Order this document
MOTOROLA
SEMICONDUCTOR
APPLICATION NOTE
100 and 200 Watt High Fidelity Audio
Amplifiers Utilizing a WidebandĆLow
Feedback Design
Prepared by: Andrew Hefley
Audio Engineering Consultant
INTRODUCTION
Over the past two decades many types of solid state, high
fidelity audio amplifier design approaches have been tried.
Many of these designs have used large amounts of negative
feedback to ensure low closed-loop harmonic distortion. The
main contributors to this type of distortion are the output de-
vices. Other contributors to this harmonic distortion are the
drivers, or devices preceding the output devices and the high
voltage gain stage, also referred to as the transconductance
stage. A side effect of a high open-loop gain is that wide
bandwidth is very difficult to achieve with two gain stages,
therefore most of these high gain designs have an open-loop
bandwidth of less than a few kilohertz. This means there is
a need for even more than necessary gain mid-band (refer-
ring to the audio band) to get a low distortion number at
20 kHz in the closed-loop condition. The audio band is de-
fined as 2 Hz to 20 kHz with the mid-point from 1 kHz to
2 kHz. It was found that large amounts of negative feedback
increased TIM (transient intermodulation distortion).
The approach to dealing with this problem in amplifiers
is to use lower open-loop voltage gain sections and increase
the open-loop bandwidth to 20 kHz. The loss of feedback
(and increased closed-loop distortion) has inspired different
solutions for the output section as well as the voltage gain
section. One approach is to change the distortion
specification; however, this may not produce optimal results.
A better solution is to use multiple output devices to keep
the current excursion low for each device, so as to stay within
a linear range of gain. This has been a popular approach
with some manufacturers; however, it is a more costly
solution. Other approaches use high feedback, linearized,
unity gain output stages. This is done with either bipolar
devices or with power MOSFETs.
This note focuses on the use of a new pair of
complementary Motorola bipolar power output transistors,
 MOTOROLA INC., 1992
by AN1308/D
AN1308
the 2SC3281 and 2SA1302. These devices have better
linearity than devices previously targeted for this type of
application. The amplifier circuits presented use a topology
that is fully complementary in design with a dual differential
input. Other parameters sought after are a wide open-loop
bandwidth, (greater than the audio band) and a minimal
amount of negative feedback, (25 dB or less).
BASIC AMPLIFIER DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
A conservative design approach was taken with effort
made to keep the circuitry design simple. The purpose of
this note is to show that a low feedback design with wide
bandwidth can yield quite low distortion without any special
distortion cancelling circuitry or localized feedback loops.
Design Description of the 100 Watt Amplifier
A block diagram of the 100 watt amplifier is shown in
Figure 3. This design begins with the MPS8099 and
MPS8599 complementary pair for the input stage. These
devices are rated at 80 volts, giving them adequate margin
on a nominal 52 volt supply. These devices are arranged
as dual differentials. For simplicity, no current sources are
used. A ± 24 volt zener with 10K ohm resistors supplies
approximately 2.25 mA of current to each pair. This scheme
supplies enough current to achieve the bandwidth necessary
in the first stage while keeping the bias currents low enough
for an acceptable amount of input voltage offset error. In an
attempt to eliminate a coupling capacitor in the feedback
loop, low offset is important when trying to DC couple the
feedback. The input impedance of the amplifier is primarily
determined by the 33.2K ohm resistor used as the input
return path to ground. That, coupled with the 2.2 µF coupling
capacitor, sets the low corner frequency at approximately
2 Hz.
AN1308
 Figure 1. 100 Watt High Fidelity Audio Amplifier

Figure 2. 200 Watt High Fidelity Audio Amplifier

MOTOROLA AN1308
2
 + VCC
TRANSCONDUCTANCE STAGE

PROTECTION

OUTPUT
STAGE

INPUT FEEDBACK
INPUT STAGE OUTPUT

OUTPUT
STAGE
PROTECTION

TRANSCONDUCTANCE STAGE
– VCC

Figure 3. Block Diagram of 100 Watt Amplifier

The second stage of voltage gain, sometimes referred
to as the transconductance stage, is made up of a darlington
pair. The input devices of the darlington pairs are the
MPSW06 and MPSW56 respectively. Both of these devices
are also rated at 80 volts. These devices are operated in
a common collector mode with their collectors grounded to
minimize the Miller effect. Idling current is approximately
3.5 mA with 511 ohm emitter resistors which in turn set the
idling currents for the 2SC3298B and 2SA1306B. Because
the idling currents are set at approximately 50 mA or
2.4 watts in each of these devices, a small heat sink is
required to keep the case temperatures down. The
2SC3298B and 2SA1306B devices are rated at 200 volts
which is more than adequate to handle the nominal voltage
swings of 100 volts for this stage of the amplifier. The
transconductance stage is loaded by both the output stage
and a pair of 2.7K ohm resistors. These resistors set the
voltage gain at this stage. Looking at the input stage and
the second stage respectively, their gains are approximately
18.5 dB for the input stage and 34 dB for the second stage
thus giving an overall gain of about 52.5 dB. Compensation
networks are used on the outputs of both stages to provide
good gain and phase margin for the closed-loop condition.
The closed-loop gain is set for approximately 1 volt sensitivity
giving the amplifier a closed-loop gain of 27.8 dB.
The output stage is a complementary darlington
configuration. This stage utilizes three 2SC3281 NPN
devices and three 2SA1302 PNP devices connected in
parallel. These are driven by the complementary pair
consisting of an MJF15030 and MJF15031. The output
devices are rated at 15 amps and 200 volts with power
dissipation ratings of 150 watts. The drivers are 8 amp,
150 volt transistors with power dissipation ratings of
36 watts. The voltage ratings are adequate to handle the
100 volt nominal supply voltage. The drivers and output
devices have excellent gain linearity which helps to minimize
the amount of feedback needed to achieve a low distortion
number.

