APS/123-QED

The anomalous magnetic moment

C. Mena∗ and L. F. Palhares†

UERJ – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro,
Departamento de Fı́sica Teórica,
Rua São Francisco Xavier 524,
20550-013, Maracanã,
Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Abstract
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut
labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris
nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit
esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt
in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

Keywords: Quantum Chromodynamics,

∗
cstiven.mc2@gmail.com
†
leticia.palhares@uerj.br

1
I. INTRODUCTION

II. AMM

p2 pν σ µν p2
    
µ
iMµ = − i e U(q2 ) F1 γ +i F2 U(q1 ). (1)
m2 2m m2

III. AMM COMPUTATION

...that graphics only contribute to the form factor F1 . The contribution to the AMM
come from the next graphic:

FIG. 1. ...

e− e− γ (GRAPHIC) where, pµ = q2µ − q1µ . By Feynman Rules iM2 will be:

d4 k −i eγ ν (−ig να ) i(p/ + k/ + m)(−i eγ µ ) i(k/ + m)(−i eγ α )

Z    
= U(q2 ) U(q1 )
(2π)4 (k − q1 )2 + i ϵ (p + k)2 − m2 + i ϵ k 2 − m2 + i ϵ
!
d4 k U(q2 ) γ ν (p/ + k/ + m)γ µ (k/ + m)γν U(q1 )
Z
3
= −e . (2)
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 + i ϵ] [(p + k)2 − m2 + i ϵ] [k 2 − m2 + i ϵ]

The denominator can be rewrite using:

Z 1
1 1
= 2 dx dy dz δ(x + y + z − 1) , (3)
ABC 0 [xA + yB + zC]3

where A = k 2 − m2 + i ϵ, B = (p + k)2 − m2 + i ϵ, and C = (k − q1 )2 + i ϵ. The factor

2
xA + yB + zC in the denominator can be write like:

= xk 2 − x m2 + yp2 + 2y p.k + yk 2 − y m2 + zk 2 − 2z k.q1 + zq12 + iϵ(x + y + z)

= k 2 + 2k.(yp − zq1 ) + yp2 + zq12 − (x + y)m2 + iϵ

= (k + yp − zq1 )2 + p2 (−y 2 + y) + q12 (−z 2 + z) + 2yz p.q1 − (1 − z)m2 + iϵ , (4)

knowing that q12 = m2 , and:

p.q1 = − p.q2
2p.q1 = p.q1 + (− p.q2 ) = p.(q1 − q2 )
p.q1 = −p2 /2, (5)

xA + yB + zC = (k + yp − zq1 )2 + p2 (−y 2 + y − yz) − (1 − z)2 m2 ,

= (k + yp − zq1 )2 + p2 (−y 2 + y − y(1 − x − y)) − (1 − z)2 m2 ,

= (k + yp − zq1 )2 − (− xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2 ),

xA + yB + zC = K 2 − ∆ , (6)

where K = k + yp − zq1 and ∆ = − xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2 .

The numerator can be simplified using the gamma matrices algebra and the relations
with the spinors:
N µ = U(q2 ) γ ν (p/ + k/ + m)γ µ (k/ + m)γν U(q1 ), (7)

where the product between the spinors can be rewrite like:

= γ ν (p/ + k/)γ µ (k/ + m)γν + γ ν (m)γ µ (k/ + m)γν

= γ ν (p/ + k/)γ µ k/ γν + mγ ν (p/ + k/)γ µ γν + mγ ν γ µ k/ γν + m2 γ ν γ µ γν , (8)

using:

γ ν γ µ γν = − 2γ µ , (9)
γ ν γ α γ β γν = 4 g αβ 1 , (10)
γ ν γ α γ β γ σ γν = − 2 γ σ γ β γ α , (11)

3
 = − 2 k/ γ µ (p/ + k/) + 4m(p + k)α g αµ + m(4g µθ kθ ) − 2m2 γ µ

= − 2(k/γ µ p/ + k/γ µ k/) + 2m(2pµ + 2k µ ) + 2m(2k µ ) − 2m2 γ µ

= − 2 k/γ µ p/ + k/γ µ k/ + m2 γ µ − 2m(pµ + 2k µ ) ,

 
(12)

then, the numerator will be:

N µ = − 2 U(q2 ) k/γ µ p/ + k/γ µ k/ + m2 γ µ − 2m(pµ + 2k µ ) U(q1 ),

 
(13)

now, substituting k = K − yp + zq1 :

1 h
− N µ = U(q2 ) (K 1
/ − y p/ + z /q )γ µ (K
/ − y p/ + z /q )γ µ p/ + (K
1
/ − y p/ + z /q ) +
1
2

m2 γ µ − 2m( pµ + 2K µ − 2y pµ + 2z q1µ ) U(q1 ),


(14)

1 µ h
/ µ p/ − y p/γ µ p/ + z /q γ µ p/ + Kγ
− N = U(q2 ) Kγ / µK / µ p/ + z Kγ
/ − y Kγ / µ /q
2 1 1
i
µ/ 2 µ µ µ/ µ 2 µ
−y p/γ K + y p/γ p/ − yz p/γ /q1 + z /q1 γ K − yz /q1 γ p/ + z /q1 γ /q1 U(q1 )

+ U(q2 ) m2 γ µ − 2m( pµ + 2K µ − 2y pµ + 2z q1µ ) U(q1 )

 

h
/ µ p/ − y p/γ µ K
= U(q2 ) (1 − y)Kγ / − y(1 − y)p/γ µ p/ + z(1 − y)/q γ µ p/ + Kγ
/ µK
/
1
i
/ µ /q + z /q γ µ K
+z Kγ / − yz p/γ µ /q + z 2 /q γ µ /q U(q1 )
1 1 1 1 1

+ U(q2 ) m2 γ µ − 2m( pµ + 2K µ − 2y pµ + 2z q1µ ) U(q1 ),

 
(15)

(k µ ...k ν )Odd
=0 (16)
f (k 2 )
kµkν 1
2
̸ 0 ↔ k µ k ν = g µν k 2 ,
= (17)
f (k ) 4

where the first product between the spinors can be simplified:

/ µ p/ − y p/γ µ K
I → (1 − y)Kγ / µ /q + z /q γ µ K
/ + z Kγ / ∝ KOdd = 0 (18)
1 1

II → p/γ µ p/ = p/ 2pµ − p/γ µ = − p/2 γ µ = −p2 γ µ

(19)
K2 µ
/ µK / 2K µ − Kγ / µ = 2K µ K α γα − K 2 γ µ = −


III → Kγ / = K γ , (20)
2

4
  
where was used U(q2 )p/ U(q1 ) = U(q2 ) /q2 − /q1 U(q1 ) = U(q2 ) (m − m) U(q1 ) = 0 and
K µ K ν = g µν K 2 /4 in the Eqs. (19) and (20), respectively.

IV → = z(1 − y)/q1 γ µ p/ − yz p/γ µ /q1 + z 2 /q1 γ µ /q1 , (21)

from spinors relation we have that:

   
µ µ µ
p/γ /q1 = p/γ m = m /q2 γ − /q1 γ µ
= m γ − m 2q1 − γ /q1 = 2m2 γ µ − 2m q1µ (22)
2 µ µ µ

 
µ µ
/q1 γ /q1 = /q1 γ m = m 2q1µ µ
− γ /q1 = −m2 γ µ + 2m q1µ , (23)

knowing that:

γ α γ β γ σ = −γ σ γ α γ β + 2γ α g β σ − 2γ β g α σ + 2γ σ g α β , (24)

µ µ µσ µ ασ αµ
/q1 γ p/ = − p/ γ /q1 + 2 /q1 g pσ − 2 γ g q1 α pσ + 2 p/ g q1 α

= − /q2 γ µ /q1 + /q1 γ µ /q1 + 2 m pµ − 2(p.q1 ) γ µ + 2 q1µ p/

µ 2 µ µ µ 2 µ
/q1 γ p/ = − 2 m γ + 2m q1 + 2 m p + p γ , (25)

where was used the Eq. (23) and U(q2 ) p/ U(q1 ) = 0.

Putting all that in the Eq. (21), we will have:

IV → z(1 − y) − 2 m2 γ µ + 2m q1µ + 2 m pµ + p2 γ µ − yz 2m2 γ µ − 2m q1µ

+ z 2 −m2 γ µ + 2m q1µ

IV → − (2 z + z 2 ) m2 γ µ + z(1 − y) p2 γ µ + 2 z (1 − y) m pµ + 2(z + z 2 ) m q1µ . (26)

From (18), (19), (20) and (21), the numerator became:

1
− N µ = U(q2 ) −y(1 − y) − p2 γ µ + (−2 z − z 2 ) m2 γ µ + z(1 − y) p2 γ µ


2

+2 z (1 − y) m pµ + 2(z + z 2 ) m q1µ − K 2 γ µ /2 U(q1 ) +



U(q2 ) m2 γ µ − 2m( pµ − 2y pµ + 2z q1µ ) U(q1 ),

 
(27)

 
1 1 2
− Nµ = − K + (1 − y)(y + z)p + (1 − 2z − z ) m U(q2 ) γ µ U(q1 ) +
2 2 2
2 2

2 (z(1 − y) + 2y − 1) m pµ + 2 (−z + z 2 ) m q1µ U(q2 ) U(q1 ) .

