.D. B.M.D.
Ay =13.38 kN
29
 Free body diagram (F. B. D.) for member CD

6 kN.m
10 kN
Cy
F y  0,  11.62  C y  0,  C y  11.62 kN  MC
C Cx
 Fx  0,  10  Cx  0,  Cx  10 kN 

-
0.6 m


10 kN
 M C  0,  M C 10  0.6  0, M C  6 kN.m
D
S.F.D. B.M.D
Free body diagram (F. B. D.) for member BCE Dy =11.62 kN .

20 kN 5 kN
1.2 m 1.8 m 0.6 m
B E
Bx =10 kN
Cx =10 kN
MB =13.14 kN.m By =13.38 kN Cy =11.62 kN
MC =6 kN.m
13.38
+ 5 + S.F.D. (kN)

6.62
2.916
+ B.M.D. (kN.m)
  3
13.14 9
30
Shear force and bending moment diagram on the frame

13.38
+ 5
+
10 
6.62 +
10


13.14
2.916 6
+  
4.6

S.F.D. (kN) 


3
13.14
 9

B.M.D. (kN.m)

31