AN1308 MOTOROLA
3
 The MPS650 and the MPS750 devices are used for
current limit protection. Both devices are rated at 2 amps
giving them excellent saturation and gain characteristics at
100 mA. A discussion on how the current limiters are set
and the choice of the number of output devices used is
discussed in the Output Transistors section.
Design Description of the 200 Watt Amplifier
A block diagram of the 200 watt amplifier is shown in
Figure 4. The design of the 200 watt gain stages is very
similar to the 100 watt amplifier with a few minor exceptions.
Due to higher power supply voltages, a cascode
configuration was used for the input stage. The level shifter
portion of the cascode is tied to the 33 volt zener supplies
which are used for the input current resistors. An additional
change is the use of paralleled pre-drivers, or transconduc-
tance stage transistors. This accommodates the increased
current needed to bring the dual 2.7K ohm load and
increased base current requirement of the output stage to
the higher supply voltage. The benefit is a small increase
in the voltage slew rate. The extra device also increases the
open-loop gain by approximately 4 dB. This in turn helps
the closed-loop distortion that was increased because of a
3 dB increase in closed-loop gain. This was done to keep
the sensitivity of the amplifier for full power at 1 volt. Another
change is the use of a cascode (series output stage). By
effectively doubling the number of output devices without
increasing the voltage seen in operation, second breakdown
will not be a concern. The outside, or slave devices, are
driven by a series resistive divider network tied to the output
of the amplifier. This divider network forces the string of
output devices to share the voltage and power delivered to
the load.

+ VCC
TRANSCONDUCTANCE STAGE

SLAVE

+ 33 V

PROTECTION

OUTPUT
STAGE

INPUT FEEDBACK
INPUT STAGE OUTPUT

OUTPUT
STAGE
PROTECTION

– 33 V

SLAVE

TRANSCONDUCTANCE STAGE
– VCC

Figure 4. Block Diagram of 200 Watt Amplifier

MOTOROLA AN1308
4
 POWER SUPPLY DESIGN
There are a number of formulas and philosophies
pertaining to the selection of the size of a power transformer
and the supply filters for use in an audio amplifier. The
selection of these components affects the supply regulation
and the amount of ripple the amplifier will see under varying
load conditions. One specification that has come into
widespread use over the past decade is a concept called
dynamic headroom. Dynamic headroom is a measure of the
difference in the RMS power an amplifier can deliver
continuously and the power it can deliver dynamically as
defined by the Federal Trade Commission. It is measured
in dB, and can range from 0 dB for an amplifier operating
in a full class A mode to 3 – 4 dB for a class AB type amplifier
with poor supply regulation. Over the years designers have
found that they prefer a lower dynamic headroom, which
make certain “rules of thumb” work well and provides
acceptable performance. For transformer selection, take the
expected 4 ohm full power performance in watts, for
example, 180 watts for the 100 watt amplifier, and double
it. This could be considered a worst case load for the power
supply even though under typical operating conditions this
level of output will never be seen. By doubling the power
rating, a VA (Volt-Ampere) rating of 360 becomes the rating
for the transformer to be selected. VA ratings typically are
based on a temperature rise of + 55° to + 65°C, which
equates to a regulation of approximately 5% for a resistive
load equal to the VA rating of the transformer. This does not
equate to the regulation performance in the amplifier
application. DC supply voltages are derived by the rectified
diodes that charge the supply filters and these only occur
during the voltage peaks of the sine wave input. 360 VA and
600 VA transformers were chosen for the 100 watt and 200
watt amplifiers respectively. To avoid the cost of custom
transformers, standard off-the-shelf toroidal transformers
were chosen. These transformers were then modified. To
achieve the exact voltage required for the designs, several
extra turns were added to the secondary winding (see
Figures 25 and 34).
Cost becomes an issue in choosing the amount of filtering
needed. In practice, the amount of filtering can be looked
at in terms of stored energy, or joules. Typically 1 to 2 joules
of stored energy per 10 watts of output power is sufficient.
In the 100 watt amplifier, the maximum output power is 180
watts at 4 ohms. This equates to 18 to 36 joules of stored
energy. The power supply in the 100 watt amplifier has a
pair of 10,000 µF filter capacitors with 52 volts across each
capacitor. Using the formula 1/2CV2, this equates to 26
AN1308
joules of stored energy. The 200 watt amplifier has a
maximum output power at 4 ohms. Based on the previous
discussion, 30 to 60 joules of stored energy is required. The
power supply for the 200 watt amplifier contains four
4,700 µF filter capacitors with 80 volts across each
capacitor. This equates to 60 joules of stored energy.
OUTPUT TRANSISTORS
There are a number of considerations to be addressed
when selecting output transistors for use in a high fidelity
audio amplifier design. Two key considerations are the use
of a complementary pair and the type of device packaging,
i.e., plastic or metal. Newer designs are using plastic
packages due to their simplicity in mounting and thermal
performance equalling the older metal packages such as the
TO-204 (TO-3). Other areas of design importance include
breakdown voltage, power dissipation, safe operating area
(SOA), current gain linearity, and fT. At present, there are
a limited number of complementary devices rated at 100
volts in plastic packages. Additionally, very few of these
devices have good current gain linearity beyond one amp.
Most of these devices have second breakdown points that
usually fall between 20 and 40 volts. They may be classified
as 150 watt transistors, but operate efficiently only up to 40
volts; then their power handling capability drops off rapidly.
The output devices that were selected are the 2SC3281
and 2SA1302 NPN and PNP transistors. These complemen-
tary devices are rated at 200 volts, 15 amps, and have power
dissipation ratings of 150 watts. They are packaged in the
TO-3PBL package, a high power plastic package with an
isolated mounting hole and excellent thermal characteristics.
The thermal resistance junction-to-case of this package is
less than 0.83°C / watt with a maximum junction temperature,
TJ equal to 150°C. The current gain is adequate beyond 3
amps of collector current, the fT is greater than 20 MHz and
the second breakdown point is greater than 70 volts. With
these specifications these devices are ideal for use under
the type of load conditions and voltages expected to be seen
in low distortion wideband linear amplifier designs. Operating
characteristics for these devices are shown in Figures 5
through 10.
Setting the Current Limits
Setting the current limits of an output stage in an audio
amplifier is not an easy task. Calculation can be used to find
a starting point, however the actual results must be
determined through experimentation. There are two
limitations to consider when dealing with the power handling
MOTOROLA
5
 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS FOR OUTPUT DEVICES