 
(28)

5
 In order to extract the AMM contribution...

1
A → − K 2 + (1 − y)(y + z)p2 + (1 − 2z − z 2 ) m2 (29)
2

B → 2 (z(1 − y) + 2y − 1) m pµ + 2 (−z + z 2 ) m q1µ (30)

B contribute with A due to (q2µ + q1µ ) → 2 m γ µ − i σ µν (q2 ν − q1 ν ):

B → 2 (z(1 − y) + 2y − 1) m (q2µ − q1µ ) + 2 (−z + z 2 ) m q1µ

→ 2 m q2µ (z(1 − y) + 2y − 1) + q1µ − z(1 − y) − 2y + 1 − z + z 2




→ 2 m [ b1 q2µ + b2 q1µ ] , (31)

where b1 = z(1 − y) + 2y − 1 and b2 = − z(1 − y) − 2y + 1 − z + z 2 . Assuming we could

write the above expression as β1 (q2µ + q1µ ) + β2 (q2µ − q1µ ), we will have that β1 = 21 (b1 + b2 )
and β2 = 12 (b1 − b2 ). That yields:

1
β1 = − z(1 − z) (32)
2

β2 = (2z(1 − y) + 4y − 2 + z − z 2 )/2

= (2z − 2yz + 4y − 2(x + y + z) + z − z(1 − x − y))/2

= (−yz + 2y − 2x + xz)/2 (33)

1
β2 = (x − y)(z − 2) ,
2

then, B could write as:

 
1 µ µ 1 µ µ
B → 2 m − z(1 − z) (q2 + q1 ) + (x − y)(z − 2) (q2 − q1 )
2 2
 
1 µ µν 1 µ
→ 2 m − z(1 − z) (2mγ − iσ pν ) + (x − y)(z − 2) p
2 2

B → (−2z + 2z 2 ) m2 γ µ + i m z(1 − z) σ µν pν + (x − y)(z − 2) m pµ , (34)

 
1 1 2
− Nµ = − K + (1 − x)(1 − y)p + (1 − 4z + z ) m U(q2 ) γ µ U(q1 ) +
2 2 2
2 2

i m z(1 − z) U(q2 )σ µν pν U(q1 ) + (x − y)(z − 2) m pµ U(q2 ) U(q1 ) . (35)

6
 The term proportional to pµ not contribute to iM2 (Eq. (2)) because its integral is odd
under the change of x → y and y → x:
Z Z 4
µ dK +(x − y)(z − 2) pµ
iM2 ∝
xyz (2π)4 [K 2 − (−xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2 )]3
Z Z 4
dK −(x − y)(z − 2) pµ
∝ = 0, (36)
xyz (2π)4 [K 2 − (−xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2 )]3
then, the numerator can be write like:
 
1 µ 1 2
− N = − K + (1 − x)(1 − y)p + (1 − 4z + z ) m U(q2 ) γ µ U(q1 ) +
2 2 2
2 2

i m z(1 − z) U(q2 )σ µν pν U(q1 ) . (37)

To study the magnetic moment we only need the term proportional to σ µν :

Z 1
e pν σ µν
Z 4
d K 8 i e2 m2 z(1 − z)

U(q2 ) U(q1 ) dx dy dz δ(x + y + z − 1) . (38)
2m 0 (2π)4 [K 2 − ∆ + iϵ]3
The form factor F2 (p2 ) was defined as the coefficient of the above operator (Eq.(1)). The
K integral can re solved using the next relation (Minkowsky space):

n − d/2
dd K (−1)n i Γ(n − d/2)
Z 
1 1
= , (39)
(2π)d (K 2 − ∆)n (4π)d/2 Γ(n) ∆
then:
d4 K
 
− i Γ(1) −i
Z
1 1
3 = = , (40)
(2π)4 (K 2 − ∆) (4π)2 Γ(3) ∆ 32π 2 ∆
The F2 (p2 ) will be:
Z 1 
2 2 − i z(1 − z)
F2 (p ) = 8 i m (4πα) dx dy dz δ(x + y + z − 1) , (41)
0 32π 2 (−xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2 )
....
For p2 = 0
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2 α z
F2 (p = 0) = dz dy dxδ(x + y + z − 1)
π 0 0 0 1−z
Z 1 Z 1−z Z 1
α z α
= dz dy = dz z
π 0 0 1−z π 0

α
F2 (0) = . (42)
2π
...
α
Thus: g = 2 + π
≃ 2.00232

7
IV. EUCLIDEAN RELATIONS

To build an invariant theory under local transformations, let’s assume that the ψ fields
obey the following transformation rule (arXiv:1104.1315v1 [hep-th], N. Vandersickel):

a (x) ta
ψ(x) → e−i α ψ(x) = V (x) ψ(x) , V (x) = Exp [− i αa (x) ta ] , (43)

being αa (x) the transformation parameters, and ta the generators of the group (matrices)
(V ∼ Exp[+iαt] QFT-Peskin- Schr.).To solve the problem of invariance due to the derivative
(∂µ ψ) terms, is define the comparator (unitary matrix NxN), with the following transforma-
tion law:

U (y, x) = V (y) U (y, x) V + (x) , U (y, y) = 1 , (44)

where U can be expanded in terms of its generators in infinitesimal form, such that:

U (x + ϵη, x) ≃ 1 + i ϵ g ηµ Aaµ ta + O(ϵ2 ) , (45)

thus, we can define the Covariant Derivative keeping the same transformation:
1
ηµ Dµ ψ(x) = lim [ ψ(x + ϵ η) − U (x + ϵη, x) ψ(x) ]
ϵ→0 ϵ

1
ηµ Dµ ψ(x) = lim [ ψ(x + ϵ η) − (1 + i ϵ g ηµ Aaµ ta ) ψ(x) ]
ϵ→0 ϵ

ηµ Dµ ψ(x) = ηµ ∂µ − i g Aaµ ta ψ(x),

(46)

where Dµ = ∂µ − i g Aaµ ta .
′
To check the consistency of the equation (46), we can transform Dµ ψ → Dµ ψ ′ . First, we
need the transformation of the gauge field Aaµ , which can be obtained through an infinitesimal
expansion. Using the equations (44) and (45):

U (x + ϵη, x) = V (x + ϵη) U (x + ϵη, x) V + (x)

1 + i ϵ g ηµ Aaµ ta = 1 + ϵ ηµ ∂µ + ... V (x + ϵη) |ϵ=0 1 + i ϵ g ηµ Aaµ ta V + (x)

= 1 + i ϵ g ηµ V (x)Aaµ ta V + (x) + ϵ ηµ − V (x)∂µ V + (x) + O(ϵ2 )

 
i
1 + i ϵ g ηµ Aµ t = 1 + i ϵ g ηµ V (x) Aµ t + ∂µ V + (x) ,
a a a a
g
 
i
Aaµ ta → V (x) Aaµ ta + ∂µ V + (x) . (47)
g

8
 In general the derivative does not commute with the components of V + (x), so we can
use another infinitesimal first-order transformation to calculate the above product, getting:
 
i
Aµ t → (1 − i α t ) Aµ t + ∂µ (1 + i αc tc )
a a a a b b
g
1
Aaµ ta → Aaµ ta − (∂µ αa ) ta − i ( αa ta Abµ tb − Abµ tb αa ta ) + O(α2 )
g
1
Aaµ ta → Aaµ ta − (∂µ αa ) ta − i [ αa ta , Abµ tb ] , (48)
g

now we can write the Covariant Derivative transformation as:

′ ′
Dµ ψ → Dµ ψ ′ = ( ∂µ − i g Aµa ta ) ψ ′
  
a a 1 a a
 a a b b
→ ∂µ − i g Aµ t − (∂µ α ) t − i α t , Aµ t ( 1 − i α c tc ) ψ
g
→ ∂µ − i g Aaµ ta + i (∂µ αa ) ta − g αa ta , Abµ tb ( ψ − i αc tc ψ )
 

→ Dµ ψ + i (∂µ αa ) ta ψ − g αa ta , Abµ tb ψ − i Dµ (αc tc ψ) + O(α2 )

 

→ Dµ ψ − i αa ta ∂µ ψ − g αa ta Abµ tb ψ = Dµ ψ − iαa ta Dµ ψ

→ ( 1 − i αa ta ) Dµ ψ ≈ Exp [ − i αa (x) ta ]Dµ ψ

Dµ ψ → V (x) Dµ ψ . (49)

Therefore, the covariant derivative has the same transformation law as the field in which
it operates, which allows us to write invariant products under this transformation:

′ ′
ψ(D / ψ ′ ) = [ ψ V + (x) ] [ V (x) D
/ ψ) → ψ (D / ψ] = ψ(D
/ ψ), (50)

LF = ψ ( γµ ∂µ − i g γµ Aaµ ta ) ψ = ψ ( ∂/ ) ψ − i g ψ γµ Aaµ ta ψ . (51)

The kinetic term to describe the interaction fields (gluons), Aaµ , can be constructed from
this field and its derivatives. Starting from the Covariant Derivatives switch, which due to
its transformation law satisfies (independent of the signal of V):

[ Dµ , Dν ] ϕ(x) → V (x) [ Dµ , Dν ] ϕ(x) . (52)

9
An analysis of this term provides:

[ Dµ , Dν ] ϕ(x) = [ ∂µ − i g Aaµ ta , ∂ν − i g Abν tb ] ϕ(x)

[ Dµ , Dν ] ϕ(x) = −i g ∂µ Aaν ta − ∂ν Aaµ ta − i g [ Aaµ ta , Abν tb ] ϕ(x)

[ Dµ , Dν ] ϕ(x) = −i g Gaµν ta ϕ(x) ,

Gaµν ta = ∂µ Aaν ta − ∂ν Aaµ ta − i g Aaµ Abν [ ta , tb ] , (53)

It is conventional to write:
[ta , tb ] = i f abc tc , (54)

where, these generators are chosen to be hermitian and normalized as follows:

1 ab
[ta , tb ] = δ , (55)
2

then Gaµν reads:

a
Gµν = ∂µ Aaν − ∂ν Aaµ + g f abc Abµ Acν . (56)

The Gaµν used in the RGZ theory is:

Gaµν = ∂µ Aaν − ∂ν Aaµ + g f abc Abµ Acν . (57)

