"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS.......

AUTHOR:IMRAN BASHIR(PMS)" 1
 GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEM
(GIS)

“ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS…AUTHOR: IMRAN BASHIR (PMS”)

GIS Definition
GIS consists of three words. i-e Geographic, Information and System
Geographic
◦ Spatial objects, features that can be referenced to specific location of earth’s surface

Information
◦ Large volume of data about particular object on earth’s surface

System
◦ Computer based tool with integrated database

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS..AUTHOR:BASHIR IMRAN (PMS)''

GIS Components

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS..AUTHOR:BASHIR IMRAN (PMS)''

Impacts and Issues
GIS technology is applied extensively for collecting weather data, weather forecasting, natural
disasters (floods, earthquakes)
GIS privacy threats
High cost of hardware, software and data maintenance and others…..

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS..AUTHOR:BASHIR IMRAN (PMS)''

Physical Elements
Physically, a GIS usually consists of input hardware and software, magnetic or optical storage, a
central processing unit with GIS software and output hardware and software

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS..AUTHOR:BASHIR IMRAN (PMS)''

Conceptual Elements
Data Input Subsystem
◦ Spatial data, attribute data, hard copy maps, remote-sensed imagery file. Etc
Data Storage, Editing, Retrieval Subsystem
◦ Database management system (DBMS), Editing operations (insert, delete, update, create,
retrieve) on DBMS, Data retrieving by applying query
Data manipulation and Analysis Subsystem
◦ Allowing user to define, execute the spatial and attribute procedures to generate derived
information
Data output and Display Subsystem
◦ Conveys results of analysis to people who make decisions about resources

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS..AUTHOR:BASHIR IMRAN (PMS)''

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS..AUTHOR:BASHIR IMRAN (PMS)''
GIS Future
Internet browsers decreasing the cost barriers for the GIS
Integration of wireless internet with GIS
Three dimensional visualizations and satellite imagery
Allowing users to share expensive information resources

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS..AUTHOR:BASHIR IMRAN (PMS)''

GIS Applications

EDUCATION
MAP MAKING
LAND INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
ARCHEOLOGY
NATURAL HAZARDS
FORESTY
MILITARY GIS
OCEANOGRAPHY
WATER RESOURCES
GIS IN AGRICULTURE AND SOIL
GIS IN ENVIROMENTAL MANAGEMENT

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS..AUTHOR:BASHIR IMRAN (PMS)''

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS..AUTHOR:BASHIR IMRAN (PMS)''
Conclusion
A computer based tool for mapping and analyzing spatial data
GIS technology is integrated with DBMS
GIS visualizes maps and geographic analysis
GIS is helpful in explaining events, predicting outcomes and planning strategies

"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE FOR CSS..AUTHOR:BASHIR IMRAN (PMS)''

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