2SA1302 — PNP 2SC3281 — NPN

1000 1000
COMMON EMITTER COMMON EMITTER
500 500
VCE = – 5 V VCE = 5 V
300 300
h FE , DC CURRENT GAIN

h FE , DC CURRENT GAIN
TC = 100°C
TC = 100°C
25°C
100 100 25°C
– 25°C – 25°C
50 50
30 30

10 10

5 5
– 0.03 – 0.1 – 0.3 –1 –3 – 10 – 30 0.03 0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS) IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

Figure 5. DC Current Gain Figure 6. DC Current Gain

200 200
COMMON EMITTER COMMON EMITTER
100 100
f T, TRANSITION FREQUENCY (MHz)

f T, TRANSITION FREQUENCY (MHz)

VCE = – 5 V VCE = 5 V
TC = 25°C TC = 25°C
50 50
30 30

10 10

5 5
3 3

1 1
– 0.01 – 0.03 – 0.1 – 0.3 –1 –3 – 10 0.01 0.03 0.1 0.3 1 3 10
IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS) IC, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

Figure 7. Current-Gain Bandwidth Product Figure 8. Current-Gain Bandwidth Product

– 50 50
IC MAX (PULSED)* IC MAX (PULSED)*
– 30 30
I C, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

I C, COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

IC MAX (CONTINUOUS) IC MAX (CONTINUOUS)

1 ms* 1 ms*
– 10 10 ms* 10 10 ms*
–5 DC OPERATION 100 ms* 5 DC OPERATION 100 ms*
–3 TC = 25°C 3 TC = 25°C

*SINGLE NONREPETITIVE *SINGLE NONREPETITIVE

–1 *PULSE TC = 25°C 1 *PULSE TC = 25°C
– 0.5 CURVES MUST BE DERATED 0.5 CURVES MUST BE DERATED
– 0.3 LINEARLY WITH INCREASE 0.3 LINEARLY WITH INCREASE
IN TEMPERATURE VCEO MAX IN TEMPERATURE VCEO MAX
– 0.1 0.1
– 0.3 –1 –3 – 10 – 30 – 100 – 300 – 1000 0.3 1 3 10 30 100 300 1000
VCE, COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS) VCE, COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

Figure 9. Active Region Safe Operating Area Figure 10. Active Region Safe Operating Area

MOTOROLA AN1308
6
 1
0.7
r(t), EFFECTIVE TRANSIENT THERMAL
D = 0.5
0.5
RESISTANCE (NORMALIZED)
0.3 0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1 0.05
0.07 0.02
0.05
0.03 0.01
0.02 SINGLE PULSE
0.01
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1
ability of a transistor: the average junction temperature and
second breakdown. In a class AB output stage, the output
devices are not really in a 50% duty cycle situation. The bias
current needs to be added to the calculated current that the
load may present to the device. At higher frequencies the
peak power can be considerably higher than the average
power. At low frequencies the duration that one side of the
output stage may endure during a load condition may be
several hundred milliseconds, which nearly constitutes a DC
condition. By examining the thermal response curve of the
output devices in Figure 11, the actual value of RθJC for the
low frequency condition can be determined by multiplying
the specified value of RθJC by r(t) = 0.9. With this information,
there are three more parameters that connect the transistor
junction to its surroundings — the thermal resistance from
the transistor junction to the case of the transistor, the
thermal resistance of the mounting interface, and the thermal
resistance of the heat sink to air.
Figure 12 shows the load conditions for the entire output
stage of the 100 watt amplifier. The load line for an 8 ohm,
45 degree load indicates the need for 6 amps of collector
current dropping to 4 amps of collector current when the
collector voltage drops to 50 volts. Figure 12 also shows the
peak currents at lower resistive load conditions. Most
loudspeakers present a load impedance of less than 8 ohms;
however, most don’t present a reactive load of less than
8 ohms. As shown in Figure 12, a 90° reactive 8 ohm load
is handled easily and resistive loads as low as 2 ohms do
not present a problem. The constant power curve shown at
375 watts is drawn along the line where the current limits
were set for this amplifier. If this power is shared between
3 devices, they will each be required to dissipate 125 watts
at the point where the power will be limited by the current
limiters.
By limiting the power linearly from 150 watts at 25°C to
0 at 150°C, the case temperature can rise to approximately
60°C. This is determined from Figure 14, the power derating
curve. By allowing the case temperature to rise to this limit,
the power output will have to be limited to 75% of 150 watts,
AN1308
P(pk) RθJC(t) = r(t) RθJC
RθJC = 0.83°C / W MAX
D CURVES APPLY FOR POWER
t1 PULSE TRAIN SHOWN
t2 READ TIME AT t1
DUTY CYCLE, D = t1 / t2 TJ(pk) – TC = P(pk) RθJC(t)
0.2 0.3 0.5 1 2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100 200 300 500 1000
t, TIME (ms)
Figure 11. Thermal Response of Output Devices
or 112.5 watts. With this number and the information known
about the thermal response of the device, one can allow the
peak power dissipated by each transistor to reach 125 watts.
This means that under operating conditions where the
temperature is less than 60°C, the output devices will be
operating safely. Examining the safe operating area curves
in Figures 9 and 10, it can be seen that above 70 volts, the
power the output devices can dissipate, begins to drop.
Using 100 volts as a reference, the power dissipation has
dropped from 150 watts at 70 volts to about 800 mA at 100
volts, or 80 watts. The power derating curve (Figure 14)
shows a reduction in power dissipation as temperature is
increased with the derating factor dropping even lower for
the second breakdown derating. The 60°C point on this curve
is 85%, or 68 watts. This implies that the output devices are
only safe for a total power dissipation of 204 watts when
operating the three devices at the full supply voltage of the
100 watt amplifier. This is where the current limiters do not
fully protect the output devices. As shown in the load line
plots in Figures 12 and 13, the protection provided by the
current limiters allows the power to reach 375 watts at
100 volts. A fully reactive load of 90 degrees will never be
seen in a loudspeaker and the current limits need to be set
by experimentation. Figures 15 and 16 show photos of the
current limit, or protection circuit tested into a capacitor.
Although Figures 15 and 16 show that the output devices
are capable of more than their published specifications, it
is recommended that one not exceed published limits as
shown on the manufacturer’s data sheets in the interests
of achieving long term reliability.
Measurements of the protection circuit shown in Figures
15 and 16 show the actual current limit points of the
amplifiers when driving large capacitive loads at a frequency
of approximately 100 Hz. As measured, the limits are set
about 25% higher than needed for the load conditions
outlined. The type of current limiters used begins to limit the
current slightly lower than their final value causing substantial
distortion in the form of compression before the final limit
value is reached.
MOTOROLA
7
 15