This term is not gauge invariant. The transformation law given by the equations (52)
and (53) reads:

[ Dµ′ , Dν′ ] ϕ′ (x) = V (x) [ Dµ , Dν ] ϕ(x)

′
a a ′
−i g Gµν t ϕ (x) = V (x) ( −i g Gaµν ta ϕ(x) )
′
a a ′
−i g Gµν t ϕ (x) = −i g [ V (x) Gaµν ta V + (x) ] ϕ′ (x) , (58)

showing that Gaµν is not gauge invariant, but its trace is:

′a a 2
Tr[ ( Gµν t ) ] = Tr[ V (x) Gaµν ta V + (x) V (x) Gbµν tb V + (x) ]

= Tr[ V (x) Gaµν ta Gbµν tb V + (x) ]

′a a 2
Tr[ ( Gµν t ) ] = Tr[ ( Gaµν ta )2 ] , (59)

10
where:

Tr[ ( Gaµν ta )2 ] = Tr[ Gaµν ta Gbµν tb ] = Gaµν Gbµν Tr[ ta tb ]

1 ab 1
Tr[ ( Gaµν ta )2 ] = Gaµν Gbµν δ = Gaµν Gaµν . (60)
2 2
So, we can define the Yang-Mills action (Euclidean space):
Z Z
E 4 E 1
SY M = dxE LY M = dx4E Gaµν Gaµν , (61)
4

A. Gluon propagator

Z Z  Z 
− SE [A] 1 a a
ZYEM [A] = DA e = 4
DA Exp − d xE Gµν Gµν . (62)
4
Faddeev–Popov gauge fixing:
δ F(Aα )
Z  
α
1 = Dα(x) δ( F(A ) ) det , (63)
δα(x)

δ F(Aα )
Z Z    Z 
− SE [A] α 4 1 a 2
DA e = Dα(x) DA δ( F(A ) ) det Exp − d x (Gµν ) . (64)
δα(x) 4
We can rewrite the above equation, using the invariance of (Gaµν )2 , and replacing DA
with DAα , since the transformation over A is linear:

A → Aα , DA → DAα , S[A] = S[Aα ] ,

δ F(Aα )
Z Z  
−SE [A] α
DA e = α
Dα DA δ( F(A ) ) det α
e−SE [A ] . (65)
δα(x)
We can choose the gauge fixing condition, in the Lorenz gauge generalization: F(A) =
∂µ Aaµ (x) − ω a (x). The gauge transformation of field A (Eq. (48)) reads:
1
(Aα )aµ ta = Aaµ ta − (∂µ αa ) ta − i [ αa ta , Abµ tb ]
g
1
= Aaµ ta − (Dµ )ac αc ta , Dµac = δ ac ∂µ − gf acb Abµ , (66)
g
then, we can write:
δ F(Aα )
      
δ a 1 a a 1
det = det ∂µ Aµ − ∂µ Dµ α − ω = det − ∂µ Dµ , (67)
δα δα g g

11
 Is define the Faddeev-Popov operator:

Mab = −∂µ Dµab = − δ ab ∂ 2 − gf abc ∂µ Acb .

(68)

Since the determinant is a function of A, we can write the Eq. (65), as:
Z Z  
−SE [A] α α −SE [Aα ] 1 µ
DA e = Dα DA δ( F(A ) ) e det − ∂ Dµ
g
Z Z  
a a −SE [A] 1 µ
= Dα DA δ( ∂µ Aµ (x) − ω (x) ) e det − ∂ Dµ . (69)
g
In the above equation we return to the original equation (without a gauge transformation),
because the change in the remaining integral makes Aα a -variável muda- . Since the equation
above is valid for any value of ω a (x), we can solve the integral above by multiplying it by
a Gaussian function centered on ω a (x) = 0, and integrating over all possible values of it.
Then we will have:
Z Z Z
ZYEM [A] = N (α) Dα DA Dω a (x) δ( ∂µ Aaµ (x) − ω a (x) ) e−SE [A]
  Z 
1 4 2
× det − ∂µ Dµ Exp d xE ωa /2α
g

Z Z  Z    
1 a 2 1 1
ZYEM [A]= N (α) Dα DA Exp − d xE 4
(G ) − a 2
(∂µ Aµ ) det − ∂µ Dµ ,
4 µν 2α g
R
where α can be any finite constant. The terms N (α) and Dα are normalization constants
without relevance, as they are canceled when we calculate the correlation functions. This is
not the case for the new factor (∂µ Aaµ )2 /2α, which will be added to the Yang-Mills lagrangian
as:
1
LGF = − (∂µ Aaµ )2 . (70)
2α
  Z Z 
1 µ 4
det − ∂ Dµ = DcDc̄ Exp d x c̄ ( −∂µ Dµ ) c , (71)
g
Finally:

1 a a 1
SE [A] = Gµν Gµν + c̄a ( ∂µ Dµa b ) cb − (∂µ Aaµ )2 (72)
4 2α

V ∼ e−i α(x) t

12
 QFT - P.S:
1 1 µ a 2
SM ink [A] = − Gaµν Gµν a µ ab b
a + c̄ ( −∂ Dµ ) c − (∂ Aµ ) (73)
4 2α
V ∼ e+i α(x) t
a
We can define the tensor Fµν , that will corresponds to the bosonic part without interac-
tion:
a
Fµν = ∂µ Aaν − ∂ν Aaµ , (74)

then:

Gaµν Gaµν = Fµν

a
+ gf a b c Abµ Acν Faµν + gf a d e Adµ Aeν

a
= Fµν Faµν + 2gf a b c Fµν
a
Abµ Acν + g 2 f a b c f a d e Abµ Acν Adµ Aeµ (75)

the factor f a b c Fµν

a
Abµ Acν can be rewrite like:

f a b c Fµν
a
Abµ Acν = f a b c (∂µ Aaν ) Abµ Acν − f a b c ∂ν Aaµ Abµ Acν

= f a b c (∂µ Aaν ) Abµ Acν − f a c b (∂µ Aaν ) Acν Abµ

= 2f a b c (∂µ Aaν ) Abµ Acν , (76)

then:

Gaµν Gaµν = Fµν

a
Faµν + 4 gf a b c (∂µ Aaν ) Abµ Acν + g 2 f a b c f a d e Abµ Acν Adµ Aeµ (77)
Z Z  Z  
− S0 [A] 4 1 a a 1 a 2


Z0,G = DA e = DA Exp − d xE Fµν Fµν − ∂µ Aµ , (78)
4 2α
where the free action is such that:
Z  
4 1 a a 1 a 2


S0 [A] = d xE F F − ∂µ Aµ
4 µν µν 2α
Z  
4 1 a a

a a

1 a 2


= d xE ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ − ∂µ A µ
4 2α
Z  
4 1 a a a a
 1 a 2


= d xE ∂µ Aν ∂µ Aν − ∂µ Aν ∂ν Aµ + (µ → ν, ν → µ) − ∂µ A µ
4 2α
Z  
4 1 a a a

 1 a 2


= d xE ∂µ Aν ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ − ∂µ A µ
2 2α
Z  
1 4 a 2 a a a 1 a 2


= d xE − Aν ∂ Aν + Aν ∂µ ∂ν Aµ + surf. terms − ∂µ A µ
2 α
Z  
1 4 a 2

a 1 a 2


= d xE Aµ (x) −δµν ∂ + ∂µ ∂ν Aν (x) − ∂µ Aµ , (79)
2 α

13
where we have omitted total derivative terms, which correspond to surface terms in the
action. We can rewrite the terms using their Fourier representation:

d4 p′ ip′ .x ea ′   d4 p ip.x a
Z 
1 4 2 1 a 2


S0 [A] = d xE e Aµ (p ) −δµν ∂ + ∂µ ∂ν e Aµ (p) −
e ∂µ Aµ ,
2 (2π)4 (2π)4 α
d4 p d4 p′
Z Z    
1 4 i(p′ +p).x a ′ 2 1
e (p ) δµν p − pµ pν + pµ pν A a
= d xE e A µ
e (p) ,
µ
2 (2π)4 (2π)4 α
d4 p 4 ′ 4 ′
Z   
1 a ′ 2 1 a
= d p δ (p + p) Aµ (p ) δµν p − pµ pν + pµ pν Aµ (p) ,
e e
2 (2π)4 α
d4 p ea
Z    
1 1
= 4
Aµ (−p) δµν p2 − 1 − pµ pν A eaµ (p)
2 (2π) α
d4 p ea
Z
1  −1  a
S0 [A] = 4
Aµ (−p) Dµν (p) A e (p),
µ (80)
2 (2π)

where:

δ ab
 
ab pµ p ν
Dµν (p) = 2 δµν − (1 − α) 2 (81)
p p

B. Minkowski Conventions

xµ = x0 = t, →
− & xµ = (x0 = t, − →
−


x x)

0 →
− →
−
 
µ 0
A = A ,A & Aµ = A0 = A , − A
   
∂ ∂ ∂ µ ∂ ∂
∂µ = = , → ∇ & ∂ = = ,−∇
∂ xµ ∂ x0 ∂ xi ∂ xµ ∂ x0
∂
E = i & →
−p = − i∇
∂ x0
   
µ µ ∂ ∂
p = i∂ = i ,−i∇ & pµ = i ∂µ = i , i∇ ,
∂ x0 ∂ x0

Massive particles has:

p2 = pµ pµ = E 2 − →
−
p 2 = m2 (82)

14
 C. Euclidean conventions – Boson

x0 = −i x4 = x0

p0 = −i p4 = p0
A0 = −i A4 = A0

For the massive particles:

p2 = pµ pµ = p0 p0 − →
−
p 2 → −p24 − →
−
p 2 = − p2E = m2 (83)

Gaµν Gµν a µν
a = Fµν Fa + 4gf
abc
(∂µ Aaν )Aµb Aνc + g 2 f abc f ade Abµ Acν Aµd Aνe

where:

a
Fµν Faµν = F0ν
a
Fa0ν + Fiνa Faiν = F00
a
Fa00 + F0j
a 0j
Fa + Fi0a Fai0 + Fija Faij /i, j ̸= 0
a 0j
Fa + (Fi0a ) Fai0 + Fija Faij ,



= F0j (84)

where:

a 0j
Fa = ∂0 Aaj − ∂j Aa0 ∂ 0 Aja − ∂ j A0a



F0j
 a
E
 a
E

= (i∂4 ) −Aj − ∂jE (−iAa4 ) (i∂4 ) Aj − −∂jE (−iAa 4 )

a a
= ∂4 Aj − ∂jE Aa4 ∂4 Aj − ∂jE Aa4

a 0j a a
F0j Fa = F4j F4j , (85)

where we use (ABC of intstantons 1982 – (A0 = i A4 )):

E
M ink →
−
Aj = − (Aj )M ink = Aj → A
∂
∂jE = (∂j )M ink = = ∇ (86)
∂xj

a j0 a a a
−Fa0j = F4j a a



Fj0 Fa = −F0j F4j = ?Fj4 Fj4 ,

a j0
Fa = ∂j Aa0 − ∂0 Aaj ∂ j A0a − ∂ 0 Aja



Fj0
a

a


= ∂jE (−iAa4 ) − (i∂4 ) −Aj −∂jE (−iAa4 ) − (i∂4 ) Aj

a
a

= ∂jE Aa4 − ∂4 Aj ∂jE Aa4 − ∂4 Aj
a j0 a a
Fj0 Fa = Fj4 Fj4 , (87)

15
 Fija = ∂i Aaj − ∂j Aai = ∂ i Aja − ∂ j Aia = Faij



(88)

Fija Faij = Fija Fija = ∂i Aaj − ∂j Aai Fija

 a
E a
E
 a
E a
E

= ∂iE −Aj − ∂jE −Ai ∂iE −Aj − ∂jE −Ai

E
= Fija Fija (89)

then:

a

M ink
E
Fµν Faµν a
→ Fµν a
Fµν ,

For the covariant derivative we have that:

Dµ = ∂µ − i g Aaµ ta

D0 = ∂0 − i g Aa0 ta = i∂4 − i g (−iAa4 ) ta → iD4

a
Dj = ∂j − i g Aaj ta = ∂jE − i g (−Aj ) ta → DjE (90)

then we need to change: g → −g

D. Euclidean conventions – Boson – ABC of intstantos 1999

x0 = −i x4 = x0 & xi = xE
i

p0 = −i p4 = p0 & pi = pE
i

A0 = +i A4 = A0 & Ai = −Ai = −AE

i (91)

If we choose:

E
M ink →
−
Aj = (Aj )M ink = − Aj → −A
∂ j M ink ∂
∂jE = (∂j )M ink =


j
= − ∂ = − = ∇ (92)
∂x ∂xj
Then we have:

Dµ = ∂µ − i g Aaµ ta
D0 = ∂0 − i g Aa0 ta = i∂4 − i g (iAa4 ) ta = iD4E
a
Dj = ∂j − i g Aaj ta = ∂jE − i g (Aj ) ta = DjE (93)

16
 Dµ = ∂ µ − i g Aµa ta
D0 = ∂ 0 − i g A0a ta = i∂4 − i g (iAa4 ) ta = iD4E
a
Dj = ∂ j − i g Aja ta = −∂jE − i g (−Aj ) ta = −DjE (94)

For the gluon tensor we have:

Gaµν Gµν a µν
a = Fµν Fa + 4gf
abc
(∂µ Aaν )Aµb Aνc + g 2 f abc f ade Abµ Acν Aµd Aνe ,

where:

a
Faµν = F00
a
Fa00 + F0j
a 0j
Fa + (Fi0a ) Fai0 + Fija Faij ,



Fµν

a j0
Fa = ∂j Aa0 − ∂0 Aaj ∂ j A0a − ∂ 0 Aja



Fj0
a

a


= ∂jE (iAa4 ) − (i∂4 ) Aj −∂jE (iAa4 ) − (i∂4 ) −Aj

a
a

= ∂jE Aa4 − ∂4 Aj ∂jE Aa4 − ∂4 Aj
a j0 a a E


Fj0 Fa = Fj4 Fj4 , (95)

a j0 a
−Fa0j = F4j
a a a a



Fj0 Fa = −F0j F4j = ?Fj4 Fj4 ,

a j0
Fa = ∂j Aa0 − ∂0 Aaj ∂ j A0a − ∂ 0 Aja



Fj0
a

a


= ∂jE (iAa4 ) − (i∂4 ) Aj −∂jE (iAa4 ) − (i∂4 ) −Aj

a
a

= ∂jE Aa4 − ∂4 Aj ∂jE Aa4 − ∂4 Aj
a j0 a a
Fj0 Fa = Fj4 Fj4 , (96)

Fija = ∂i Aaj − ∂j Aai = ∂ i Aja − ∂ j Aia = Faij

(97)

Fija Faij = Fija Fija = ∂i Aaj − ∂j Aai Fija

 a
E a
E
 a
E a
E

= ∂iE Aj − ∂jE Ai ∂iE Aj − ∂jE Ai

E
= Fija Fija (98)

then:

a

M ink
E
Fµν Faµν a
→ Fµν a
Fµν ,

17
 The factor (∂µ Aaν )Aµb Aνc will be:

(∂0 Aaν )A0b Aνc + (∂j Aaν )Ajb Aνc

(∂0 Aa0 )A0b A0c + (∂j Aa0 )Ajb A0c + (∂0 Aak )A0b Akc + (∂j Aak )Ajb Akc
b a c a b c
(i∂4 iAa4 )(iAb4 )(iAc4 ) + (∂jE iAa4 )(−Aj )(iAc4 ) + (i∂4 )(Ak ))(iAb4 )(−Ak ) + (∂jE )(Ak )(−Aj )(−Ak )
b a c a b c
(∂4 Aa4 )Ab4 Ac4 + (∂jE Aa4 )Aj Ac4 + (∂4 Ak )Ab4 Ak + (∂jE Ak )Aj Ak
a b c
(∂µE Aν )Aµ Aν , (99)

The factor Abµ Acν Aµd Aνe will be:

Ab0 Acν A0d Aνe + Abj Acν Ajd Aνe

Ab0 Ac0 A0d A0e + Ab0 Acj A0d Aje + Abj Ac0 Ajd A0e + Abj Ack Ajd Ake
c e b d b c d e
iAb4 iAc4 iAd4 iAe4 + iAb4 Aj iAd4 (−Aj ) + Aj iAc4 (−Aj )iAe4 + Aj Ak (−Aj )(−Ak )
c e b d b c d e
Ab4 Ac4 Ad4 Ae4 + Ab4 Aj Ad4 Aj + Aj Ac4 Aj Ae4 + Aj Ak Aj Ak
b c d e
Aµ Aν Aµ Aν (100)

Finally:

E
M ink
Gaµν Gµν
→ Gaµν Gaµν , a (101)
Z   Z  E
M ink i 1 a µν i 1 a a
iS [A] = i dx0 dx − Gµν Ga → − dx4 dx G G → −S E [A] (102)
4 4 µν µν

E. Euclidean conventions – Fermion – ABC of intstantos 1999

Z Z
M ink 4 i µ i i
Sm = d x ψ ( iγ Dµij − m) ψ = j
d4 x ψ ( iγ µ ∂µij − m) ψ j + ψ gγ µ Aaµ taij ψ j (103)

ψ ( iγ µ Dµ ) ψ = ψ ( iγ 0 D0 + iγ k Dk ) ψ
= ψ ( iγ 0 (iD4 ) + (−γkE ) DkE ) ψ

= −ψ ( γ4 D4 + γkE DkE ) ψ (104)

where: γ4 = γ0 and γkE = i γk = −iγ k :

   
0 1 0 −iσk
γ4 =   & γkE =   , (105)
1 0 iσk 0
4x4 4x4

18
       
0 −iσk 0 −iσk σk2 0 1 0
(γkE )2 =    =   =   (106)
iσk 0 iσk 0 0 σk2 0 1
4x4 4x4

from the relations above we deduce that:

γ42 = 1 & (γkE )2 = 1 & (γµE )2 = 1

(γ4 )+ = γ4 & (γkE )+ = γkE & (γµE )+ = γµE (107)

Anticommutation relation:

{γµE , γνE } = γµE γνE + γνE γµE = 2δµν (108)

For µ = 4, ν = 4 or ν = k = {1, 2, 3} we have:

γ4 γ4 + γ4 γ4 = 2 × 1 & γ4 γkE + γkE γ4 = 0 , (109)

and for µ = k, ν = 4 or ν = j = {1, 2, 3}, we have:

γkE γ4 + γ4 γkE = 0 & γkE γjE + γjE γkE = 2δkj 1 , (110)

where we use σi σj = δij + i ϵijk σk . As the same way for ν = 4, µ = 4 or µ = k = {1, 2, 3}.
Fermion action:
Z
M ink i
Sm → −i d4 xE ψ ( iγ µ Dµij − m) ψ j
Z
→ −i d4 xE −ψ γ4 D4 + γkE DkE + m ψ

Z
→ i d4 xE ψ ( γµE DµE + m) ψ
Z
i
iSm → −Sm = − d4 xE ψ ( γµE DµE + m ) ψ j
M ink E
(111)

N. Vandersickel:
Z
E i
Sm = d4 xE ψ ( γµE DµE + m )δij ψ j (112)
E
For convenience, we will write: ψ → −i ψ and ψ → ψ E
Z
E E
Sm = d4 xE ψ i (− i γµE (Dµij )E − im δij ) ψjE
Z
E
= d4 xE ψ i (− i γµE δij ∂µE − i γµE (− ig(Aaµ )E ) taij − im δij ) ψjE
Z  E E

d4 xE ψ i − i γµE ∂µE − im δij ψjE + ψ i −i γµE (− ig(Aaµ )E ) taij ) ψjE


=
Z  E
E 4 E E

E E E a E a E


Sm = d xE ψ i − i γµ ∂µ − im δij ψj + ψ i − g γµ (Aµ ) tij ψj , (113)

19
 The quark–gluon–quark vertex, will be (times − from − SE ):

δ 3 SInt
− → +g γµE taij , (114)
δψ δψ δA

For QED we will have a similarity relation:

Z 
E E E

d 4 xE − i γµE ∂µE − im ψ E + ψ + e γµE (Aaµ )E ψ E ,


Sm = ψ (115)

For QED, the covariant derivative is (g → −e):

Dµ = ∂µ + i e A µ , (116)

The vertex electron–photon–electron, will be (times − from − SEF ):

δ 3 SInt
− → − e γµE (117)
δψ δψ δA

For any electric charge particle we will have:

→ e Q γµE , (118)

where for electron Q = −1.