12
CURRENT LIMIT
375 WATT CONSTANT POWER CURVE
9
I C , CURRENT IN OUTPUT TRANSISTORS (AMPS)

0
8Ω 45 DEG LOAD LINE

–3
8Ω RESISTIVE
–6
4Ω RESISTIVE
2Ω RESISTIVE
–9
CURRENT LIMITATION POWER SUPPLY LIMITATION
– 12

– 15
0 20 40 60 80 100
VOLTAGE ACROSS OUTPUT TRANSISTORS (VOLTS)

Figure 12. Load Lines of 100 Watt Amplifier

25

20

15 CURRENT
LIMIT
I C , CURRENT IN OUTPUT TRANSISTORS (AMPS)

750 WATT CONSTANT POWER CURVE

10

0
8Ω 45 DEG LOAD LINE

–5
8Ω RESISTIVE
– 10
2Ω RESISTIVE
4Ω RESISTIVE
– 15
CURRENT LIMITATION

– 20

– 25
0 32 64 96 128 160
VOLTAGE ACROSS OUTPUT TRANSISTORS (VOLTS)

Figure 13. Load Lines of 200 Watt Amplifier

MOTOROLA AN1308
8
 1

SECOND BREAKDOWN
POWER DERATING FACTOR

0.8 DERATING

0.6

0.4 THERMAL
DERATING

0.2

0 Figure 15. Output Current Limit of 100 Watt Amplifier

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
TC, CASE TEMPERATURE (°C)

Figure 14. Power Derating Factor for Output Devices

Series Connected Output Devices

As discussed previously, the second breakdown of a
transistor can severely limit the power dissipation capability
of that device. When the supply voltages of an amplifier are
greater than 100 volts, the output devices are pushing their
limits. By configuring the output devices in a series-parallel
configuration one can obtain an increase in output power
from a set of devices rather than configuring them all in
parallel. The load lines of the 200 watt amplifier indicate a
constant power curve of 750 watts, which is twice that of
the 100 watt amplifier. There are twice the number of output
devices connected in a series-parallel configuration resulting
in the same 125 watt criteria for each as in the 100 watt
amplifier. Since these devices do not see more than 80 volts
each in operation, second breakdown is of no concern.
Although the devices can be operated in a series connected
output stage, its operation is similar to a bridge configuration
but the low impedance performance is diminished. This
amplifier does current limit when driving a 2 ohm load where
the 100 watt amplifier does not.
HEATSINK REQUIREMENTS
Choosing the right heatsink is very important. Regardless
of the requirements of size, shape, form factor and
cosmetics, the bottom line is heat transfer in terms of degrees
centigrade per watt (°C/W). The heatsink chosen for these
two amplifiers is a standard aluminum extrusion made by
AHAM TOR INC., model #6071 as shown in Figure 17. It
is a tree shaped extrusion weighing 2.2 pounds per foot. It
has a surface area of 31.7 square inches per linear inch and
a convection heat transfer rating of 1.8°C / W per 3 inch piece.
The design of this heatsink lends itself well to the
configuration used for mounting the output and driver
devices. By using the PC board to clamp the devices to the
heatsink, mounting hardware is eliminated. Another
advantage to having the heatsinks board mounted is that
the output transistors need not be electrically isolated from
their mounting. This allows for nothing but thermal compound
Figure 16. Output Current Limit of 200 Watt Amplifier
between the devices and the heatsink. This allows for
optimum heat transfer (less than 0.1°C / W). The use of two
7 inch extrusions in the 100 watt amplifier gives the output
stage the ability to dissipate about 90 watts while keeping
a temperature rise of less than 35° above room temperature
(TA = 25°C). This is based on 1.8°C of rise for a 3 inch piece
making a 7 inch piece about 0.77°C / W. Tests run have
shown that with the 100 watt amplifier running at full power,
the heatsinks stayed below 60°C. Operation with air flowing
across the heatsinks will give improved performance over
the convection numbers published by the heatsink
manufacturer. The addition of a fan blowing across the
heatsinks will allow the amplifier to operate at a 4 ohm load
continuously.
EVALUATION BOARD DESCRIPTIONS
100 Watt Amplifier
The 100 watt amplifier was constructed on a double-sided
0.062″ G10 glass epoxy printed circuit board measuring 7
inches x 12 inches. All components are included on the PC
board with the exception of the power transformer and bridge
rectifier. Grounding is done with the star method; each point
in the circuit that is connected to ground has its own trace
running to the input connection. This helps to reduce ground
loops and give optimum noise performance. The power
supply center tap is connected as close to the center
between the supply filter capacitors as is physically possible.

AN1308 MOTOROLA
9
This keeps the power supply ripple balanced and as low as
possible. The input devices and transconductance stages
are grouped as close as physically possible on the board.
This helps to reduce parasitics. Table 1 shows the actual
measured performance of the 100 watt amplifier. Plots of the
measurements are shown in Figures 18 through 23. The DC
stability of this amplifier measured at the output of the
amplifier is ± 100 mV at room temperature. All measurements
were made at room temperature. If this parameter is critical,
a DC servo loop could be added to reduce the DC output
offset. The schematics of the power supply and amplifier are
shown in Figures 25 and 26. The components used in the
construction of this amplifier are listed in Table 3.
200 Watt Amplifier
The 200 watt amplifier was also constructed on a double
sided 0.062″ G10 glass epoxy printed circuit board
measuring 13.5 inches x 12 inches. Other than the addition
of the additional output devices and the two additional
heatsinks, this board is identical to the 100 watt amplifier.
Table 2 shows the actual measured performance of the 200
watt amplifier. Plots of the measurements are shown in
Figures 27 through 33. The schematics of the power supply
and amplifier are shown in Figures 34 and 35. The
components used in the construction of this amplifier are
listed in Table 4.