1. Conjugate Euclidean equation

We know that:

((iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ)+ = (ψ + (−i(γ µ )+ (∂µ )+ − m)) = 0

(ψ + (+iγ 0 γ µ γ 0 (∂µ )+ + m)) = ψ( iγ µ (∂µ )+ + m) = 0 (119)

From ψ( iγ µ (∂µ )+ + m) = 0:

E
ψ ( −iγµE (∂µE )+ + i m) = 0 (120)

+
− i γµE ∂µE − im ψ E =


0
(ψ E )+ i (γµE )+ (∂µE )+ + im


= 0
(ψ E )+ i γµE (∂µE )+ + im


= 0 (121)

20
 2. Fermion propagator

Remember that from Minkowsky action we have: ψ (iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ, and:

SF−1 (x)SF (x − y) = iδ 4 (x − y)

d4 p e d4 p −ip.(x−y)
Z Z
µ −ip.(x−y)
(iγ ∂µ,x − m) S(p)e =i e
(2π)4 (2π)4
d4 p µ d4 p −ip.(x−y)
Z Z
−ip.(x−y)
(γ p µ − m) S(p)e
e = i e
(2π)4 (2π)4
i i (γ µ pµ + m)
SeM ink (p) = = . (122)
γ µ pµ − m p2 − m2 + iϵ
Using p0 = −ip4 , x0 = −ix4 , γ0 = γ4 and γkE = iγ k (Take care o the sign): (Be careful
with the sign in the limits of integration in the rotation of p4 –poles- Y. Makeenko-pag 8)
d4 p i (γ 0 p0 + γ k pk + m) −i(p0 .(x−y)0 −pk .(x−y)k )
Z
E
SF (x − y) → e
(2π)4 p2 − m2 + iϵ
−i d4 pE i (γ4 (−ip4 ) + (−iγkE )pk + m) −i(−ip4 .(−i(x−y)4 )−pk .(x−y)k )
Z
→ e
(2π)4 −p2E − m2
d pE (− iγµE pE
Z 4
µ + m) +i pE .(x−y)E
→ 4 2
e ,
(2π) pE + m 2
d pE (−i)(γµE pE
Z 4
µ + im) +i pE .(x−y)E
→ 4 2
e , (123)
(2π) pE + m2
E
times −i from the change ψ → −iψ :
(−1)(γµE pE
µ + im)
SeE (p) → 2
Sign? (124)
pE + m2
E

From ψ − i γµE ∂µE − im ψ E :

SF−1 SF = δ 4 (x − y)
Z 4 Z 4
E E d pE e +ipE .(x−y)E d pE ipE .(x−y)E
(−iγµ ∂µ − im) S(p E )e = e
(2π)4 (2π)4
d4 p E E
Z Z 4
−ip.(x−y)E d pE −ip.(x−y)E
4
(γµ pµ − im)S(pE )e
e = e
(2π) (2π)4
1 γµE pE
µ + im
SeE (pE ) = = . (125)
γµE pE
µ − im p2E + m2
We have used:
1 E E E E
(γµE pE 2 E E E E
µ ) = γµ pµ γν pν = {γ , γ }p p = p2E (126)
2 µ ν µ ν

21
 3. Fermion – Spinor relations

From Dirac equation, (iγ µ ∂µ − m)ψ = 0, ψ can be write like: ψ = U(p)e−ip.x , then:

γ µ pµ U(p) = p/ U(p) = m U(p) (127)

we will assume that we could write:

ψ E = U (pE ) e+i(p.x)E (128)

where p.x = p0 x0 − →
−
p .→
−
x = −p4 x4 − →
−
p .→
−
x = − (p.x)E . Now, from the Euclidean relation:

− i γµE ∂µE − im ψ E (xE ) = 0

− i γµE (+ipE


µ ) − im U (pE ) = 0

γµE pE
µ U (pE ) = i m U (pE ) . (129)

Can we absorb the i factor into the definition of U (pE )?

E
From ψ( iγ µ (∂µ )+ + m) = 0 and ψ ( −iγµE (∂µE )+ + i m) = 0 :
E
ψ (xE )( −iγµE (∂µE )+ + i m) = 0
U (pE )( −iγµE (−ipE
µ ) + i m) = 0

U (pE )γµE pE
µ = im U (pE ) (130)

Defining:
E i
σµν = [γµE , γνE ] , (131)
2
we can rewrite it like:
E
iσµν = +γνE γµE − δµν & iσµν
E
= −γµE γνE + δµν , (132)

′ E ′
U (pE ) iσµν (pνE − pνE ) U (pE )
′
h
′E
Ei
E E E E
U (pE ) +γν γµ − δµν pν − −γµ γν + δµν pν U (pE )
′
h ′  ′ i
U (pE ) p/E γµE + γµE p/E − pµE + pνE U (pE )
′
h  ′ i
U (pE ) 2im γµE − pµE + pνE U (pE ) (133)

then, we can write:

 ′
 ′
pµE + pνE → 2imγµE − iσµν
E
(pνE − pνE )
1  ′E  1 ′
pµ + pνE → i γµE + γµE /q − /qγµE / q E = (p E − p E )


(134)
2m 4m

22
V. AMM OF ELECTRON – EUCLIDEAN CALCULATION

p2 p2
    
pν σµν
Mµ = − e U (q2 ) γµ F1 + F2 U (q1 ). (135)
m2 2m m2

By Feynman Rules M2 will be:

d4 k (p/ + k/ + im)(− eγµ )

   
(k/ + im)(− eγα )
Z
(− eγν ) (δνα )
= U (q2 ) U (q1 )
(2π)4 (k − q1 )2 (p + k)2 + m2 k 2 + m2

d4 k γν (p/ + k/ + im)γµ (k/ + im)γν

Z  
3
= − e U (q2 ) U (q1 ) . (136)
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 ] [(p + k)2 + m2 ] [k 2 + m2 ]

Rewriting the denominator using Feynman parameters:

Z
1 1
→ 2 3
, (137)
ABC x,y,z [xA + yB + zC]

where A = k 2 + m2 , B = (p + k)2 + m2 , and C = (k − q1 )2 . The factor xA + yB + zC in the

denominator can be write like:

= xk 2 + x m2 + yp2 + 2y p.k + yk 2 + y m2 + zk 2 − 2z k.q1 + zq12

= k 2 + 2k.(yp − zq1 ) + yp2 + zq12 + (x + y)m2

= (k + yp − zq1 )2 + p2 (−y 2 + y) + q12 (−z 2 + z) + 2yz p.q1 + (1 − z)m2 , (138)

recalling that q12 = −m2 , p.q1 = − p.q2 and p.q1 = −p2 /2:

xA + yB + zC = (k + yp − zq1 )2 + p2 (−y 2 + y − yz) + (1 − z)2 m2 ,

= (k + yp − zq1 )2 + p2 (−y 2 + y − y(1 − x − y)) + (1 − z)2 m2 ,

= (k + yp − zq1 )2 + ( xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2 ),

xA + yB + zC = K 2 + ∆E , (139)

where K = k + yp − zq1 and ∆E = xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2 .

The numerator will be simplified using the gamma matrices algebra and the spinors
relations:

Nµ = U (q2 ) γν (p/ + k/ + im)γµ (k/ + im)γν U (q1 ) (140)

23
where the product between the spinors can be rewrite like:

= ( γν (p/ + k/) γµ + im γν γµ )(k/γν + imγν )

= γν (p/ + k/)γµ k/ γν + imγν (p/ + k/)γµ γν + imγν γµ k/ γν − m2 γν γµ γν , (141)

using:

γν γµ γν = (4 − d)γµ − 2γµ → (d = 4) → −2γµ

γν γα γβ γν = 4 δαβ − (4 − d)γα γβ → (d = 4) → 4 δαβ

γν γα γβ γσ γν = − 2 γσ γβ γα + (4 − d)γα γβ γσ → (d = 4) → − 2 γσ γβ γα , (142)

= − 2 k/ γµ (p/ + k/) + 4im(p + k)µ + 4imkµ + 2m2 γµ

= −2 k/ γµ p/ + k/ γµ k/ − m2 γµ − 2im(p + 2k)µ
 
(143)

then, the numerator will be:

Nµ = − 2 U (q2 ) k/ γµ p/ + k/ γµ k/ − m2 γµ − 2im(p + 2k)µ U (q1 )

 
(144)

now, substituting k = K − yp + zq1 :

1 h
− Nµ = U (q2 ) (K / − y p/ + z /q )γµ p/ + (K
/ − y p/ + z /q )γµ (K
/ − y p/ + z /q )
2 1 1 1

−m2 γµ − 2im( pµ + 2Kµ − 2y pµ + 2z q1 µ ) U (q1 )


(145)

1 h
/ µ p/ − y p/γµ p/ + z /q γµ p/ + Kγ
− Nµ = U (q2 ) Kγ / µK
/ − y Kγ
/ µ p/ + z Kγ
/ µ /q
2 1 1
i
/ 2 / 2
−y p/γµ K + y p/γµ p/ − yz p/γµ /q1 + z /q1 γµ K − yz /q1 γµ p/ + z /q1 γµ /q1 U (q1 ) +

U (q2 ) −m2 γµ − 2im( pµ + 2Kµ − 2y pµ + 2z q1 µ ) U (q1 )

 

1 h
− Nµ = U (q2 ) (1 − y)Kγ/ µ p/ − y p/γµ K
/ − y(1 − y)p/γµ p/ + z(1 − y)/q γµ p/ + Kγ
/ µK
/
2 1
i
/ / 2
+z Kγµ /q1 + z /q1 γµ K − yz p/γµ /q1 + z /q1 γµ /q1 U (q1 ) +

U (q2 ) −m2 γ µ − 2im( pµ + 2Kµ − 2y pµ + 2z q1µ ) U (q1 ) ,

 
(146)

where the first product between the spinors can be simplified:

/ µ p/ − y p/γµ K
I → (1 − y)Kγ / + z Kγ
/ µ /q + z /q γµ K
/ ∝ KOdd = 0 (147)
1 1

II → p/γµ p/ = p/ 2pµ − p/γµ = − p/2 γµ = −p2 γµ

(148)
K2
/ µ = 2Kµ Kα γα − K 2 γµ = −


/ µK
III → Kγ / = K / 2Kµ − Kγ γµ (149)
2

24
  
where was used U (q2 )p/ U (q1 ) = U (q2 ) /q2 − /q1 U (q1 ) = U (q2 ) (im − im) U (q1 ) = 0 and
Kµ Kν = δµν K 2 /4 in the Eqs. (148) and (149), respectively.

IV → = z(1 − y)/q1 γµ p/ − yz p/γµ /q1 + z 2 /q1 γµ /q1 , (150)

from spinors relation we have that:

p/γµ /q1 = p/γµ im = im(/q2 γµ − /q1 γµ ) = −m2 γµ − im(2q1µ − γµ /q1 ) = −2m2 γµ − 2im q1µ
 
2
/q1 γµ /q1 = /q1 γµ im = im 2q1 µ − γµ /q1 = +m γµ + 2im q1µ . (151)

Knowing that:

γα γβ γσ = −γσ γα γβ + 2γα δβ σ − 2γβ δα σ + 2γσ δα β (152)

/q1 γµ p/ = − p/ γµ /q1 + 2 /q1 pµ − 2 γµ (p.q1 ) + 2 p/ q1 µ

= − /q2 γµ /q1 + /q1 γµ /q1 + 2 im pµ − 2(p.q1 ) γµ

2 2
/q1 γµ p/ = +2 m γµ + 2im q1µ + 2 im pµ + p γµ . (153)

Putting all that in the Eq. (150), we obtain:

IV → z(1 − y) +2 m2 γµ + 2im q1µ + 2 im pµ + p2 γµ − yz −2m2 γµ − 2im q1µ

+ z 2 +m2 γµ + 2im q1µ

IV → (2 z + z 2 ) m2 γµ + z(1 − y) p2 γµ + 2 z (1 − y) i m pµ + 2(z + z 2 ) i m q1µ (154)

From (147), (148), (149) and (154), the numerator became:

K2

1
− Nµ = U (q2 ) −y(1 − y)(−p2 γµ ) + (− γµ ) + (2 z + z 2 ) m2 γµ + z(1 − y) p2 γµ
2 2

+2 z (1 − y) i m pµ + 2(z + z 2 ) i m q1µ U (q1 ) +



U (q2 ) −m2 γ µ − 2im( pµ + 2Kµ − 2y pµ + 2z q1µ ) U (q1 ) ,

 
(155)

 
1 1 2 2 2 2
− Nµ = − K + (1 − x)(1 − y)p − (1 − 2 z − z ) m U (q2 ) γµ U (q1 ) +
2 2

2im (z(1 − y) + 2y − 1) pµ + (−z + z 2 ) q1µ U (q2 ) U (q1 ) .

 
(156)

25
 In order to extract the AMM contribution we can rewrite the coefficient of U (q2 ) U (q1 )
in function of q1 and q2 :

2im (z(1 − y) + 2y − 1) pµ + (−z + z 2 ) q1µ

 

2im q2µ (z(1 − y) + 2y − 1) + q1µ − z(1 − y) − 2y + 1 − z + z 2




im [(q2µ + q1µ ) (a + b) + (q2µ − q1µ ) (a − b)] , (157)

where a = z(1 − y) + 2y − 1 and b = − z(1 − y) − 2y + 1 − z + z 2 . The factors, a + b, and

a − b, yield:

a + b = −z(1 − z) (158)

a − b = (2z(1 − y) + 4y − 2 + z − z 2 )
= (2z − 2yz + 4y − 2(x + y + z) + z − z(1 − x − y))
a − b = (x − y)(z − 2) , (159)

Now, we can use the next relation to rewrite the coefficient of U (q2 ) U (q1 ):

(q1 + q2 )µ → 2 im γµE − iσµν

E
(q2 − q1 )ν = 2 im γµE − iσµν
E
pν ,

then:

im [(q2µ + q1µ ) (−z(1 − z)) + pµ ((x − y)(z − 2))]

im [(2 im γµ − iσµν pν ) (−z(1 − z)) + pµ ((x − y)(z − 2))]
(2z − 2z 2 ) m2 γµ − mz(1 − z)σµν pν + impµ (x − y)(z − 2) ,
 
(160)

where the term proportional to pµ not contribute to M2 (Eq. (136)) because its integral is
odd under the change of x → y and y → x. Finally, the numerator reads:
 
1 1 2 2 2 2
− Nµ = − K + (1 − x)(1 − y)p − (1 − 4 z + z ) m U (q2 ) γµ U (q1 ) +
2 2

[ − mz(1 − z)] U (q2 ) σµν pν U (q1 ) . (161)

p2 p2
    
σµν pν
Me−
µ = − e U (q2 ) γµ F1 + F2 U (q1 ).
m2e 2me m2e
To study the magnetic moment we only need the term proportional to σµν :
Z Z 4
d K 8 e2 m2e z(1 − z)

e pν σµν
− U (q2 ) U(q1 ) . (162)
2me xyz (2π)4 [K 2 + ∆E ]3

26
The form factor F2 (p2 ) was defined as the coefficient of the above operator (Eq.(135)). The
K integral can re solved using the next relation (Euclidean space):
Z d  n − d/2
d lE 1 1 Γ(n − d/2) 1
n = , (163)
(2π)d (lE2 + ∆E ) (4π)d/2 Γ(n) ∆
what for d = 4, and n = 3 yields:
Z 4
d lE 1 1
4 3 = , (164)
(2π) (lE2 + ∆E ) 32π 2 ∆E

So, the F2 (p2 /m2 ) will be:

Z 1
z(1 − z) m2e

2 α
F2 (p ) = dx dy dz δ(x + y + z − 1) . (165)
π 0 (xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2e )
For p = 0 we will have:
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2 α z
F2 (p = 0) = dz dy dx δ(x + y + z − 1)
π 0 0 0 1−z
Z 1 Z 1−z Z 1
α z α
= dz dy = dz z
π 0 0 1−z π 0

α
F2 (0) = . (166)
2π

VI. AMM OF ELECTRON – GAUGE DEPENDENT TERM

By Feynman Rules M2 will be:

d4 k
  
(k − q1 )ν (k − q1 )α
Z
(− eγν )
= U (q2 ) δνα − (1 − ξ)
(2π)4 (k − q1 )2 (k − q1 )2
(p/ + k/ + im)(−e γµ )
  
(k/ + im)(−e γα )
× U (q1 )
(p + k)2 + m2 k 2 + m2

d4 k γν (p/ + k/ + im)γµ (k/ + im)γν

Z  
3
= − e U (q2 )
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 ] [(p + k)2 + m2 ] [k 2 + m2 ]
!!
(k/ − /q1 )(p/ + k/ + im)γµ (k/ + im)(k/ − /q1 )
− (1 − ξ) U (q1 ) , (167)
[(k − q1 )2 ]2 [(p + k)2 + m2 ] [k 2 + m2 ]

(k/ − /q1 )(p/ + k/ + im)γµ (k/ + im)(k/ − /q1 )

(k/p/ + k 2 + imk/ − /q1 p/ − /q1 k/ − im/q1 )γµ (k 2 − k//q1 + imk/ − im/q1 )

(k/p/ + k 2 + imk/ − /q1 p/ − /q1 k/ − im/q1 )γµ (k 2 − imk/ + imk/ − im(im))
(k/p/ + imk/ − /q1 k/ + k 2 − /q1 p/ − im/q1 )γµ (k 2 + m2 ) , (168)

27
 k/p/ = 2k.p − p/k/ = 2k.p − (/q2 − /q1 )k/ = 2k.p − imk/ + /q1 k/
k/p/ + imk/ − /q1 k/ = 2k.p, (169)

−/q1 p/ − im/q1 = −2p.q1 + p//q1 − im/q1 (170)

= −2(−p2 /2) + (/q2 − /q1 )/q1 − im/q1

= p2 + im/q1 − /q21 − im/q1
−/q1 p/ − im/q1 = p2 + m2 , (171)

(2k.p + k 2 + p2 + m2 ) (k 2 + m2 ) γµ
((k + p)2 + m2 ) (k 2 + m2 ) γµ ,

then, the equation (167):

d4 k γν (p/ + k/ + im)γµ (k/ + im)γν

Z  
3
= − e U (q2 )
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 ] [(p + k)2 + m2 ] [k 2 + m2 ]