2.490 R
63.246

2.400
60.960
.130
3.302 6071
WT. 2.22 LB/1′
T.R. 1.8°C / W
H.D.S. 31.7 SQ.″ / 1″

1.250 .100
31.750 2.540 INCHES
2.360 .255 DIA. mm
59.944 6.477

2.625
66.675

Figure 17. Heatsink Profile

MOTOROLA AN1308
10
 Table 1. Specifications — 100 Watt Amplifier
Parameter Performance Notes
Output Power into an 8 ohm load 100 watts 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Output Power into a 4 ohm load 175 watts 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Power bandwidth @ 8 ohms + 0 dB, – 3 dB 2 Hz – 210 kHz* Source impedance = 600 ohms
Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise @ 8 ohms < .03% 20 Hz to 20 kHz, 1 watt to 100 watts
Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise @ 4 ohms < .05% 20 Hz to 20 kHz, 1 watt to 175 watts
Voltage Slew Rate 125 V / µs
DC output offset voltage < ± 50 mV @ 25°C
Rise time < 1.8 µs 50% of full scale output voltage with 8 ohm load
Input Impedance > 32 k ohm 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Input Sensitivity for rated output 1.18 volts RMS 100 watts @ 8 ohms or 28.3 volts RMS
Input Sensitivity for 1 watt out @ 8 ohms 118 mV RMS
Output Impedance < 80 milliohms 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Damping Factor 100 Referred to 8 ohms
Output Noise A weighted < 75 µV Input shunted with 600 ohms
Output Noise C weighted < 150 µV Input shunted with 600 ohms
Signal to Noise A weighted 90 dB Referred to 1 watt out @ 8 ohms or 2.83 volts RMS
Signal to Noise C weighted 105 dB Referred to 100 watts @ 8 ohms or 28.3 volts RMS
Short Circuit current 7.5 A Peak
Peak output current 13 A Resistive load
Open-loop bandwidth 5 Hz – 21 kHz No load, source impedance = 600 ohms,
(small signal, inside output termination network)
Open-loop voltage gain 52.5 dB No load (small signal)
Closed-loop voltage gain 27.8 dB No load
*Output power above 10 kHz must be limited to 10% duty cycle to prevent over stressing the output termination network.

Table 2. Specifications — 200 Watt Amplifier

Parameter Performance Notes
Output Power into an 8 ohm load 200 watts 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Output Power into a 4 ohm load 300 watts 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Power bandwidth @ 8 ohms + 0 dB, – 3 dB 2 Hz – 190 kHz* Source impedance = 600 ohms
Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise @ 8 ohms < .04% 20 Hz to 20 kHz, 1 watt to 200 watts
Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise @ 4 ohms < .09% 20 Hz to 20 kHz, 1 watt to 300 watts
Voltage Slew Rate 125 V / µs
DC output offset voltage < ± 50 mV @ 25°C
Rise time < 1.9 µs 50% of full scale output voltage with 8 ohm load
Input Impedance > 32 k ohm 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Input Sensitivity for rated output 1.07 volts RMS 200 watts @ 8 ohms or 40 volts RMS
Input Sensitivity for 1 watt out @ 8 ohms 0.076 mV RMS
Output Impedance < 80 milliohms 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Damping Factor 100 Referred to 8 ohms
Output Noise A weighted < 100 µV Input shunted with 600 ohms
Output Noise C weighted < 200 µV Input shunted with 600 ohms
Signal to Noise A weighted 89 dB Referred to 1 watt out @ 8 ohms or 2.83 volts RMS
Signal to Noise C weighted 106 dB Referred to 200 watts @ 8 ohms or 40 volts RMS
Short Circuit current 9A Peak
Peak output current 14 A Resistive load
Open-loop bandwidth 5 Hz – 18 kHz No load, source impedance = 600 ohms,
(small signal, inside output termination network)
Open-loop voltage gain 56.7 dB No load (small signal)
Closed-loop voltage gain 31.3 dB No load
*Output power above 10 kHz must be limited to 10% duty cycle to prevent over stressing the output termination network.

AN1308 MOTOROLA
11
 100 WATT AMPLIFIER MEASUREMENTS

∆ t 1.78 µs ∆ t 1.6 µs 10 V/div

Figure 18. Square Wave Rise Time Full Scale — 8 Ω Figure 19. 20 kHz Square Wave Full Power — 8 Ω

∆ t 50 ms f 20 Hz 10 V/div T/div 0.2 ms

Figure 20. 20 Hz Square Wave Full Power — 8 Ω Figure 21. 1 kHz, Full Power, 8 Ω Harmonic
Distortion = 0.018%

T/div 10 µs T/div 10 ms
Figure 22. 20 kHz, Full Power, 8 Ω Harmonic Figure 23. 20 Hz, Full Power, 8 Ω Harmonic
Distortion = 0.028% Distortion= 0.016%

MOTOROLA AN1308
12
 T/div 10 µs

Figure 24. 20 kHz, 1 Watt, 8 Ω Harmonic

Distortion = 0.014%

+ 52 V

TERMINAL
STRIP
T1
BR1

– 52 V

120 Vac
60 Hz

THERMAL
BREAKER
60°C
GND

5 AMP

Notes: 8 Bifilar turns of #15 magnet wire are added to the secondary of the transformer
Notes: to increase the voltage needed to obtain the required dc voltage.

Figure 25. 100 Watt Amplifier Power Supply Schematic

AN1308 MOTOROLA
13
14
MOTOROLA

R33 +52 V
E5
15

R15 R5 R95 R9 R11 + C10

2.2 k 2.21 k 300 511 22.1
10,000 µF

D1 C7
Q14
R7 Q7 MPS650 Q20 Q21 Q22
0.1 µF Q19
C19 + C1 R17 + C3 10 k 2SA1306B 1N4148 2SC3281 2SC3281 2SC3281
Z1 Q5 MJF15030
0.1 µF 1000 µF 51 k 470 µF
1N5252B MPSW56
3 R37
C15 R72
500 2 221
R91
330P 1
R93 22 k R38
100 D2 R48
C91 R23 1N4148 –52 V
221
22P R49 1.2
C5 27.4 k
R21 Q1 Q2 R39
E1 1.2
MPS8099 MPS8099 C16 R25 R27 R29 R50
2.2 µF 4.7 k 330P 2.7 k 3.3 k 200 221 R60 R61 R62
R19 R1 R2 C6
+ C13 1.2 0.47 0.47 0.47
33.2 k 3 L1 E4 E3
3
INPUT R22 R31 221 221 R32 100 µF R71 SPEAKER
1 MEG 10P 2 µH
100 k 2 R3 100 2 22.1
R4 R24 Q31 + –
1 R20 1 R69
1.0 k MPSA06 R51 R63 R64 R65
220 221 221 C17 R40
E2 R26 R28 R30 0.47 0.47 0.47
Q3 Q4 330P 1.2 4.7
2.7 k 3.3 k 100 R70
MPS8599 MPS8599 221 R52
R41 10
C90 +52 V 1.2 R53
D3
22P R92 1N4148 221 C14
100 R90 1.2 0.1 µF
C18 3 22 k R42
R73
500 2
330P 1 221

+ C2 R18 + C4 Q6
C20 Q23 Q24 Q25 Q26
0.1 µF 1000 µF 51 k 470 µF Z2 MPSW06 D4 C8
R8 Q8 Q13 MJF15031 2SA1302 2SA1302 2SA1302
1N5252B 2SC3298B
10.0 k MPS750
1N4148 0.1 µF
+ C12
10,000 µF
R16 R6 R94 R10 R12
2.2 k 2.21 k 300 511 22.1
R34
E6
15 –52V

Figure 26. 100 Watt Amplifier Schematic

AN1308
 200 WATT AMPLIFIER MEASUREMENTS

∆ t 1.90 µs T/div 1 µs ∆ t 2 µs 20 V/div

Figure 27. Square Wave Rise Time Full Scale — 8 Ω Figure 28. 200 kHz Square Wave Full Power — 8 Ω

∆ t 50 ms 20 V/div T/div 0.2 ms

Figure 29. 20 Hz Square Wave Full Power — 8 Ω Figure 30. 1 kHz Full Power — 8 Ω Harmonic
Distortion = 0.019%

T/div 10 µs T/div 10 ms
Figure 31. 20 kHz Full Power — 8 Ω Harmonic Figure 32. 20 Hz Full Power — 8 Ω Harmonic
Distortion = 0.037% Distortion = 0.023%

AN1308 MOTOROLA
15
 T/div 10 µs

Figure 33. 20 kHz, 1 Watt, 8 Ω Harmonic

Distortion = 0.026%

+ 81 V

TERMINAL
STRIP
T1
BR1

– 81 V

120 Vac
60 Hz

THERMAL
BREAKER
60°C
GND

8 AMP

Notes: 13 Bifilar turns of #15 magnet wire are added to the secondary of the transformer
Notes: to increase the voltage needed to obtain the required dc voltage.

Figure 34. 200 Watt Amplifier Power Supply Schematic

MOTOROLA AN1308
16
 AN1308

R33 E5

–81V 15 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 +81 V

R15 R5 R95 R9 R11 R13 R35
4.3 k 2.21 k 300 511 22.1 22.1 750 MJF15030 2SC3281 2SC3281 2SC3281
R91 R45
R7 Q7 Q9 22 k
+ C1 + C3 11.5 k 2SA1306B 2SA1306B 1.2 + C9 + C10
C19 R17 Q5
Z1 4700 µF 4700 µF
0.1 µF 470 µF 51 k 470 µF MPSW56
D1 C7
Q14 R46
1N4752A C15 MPS650
1N4148 0.1 µF 1.2 R57 R58 R59
330 P R47 0.47 0.47 0.47
R36 R74
750 51
1.2
3 Q20 Q21 Q22
Q11 Q19
R72 2SC3281 2SC3281 2SC3281
MPS8099 MJF15030
500 2
1
R93 R37
100 D2 R48
R23 1N4148 221
C91 1.2
22 P R38 R49
C5 R21 39.2 k
Q1 Q2 1.2
E1 C16 221
MPS8099 MPS8099 R25 R27 R29 R50
2.2 µF 4.7 k
R1 R2 330 P 2.7 k 3.9 k 200
R39 R60 R61 R62
R19 C6 0.47 0.47 0.47
33.2 k 3 1.2
3 221 L1 E4 E3
221 221 R32 + C13 R71
INPUT R22 R31 10 P SPEAKER
1 MEG 100 R3 R4 100 2 100 µF 22.1 2 µH
2 1 Q31 + –
1 R24 R40 R51 R63 R64 R65 R69
R20 221 221 MPSA06
1.0 k 0.47 0.47 0.47
E2 220 C17 R26 R28 R30
Q3 Q4 221 1.2 R52 4.7
330 P 2.7 k 3.9 k 100 R41
MPS8599 MPS8599 R70
1.2 10.0
C90 221 R53
22 P R42 C14
R92 D3 1.2
100 1N4148 0.1 µF
221
3
Q12 R73 Q23 Q24 Q25 Q26
MPS8599 500 2 MJF15031 2SA1302 2SA1302 2SA1302
1
R43 R54
750
R75 1.2 R66 R67 R68
C18 51 0.47 0.47 0.47
D4 C8 R55
Q13
330 P Q6 MPS750 1.2
MPSW06 1N4148 0.1 µF + C11 + C12
R56 4700 µF 4700 µF
C20 + C2 R18 + C4 Q8 Q10
Z2 R8
0.1 µF 470 µF 51 k 470 µF 1N4752A 11.5 k
2SC3298B 2SC3298B R90 1.2
22 k R44
R16 R6 R94 R10 R12 R14 Q27 Q28 Q29 Q30
750 MJF15031 2SA1302 2SA1302 2SA1302
4.3 k 2.21 k 300 511 22.1 22.1 +81V R34 E6