((k + p)2 + m2 ) (k 2 + m2 ) γµ
 
− (1 − ξ) U (q1 )
[(k − q1 )2 ]2 [(p + k)2 + m2 ] [k 2 + m2 ]

d4 k γν (p/ + k/ + im)γµ (k/ + im)γν

Z  
3
= − e U (q2 )
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 ] [(p + k)2 + m2 ] [k 2 + m2 ]

(k 2 + m2 ) γµ
 
− (1 − ξ) U (q1 ) , (172)
[(k − q1 )2 ]2 [k 2 + m2 ]
where the second part of Eq.(172) can be rewrite using: (QFT-Peskin & Sch– Eq.(6.42) pag
190–212 pdf)
1
Z 1 X  Q xmi −1 Γ (P m )
i
= dx1 ... dxn δ xi − 1 P i P m i Q , (173)
Am 1 m2 mn
1 A2 ... An 0 [ xi Ai ] Γ (mi )

1
x1
Z
1 Γ(3)
= dx 3 , (174)
[(k − q1 ) ]2 [k 2 + m2 ]
2
0 [x(k − q1 )2 + (1 − x)(k 2 + m2 )] Γ(2)Γ(1)
and the denominator reads:

x(k − q1 )2 + (1 − x)(k 2 + m2 )
xk 2 − 2k.(xq1 ) + xq12 + k 2 + m2 − xk 2 − xm2
(k − xq1 )2 − x2 q12 − xm2 + (1 − x)m2

K2 + ∆GT , (175)

28
where K = k − xq1 and ∆GT = (1 − x)2 m2 .
1
(k 2 + m2 ) γµ 2x(K2 + (1 − x2 )m2 )
Z
= dx γµ . (176)
[(k − q1 )2 ]2 [k 2 + m2 ] 0 [K2 + ∆LG ]3

The Eq.(176) do not contribute to the anomalous magnetic moment and also it is a
divergent integral that affects the factor F1 .

VII. AMM QUARK–PHOTON VERTEX – EUCLIDEAN CALCULATION

p2 p2
    
pν σµν
Mqµ = e Qq U (q2 ) γµ F1 + F2 U (q1 ). (177)
m2q 2mq m2q

FIG. 2. ...

q q γ (GRAPHIC) where, pµ = q2µ − q1µ .

d4 k (p/ + k/ + imq )σ′ θ

   
(k − q1 )ν (k − q1 )α
Z
(e Qq (γν )σσ′ (δi i′ ))
= U i σ (q2 ) δνα −
(2π)4 (k − q1 )2 (k − q1 )2 (p + k)2 + m2q
 
(k/ + imq )θ′ β ′ (δm′ n′ )
× (δi′ m )(e Qq (γµ )θθ′ (δm m′ )) (e Qq (γα )β ′ β (δn′ n )) Unβ (q1 )
k 2 + m2q

d4 k (γν )σσ′ (p/ + k/ + imq )σ′ θ (γµ )θθ′ (k/ + imq )θ′ β ′ (γν )β ′ β
Z  
3
=e Q3q
U iσ (q2 )
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 ] [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]
!!
(k/ − /q1 )σσ′ (p/ + k/ + imq )σ′ θ (γµ )θθ′ (k/ + imq )θ′ β ′ (k/ − /q1 )β ′ β
− (δin ) Unβ (q1 ) , (178)
[(k − q1 )2 ]2 [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]

29
where we can rewrite the equation above as:

d4 k γν (p/ + k/ + imq ) γµ (k/ + imq ) γν

Z  
3 3
= e Qq U (q2 )
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 ] [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]
!!
(k/ − /q1 )(p/ + k/ + imq )(γµ )(k/ + imq )(k/ − /q1 )
− U (q1 ) . (179)
[(k − q1 )2 ]2 [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]

The expression of the Eq.(179) is similar to the Eq. (136) and (167). Thus, from section
V, we know that the contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment will be: To study the
magnetic moment we only need the term proportional to σµν :

d K 8 e2 Q2q m2q z(1 − z)

Z Z 4 
e Qq pν σµν
. (180)
2mq xyz (2π)4 [K 2 + ∆E ]3

" #
α Z 1 z(1 − z) m2q
F2 (p2 ) = Q2 dx dy dz δ(x + y + z − 1)
, (181)
π 0 xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q

that, for the electron Q = −1.

For p = 0, we will obtain:
α Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
2 2 z
F2 (p = 0) = Q dz dy dx δ(x + y + z − 1)
π 0 0 0 1−z
α Z 1 Z 1−z
z α Z 1
2
= Q dz dy = −Q3 dz z
π 0 0 1−z π 0
α
F2 (0) = Q2 . (182)
2π

For p ̸= 0, the integral into the Eq. (181) can be calculate through a variable change:

z(1 − z) m2q
Z 1 Z 1−z
dz dy , (183)
0 0 (1 − y − z)y p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q

y = (1 − z)ρ & θ = 1 − z

dydz ≡ J(ρ, θ) dρdθ, (184)

where:
∂y ∂y
∂ρ ∂θ
θ ρ
J(ρ, θ) = = = −θ,
∂z ∂z
∂ρ ∂θ
0 −1

z|10 → θ|01 & y|01−z → ρ|10 (185)

30
 "s #
1 (1 − θ) m2q 2m2q p2
Z
I1 (p, mq ) = dθ dρ = q Tanh−1 (186)
0 ρ(1 − ρ) p2 + m2q 2 2 2
p (p + 4mq ) p2 + 4m2q

1 p2 p4
I1 (p → 0, mq ) = − + + O(p6 /m6 ), (187)
2 12m2q 60m4q

VIII. AMM QUARK–GLUON VERTEX – EUCLIDEAN CALCULATION

q q g (GRAPHIC) where, pµ = q2µ − q1µ .

FIG. 3. ...

d4 k
  
(k − q1 )ν (k − q1 )α
Z
c δc a
= U i σ (q2 ) (g ti i′ (γν )σσ′ ) δνα −
(2π)4 (k − q1 )2 (k − q1 )2

(p/ + k/ + imq )σ′ θ (δi′ m )

   

(k/ + imq )θ′ β ′ (δm′ n′ )
e Qq (γµ )θθ′ (δm m′ ) (g tan′ n (γα )β ′ β )Unβ (q1 )
(p + k)2 + m2q k 2 + m2q

d4 k (γν )σσ′ (p/ + k/ + imq )σ′ θ (γµ )θθ′ (k/ + imq )θ′ β ′ (γν )β ′ β
Z  
e Qq g 2 taii′ tai′ n


= U i σ (q2 )
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 ] [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]
!!
(k/ − /q1 )σσ′ (p/ + k/ + imq )σ′ θ (γµ )θθ′ (k/ + imq )θ′ β ′ (k/ − /q1 )β ′ β
− (δin ) Unβ (q1 ) , (188)
[(k − q1 )2 ]2 [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]

where we can rewrite the equation above as:

d4 k γν (p/ + k/ + imq ) γµ (k/ + imq ) γν
Z  
2


= e Qq g CF U (q2 )
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 ] [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]
!!
(k/ − /q1 )(p/ + k/ + imq ) γµ (k/ + imq )(k/ − /q1 )
− U (q1 ) , (189)
[(k − q1 )2 ]2 [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]

31
where CF is the known color factor equal to 4/3.
We have that the expression of the Eq.(189) is identical to the Eq. (136) and (167) but
with additional factors inherent to the nature of quarks and gluons. Thus, from section V,
we will know that the contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment will be:

" #
α  Z
s
1 z(1 − z) m2q
F2 (p2 ) = CF dx dy dz δ(x + y + z − 1)
, (190)
π 0 xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q

For p = 0, we will obtain:

α  Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
z
2 s
F2 (p = 0) = CF dz dy dx δ(x + y + z − 1)
π 0 0 0 1−z
α  Z 1 Z 1−z
z α  Z 1
s s
= CF dz dy = − Q CF dz z
π 0 0 1−z π 0
α 
s
F2 (0) = CF . (191)
2π
In the case of massive gluons we only have to change [(k − q1 )2 ] for [(k − q1 )2 + m2g ]:

d4 k γν (p/ + k/ + imq ) γµ (k/ + imq ) γν

Z  
2


= e Q g CF U (q2 )
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 + m2g ] [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]
!!
(k/ − /q1 )(p/ + k/ + imq ) γµ (k/ + imq )(k/ − /q1 )
− U (q1 ) , (192)
[(k − q1 )2 ] [(k − q1 )2 + m2g ] [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]

From Eq. (139), the only thing that changes in the Eq. (192) will be the Delta function,
∆E = xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q :

∆mg = xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q + z m2g , (193)

then:

2
α  Z
s
1 z(1 − z) m2q
F2 (p ) = − Q CF dx dy dz δ(x + y + z − 1)
, (194)
π 0 xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q + z m2g
that for p2 = 0:

2
α  Z
s
1 z(1 − z) m2q
F2 (p = 0) → − Q CF dz dy dx δ(x + y + z − 1)

π 0 (1 − z)2 m2q + z m2g
1
α  Z
s z(1 − z)2
→ − Q CF dz
π 0 (1 − z)2 + z (m2g /m2q )
α 
s
F2 (p2 = 0) → − Q CF I(a) , (195)
π

32
where, for a = m2g /m2q :
1 1
z(1 − z)2 z(1 − z)2
Z Z
I(a) = dz = dz , (196)
0 (1 − z)2 + z a 0 (z − Z+ )(z − Z− )
where the roots Z± are:
a 1p
± a (a − 4) .
Z± = 1 − (197)
2 2
This will give rise to two types of roots, real or complex, depending on the value of the
parameter a. For the particular case of a = 4, we have that :
Z 1 1
z(1 − z)2
 