15 –81 V

Figure 35. 200 Watt Amplifier Schematic

MOTOROLA
17
 Table 3. Electrical Parts List for 100 Watt High Fidelity Amplifier Board
Designators Qty Description Rating Manufacturer Part Number
BR1 1 General Purpose Bridge Rectifier General Instruments KBPC35-02
C1, 2 2 1000 µF, ± 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 63 volt Panasonic ECE-A1JGE102
C3, 4 2 470 µF, ± 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 50 volt Panasonic ECE-A50Z470
Low Leakage, Less than 50 µA
C5 1 2.2 µF, Polypropolyne Capacitor
C6 1 10 pF, Mica Capacitor 500 volt
C7, 8, 14, 19, 20 5 0.1 µF, X7R Ceramic Capacitor
C10, 12 2 10,000 µF, ± 20%, Electrolytic 63 volt Panasonic ECE S1JU103Z
Capacitor (35.5 mm x 51 mm x 10 mm)
C13 1 100 µF, ± 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 10 volt Panasonic ECE-A1AGE101
C15, 16, 17, 18 4 330 pF, Mica Capacitor 500 volt
C90, 91 2 22 pF, Mica Capacitor 500 volt
D1, 2, 3, 4 4 Signal Diode 1N4148
L1 1 2 µH — 6 turns airwound
#16 wire, 1.625″ diameter
Q1, 2 2 NPN Transistor 80 volt Motorola MPS8099
Q3, 4 2 PNP Transistor 80 volt Motorola MPS8599
Q5 1 NPN Transistor 80 volt Motorola MPSW56
Q6 1 NPN Transistor 80 volt Motorola MPSW06
Q7 1 PNP Transistor 200 volt Motorola 2SA1306B
Q8 1 NPN Transistor 200 volt Motorola 2SC3298B
Q13 1 PNP Transistor 40 volt Motorola MPS750
Q14 1 NPN Transistor 40 volt Motorola MPS650
Q19 1 NPN Transistor 150 volt Motorola MJF15030
Q20, 21, 22 3 NPN Transistor 200 volt Motorola 2SC3281
Q23 1 PNP Transistor 150 volt Motorola MJF15031
Q24, 25, 26 3 PNP Transistor 200 volt Motorola 2SA1302
Q31 1 NPN Transistor 80 volt Motorola MPSA06
R1, 2, 3, 4, 37, 38, 10 221 Ω, Resistor
39, 40, 41, 42
R5, 6 2 2.21 kΩ, Resistor
R7, 8 2 10 kΩ, Resistor
R9, 10 2 511 Ω, Resistor
R11, 12, 71 3 22.1 Ω, Resistor
R15, 16 2 2.2 kΩ, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 3 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ222
R17, 18 2 51 kΩ, 5%, carbon film Resistor
R19 1 33.2 kΩ, Resistor
R20 1 220 Ω, 5%, Resistor
R21 1 4.7 kΩ, 5%, carbon film Resistor
R22 1 1 MΩ, 5%, carbon film Resistor
R23 1 27.4 kΩ, Resistor
R24 1 1 kΩ, Resistor
R25, 26 2 2.7 kΩ, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 3 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ272
R27, 28 2 3.3 kΩ, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 2 watt Panasonic ERG-2SJ332
R29 1 200 Ω, 5%, Resistor
R30, 92, 93 3 100 Ω, 5%, Resistor
R31 1 100 kΩ, 20%, Trim Potentiometer 1 / 2 watt Panasonic EVM-QOGA01B15
R32 1 100 Ω, 20%, Trim Potentiometer 1 / 2 watt Panasonic EVM-QOGA01B12
R33, 34 2 15 Ω, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 1 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ150
R48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 6 1.2 Ω, 5%, carbon film Resistor 1 / 2 watt
Note: All resistors are 1/4 watt with a tolerance of 1% unless otherwise noted.
Note: All capacitors are 100 volt with a tolerance of 10% unless otherwise noted.

MOTOROLA AN1308
18
 Table 3. Electrical Parts List for 100 Watt High Fidelity Amplifier Board (continued)
Designators Qty Description Rating Manufacturer Part Number
R60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 6 0.47 Ω, 5%, non-inductive Resistor 5 watt RG Allen Co.
R69 1 4.7 Ω, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 3 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ47R
R70 1 10 Ω, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 3 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ100
R72, 73 2 500 Ω, 20%, Trim Potentiometer 1 / 2 watt Panasonic EVM-QOGA01B52
R90, 91 2 22 kΩ, 5%, carbon film Resistor 1 / 2 watt
R94, 95 2 300 Ω, 5%, Resistor
T1 1 120 V toroidal power transformer 360 VA Toroid Corp. of MD 636.332
Z1, 2 2 24 volt, Zener Diode 1 / 2 watt Motorola 1N5252B
Fuse 1 5 amp slo-blo 250 volt
Breaker 1 60°C thermal breaker 15A Elmwood Sensors
Heatsinks, Output 2 Aluminum Extrusion, 7 inches long Aham Tor Inc. #6071
Heatsinks, pre-drivers 2 Aluminum Extrusion, 2.5 inches long Aham Tor Inc. #4405
— 1 14 pin IC socket tin plated
Note: All resistors are 1/4 watt with a tolerance of 1% unless otherwise noted.
Note: All capacitors are 100 volt with a tolerance of 10% unless otherwise noted.

AN1308 MOTOROLA
19
 Table 4. Electrical Parts List for 200 Watt High Fidelity Amplifier Board
Designators Qty Description Rating Manufacturer Part Number
BR1 1 General Purpose Bridge Rectifier General Instruments KBPC35-02
C1, 2 2 470 µF, ± 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 100 volt Panasonic ECE-A1JGE470
C3, 4 2 470 µF, ± 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 50 volt Panasonic ECE-A50Z470
Lo Ω Leakage, Less than 50 µA
C5 1 2.2 µF, Polypropolyne Capacitor 100 volt
C6 1 10 pF, Mica Capacitor 500 volt
C7, 8, 14, 19, 20 5 0.1 µF, X7R Ceramic Capacitor 100 volt
C9, 10, 11, 12 4 4,700 µF, ± 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 100 volt Panasonic ECE S1JU472Z
35.5 mm x 51 mm x 10 mm)
C13 1 100 µF, ± 20%, Electrolytic Capacitor 10 volt Panasonic ECE-A1AGE101
C15, 16, 17, 18 4 330 pF, Mica Capacitor 500 volt
C90, 91 2 22 pF, Mica Capacitor 500 volt
D1, 2, 3, 4 4 Signal Diode 1N4148
L1 1 2 µH — 6 turns airwound
#16 wire, 1.625″ diameter
Q1, 2, 11 3 NPN Transistor 80 volt Motorola MPS8099
Q3, 4, 12 3 PNP Transistor 80 volt Motorola MPS8599
Q5 1 NPN Transistor 80 volt Motorola MPSW56
Q6 1 NPN Transistor 80 volt Motorola MPSW06
Q7, 9 2 PNP Transistor 200 volt Motorola 2SA1306B
Q8, 10 2 NPN Transistor 200 volt Motorola 2SC3298B
Q13 1 PNP Transistor 40 volt Motorola MPS750
Q14 1 NPN Transistor 40 volt Motorola MPS650
Q15, 19 2 NPN Transistor 150 volt Motorola MJF15030
Q16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22 3 NPN Transistor 200 volt Motorola 2SC3281
Q23, 27 1 PNP Transistor 150 volt Motorola MJF15031
Q24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30 3 PNP Transistor 200 volt Motorola 2SA1302
Q31 1 NPN Transistor 80 volt Motorola MPSA06
R1, 2, 3, 4, 37, 38, 39, 40, 10 221 Ω, 5%, Resistor
41, 42
R5, 6 2 2.21 kΩ, Resistor
R7, 8 2 11.5 kΩ, Resistor
R9, 10 2 511 Ω, Resistor
R11, 12, 13, 14, 71 5 22.1 Ω, Resistor
R15, 16 2 4.3 kΩ, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 3 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ432
R17, 18 2 51 kΩ, 5%, carbon film Resistor
R19 1 33.2 kΩ, Resistor
R20 1 220 Ω, 5%, Resistor
R21 1 4.7 kΩ, 5%, carbon film Resistor
R22 1 1 MΩ, 5%, carbon film Resistor
R23 1 39.2 kΩ, Resistor
R24 1 1 kΩ, Resistor
R25, 26 2 2.7 kΩ, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 3 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ272
R27, 28 2 3.9 kΩ, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 2 watt Panasonic ERG-2SJ392
R29 1 200 Ω, 5%, Resistor
R30, 92, 93 3 100 Ω, 5%, Resistor
R31 1 100 Ω, 20%, Trim Potentiometer 1 / 2 watt Panasonic EVM-QOGA01B15
R32 1 100 Ω, 20%, Trim Potentiometer 1 / 2 watt Panasonic EVM-QOGA01B12
R33, 34 2 15 Ω, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 1 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ150
R35, 36, 43, 44 4 750 Ω, non-inductive Resistor 5 watt
Note: All resistors are 1/4 watt with a tolerance of 1% unless otherwise noted.
Note: All capacitors are 100 volt with a tolerance of 10% unless otherwise noted.

MOTOROLA AN1308
20
 Table 4. Electrical Parts List for 200 Watt High Fidelity Amplifier Board (continued)
Designators Qty Description Rating Manufacturer Part Number
R37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 6 221 Ω, Resistor
R45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 12 1.2 Ω, 5%, carbon film Resistor 1 / 2 watt
51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56
R57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 12 0.47 Ω, 5%, non-inductive Resistor 5 watt RG Allen Co
63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68
R69 1 4.7 Ω, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 3 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ47R
R70 1 10 Ω, 5%, metal oxide Resistor 3 watt Panasonic ERG-3SJ100
R72, 73 2 500 Ω, 20%, Trim Potentiometer 1 / 2 watt Panasonic EVM-QOGA01B52
R74, 75 2 51 Ω, Resistor
R90, 91 2 22 kΩ, ,5%, carbon film Resistor 1 / 2 watt
R94, 95 2 300 Ω, 5%, Resistor
T1 1 120 V toroidal power transformer 600 VA Toroid Corp. of MD 660.502
Z1, 2 2 33 volt, Zener Diode 1 watt Motorola 1N4752A
Fuse 1 5 amp slo-blo 250 volt
Breaker 1 60°C thermal breaker 15A Elmwood Sensors
Heatsinks, Output 4 Aluminum Extrusion, 7 inches long Aham Tor Inc. #6071
Heatsinks, pre-drivers 4 Aluminum Extrusion, 2.5 inches long Aham Tor Inc. #4405
— 1 14 pin IC socket tin plated
Note: All resistors are 1/4 watt with a tolerance of 1% unless otherwise noted.
Note: All capacitors are 100 volt with a tolerance of 10% unless otherwise noted.

AN1308 MOTOROLA
21
 Motorola reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Motorola makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding
the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does Motorola assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit,
and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters can and do vary in different
applications. All operating parameters, including “Typicals” must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. Motorola does
not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. Motorola products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in
systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of
the Motorola product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur. Should Buyer purchase or use Motorola products for any such
unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold Motorola and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless
against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death
associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that Motorola was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part.
Motorola and are registered trademarks of Motorola, Inc. Motorola, Inc. is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer.

MOTOROLA AN1308
22
AN1308 MOTOROLA
23
 Literature Distribution Centers:
USA: Motorola Literature Distribution; P.O. Box 20912; Phoenix, Arizona 85036.
EUROPE: Motorola Ltd.; European Literature Centre; 88 Tanners Drive, Blakelands, Milton Keynes, MK14 5BP, England.
JAPAN: Nippon Motorola Ltd.; 4-32-1, Nishi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141 Japan.
ASIA-PACIFIC: Motorola Semiconductors H.K. Ltd.; Silicon Harbour Center, No. 2 Dai King Street, Tai Po Industrial Estate,
ASIA-PACIFIC: Tai Po, N.T., Hong Kong.

*AN1308/D*
MOTOROLA AN1308/D
AN1308
◊24