2 4 1
I(a = 4) = dz = z + − 8z + 8 log(1 + z)
0 (1 + z)2 1+z 2 0

11
I(a = 4) = − + 8 log(2) = 0.0451774 . (198)
2

1. Case: a > 4

For a > 4, the Eq. (197) yields, −1 ≤ Z+ < 0 and −∞ < Z− ≤ −1. Thus, we have real
poles in the Eq. (196) that becomes:

1
z(1 − z)2 z(1 − z)2
Z  
> 1
I (a) = dz −
Z+ − Z− 0 z − Z+ z − Z−
p ! !
1 a 2 + a(a − 4) a(a − 4) + (a − 2)
I > (a) = − 2+ p log − (a − 2) log (a) , (199)
2 2 a(a − 4) 2
where in the case of a = 4, the equation above reproduce the result of Eq. (198). In the
case of a ≫ 4, i.e., m2g ≫ m2q we have that:

1 25 − 12 log(a)
I > (a ≫ 4) ≈ + 2
+ O(1/a3 ) (200)
3a 12 a
2 2 2


m q 25 − 12 log m g / mq
I > (m2g ≫ 4m2q ) ≈ +
2 + O(1/m6g ) , (201)
3 m2g 2
12 mg / mq2

2. Case: a < 4

a
p
For a < 4, we have complex roots in the Eq. (197), Z± = 1 − 2
± i 12 a (4 − a). From
Eq. (196) we obtain:
1
z(1 − z)2 z(1 − z)2
Z  
< 1
I (x, y) = dz − , (202)
2iy 0 z − (x + i y) z − (x − i y)

33
 p
where, x = 1 − a/2 and y = a(4 − a)/2. After the integration, and restitution of variable
a, the Eq. (202) yields:
  " #!!
1 a 2 (2 − a (4 − a)) 2 2−a
I < (a) = − 2+ p ArcCsc √ + ArcTan p
2 2 a (4 − a) a a (4 − a)

− (a − 2) log (a) , (203)

where in the case of a = 4, the equation above reduce to the result of Eq. (198). Any way,
both equations, (199) and (203), are equivalent due to the relations between the logarithm
and the trigonometric functions.
In the case of a ≪ 4, i.e., m2g ≪ 4 m2q (or m2g → 0), we have that:
√
< 1 π a 1
I (a ≪ 4) ≈ − − (1 + 2 log(a)) a + O(a2 ) (204)
2 2 2

 2   2 
mg mg
  
< 1 π mg 1
I (m2g ≪ 4m2q ) ≈ − − 1 + 2 log 2
(205)
2 2 mq 2 mq m2q

0.5

0.4
-Q CF αs
π F2 (0)

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
m2g /m2q

FIG. 4. ...

3. Numerical Values

Quark u:

mg = 0.6 → F2 (0) = −0.00000122187 αs

mg = 1.0 → F2 (0) = −0.00000043997 αs (206)

34
 A. Massive Gluon model – 1L

α  Z 1 1−z
d4 K 32 π 2 m2q z(1 − z)
Z Z
s
− Q CF dz dy  . (207)
π (2π)4 K 2 + (1 − y − z)yp2 + (1 − z)2 m2q + z m2g 3

0 0

Result for p2 = 0:

2
α  Z
s
1 z(1 − z) m2q
F2 (p = 0) → − Q CF dz dy dx δ(x + y + z − 1)

π 0 (1 − z)2 m2q + z m2g
1
α  Z
s z(1 − z)2
→ − Q CF dz
π 0 (1 − z)2 + z a
α 
s
F2 (p2 = 0) → − Q CF I(a) , (208)
π

where a = m2g /m2q . 1 Loop level result for p2 = 0:

d4 k Π(k 2 , m2g )
Z    
2

1 kµ kν
= e Q g CF U (q2 ) 1− 2 + ... δµν − 2
(2π)4 [k + m2g ]
2 [k + m2g ] k
!
γν (k/ + /q2 + imq ) γµ (k/ + /q1 + imq ) γν
× , (209)
[(k + q1 )2 + m2q ] [(k + q2 )2 + m2q ]

 
α  Z 1 1−z
d4 l 32 π 2 m2q z(1 − z) 6zΠ(l2 , m2g )
Z Z
s
− Q CF dz dy  . (210)
π (2π)4 l2 + (1 − y − z)yp2 + (1 − z)2 m2q + z m2g 4

0 0


λs
Π(l 2
, m2g ) = 111 s−1 − 2 s−2 + (2 − s2 ) log(s) + 2 (s−1 + 1)3 (s2 − 10 s + 1) log(1 + s)
24
√ √  
−1 3/2 2 4+s− s 2 2
+ (4 s + 1) (s − 20 s + 12) log √ √ − (s → µ /m ) , (211)
4+s+ s
g 2 Nc 3 αs
where λ = 16π 2
= 4π
(Number color Nc = 3) and s = l2 /m2 .

B. GZ gluon propagator

p2
  
ab ab pµ pν
Dµν (p) = δ δµν − 2 , (212)
p4 + γ 4 p

35
 The scalar part of this propagator can be rewrite like:

p2
   
1 1 1
= + , (213)
p4 + γ 4 2 p2 + i γ 2 p2 − i γ 2

...in the Eq. (189)

   
1 1 1 1
→ + (214)
(k − q1 )2 2 2
(k − q1 ) + iγ 2 (k − q1 )2 − iγ 2

...then

d4 k 1 γν (p/ + k/ + imq ) γµ (k/ + imq ) γν

Z  
2


= e Q g CF U (q2 )
(2π)4 2 [(k − q1 )2 + i γ 2 ] [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]

γν (p/ + k/ + imq ) γµ (k/ + imq ) γν

 
+ U (q1 ) , (215)
[(k − q1 )2 − i γ 2 ] [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]

We know from Eq. (139), that the only change in the Eq. (215) will be the Delta function,
∆E = xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q :

∆+ 2 2 2 2
GZ = xy p + (1 − z) mq + z (i γ )

∆− 2 2 2 2
GZ = xy p + (1 − z) mq + z (−i γ ) , (216)

then:
"
2
α  1 Z
s z(1 − z) m2q
F2 (p ) = − Q CF
+
π 2 xyz xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q + z (i γ 2 )
#
z(1 − z) m2q

, (217)
xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q + z (−i γ 2 )

So, for p2 = 0 we have that:

α  1 Z 1 z(1 − z)2 m2q

2 s
F2 (p = 0) = − Q CF dz +
π 2 0 (1 − z)2 m2q + z (i γ 2 )

z(1 − z)2 m2q


. (218)
(1 − z)2 m2q + z (−i γ 2 )

We need to solve the next integral:

Z 1 
z(1 − z)2 z(1 − z)2

IGZ (τ ) dz +
0 (1 − z)2 + i z τ (1 − z)2 − i z τ

where τ = γ 2 /m2q .

36
 0.5

0.4

-Q CF αs
π F2 (0)
0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
γ2 /m2q

FIG. 5. ...

τ2

1
IGZ (τ ) = Log[τ 2 ] + πτ +
1−
2 2
" # " #!
√
 
−2 + τ (τ − 4i) τ τ − 2i
τ √ −Tanh−1 p + Tanh−1 p
τ − 4i τ (τ − 4i) τ (τ − 4i)
" # " #!!
√
 
−2 + τ (τ + 4i) τ τ + 2i
τ √ −Tanh−1 p + Tanh−1 p , (219)
τ + 4i τ (τ + 4i) τ (τ + 4i)

√ √
1 π 2τ πτ 15π 2τ 3
IGZ (τ ∼ 0) = − + − + O(τ 2 ),
2 4 2 32

1. Numerical Values

Quark u:

mg = 0.6→ F2 (0) = −0.0000012218741229 αs

γ = 0.6→ F2 (0) = −0.0000000004358102 αs
mg = 1.0→ F2 (0) = −0.0000004399688122 αs (220)

γ = 1.0→ F2 (0) = −0.0000000000627729 αs (221)

5 128π 2
   
4 4 5 32π
4
λ = µ Exp − → µ Exp − . (222)
3 3N g 2 3 9 αs
−2π g 2 (µ)
ΛM S
QCD ≡ µ Exp [ ] , α(µ) = , (223)
b0 αs (µ) 4π

37
then:   
4 5 8π 4 1
λ (µ) = Λ4QCD Exp − − . (224)
3 α(µ) 9 b0

C. RGZ gluon propagator

p2 + M 2
  
ab ab pµ pν
Dµν (p) = δ δµν − 2 , (225)
p4 + (M 2 + m2 )p2 + λ4 − M 2 m2 p

The scalar part of this propagator can be rewrite like:

p2 + M 2 p2 + M12
 
A B
≡ 2 2 4
= 2 ′
+ 2 , (226)
4 2 2 2
p + (M + m )p + λ − M m4 2 2 4
p + M2 p + M3 p +α p + β′

where the values of the parameters A, B, α′ and β ′ will be obtained after solving the set of
equations generated in the previous decomposition. Then:
( )
1 2 M 2 − M22
A + B = 1, A = 1 + p 41 ,
2 M2 − 4 M34
( )
1 2 M 2 − M22
A β ′ + α′ B = M12 , =⇒ B = 1 − p 41 ,
2 M2 − 4 M34
p
′ ′ ′ M22 −
M24 − 4 M34
α +β = M22 , α = ,
2
p
M22 + M24 − 4 M34
α′ β ′ = M34 , ′
β = . (227)
2

Substituting the values of M12 = M 2 , M22 = M 2 + m2 and M34 = λ4 + M 2 m2 we will have:

!
1 M 2 − m2
A = 1+ p
2 (M 2 − m2 )2 − 4λ4
!
1 M 2 − m2
B = 1− p
2 (M 2 + m2 )2 − 4λ4
p
M 2 + m2 − (M 2 − m2 )2 − 4λ4
α′ =
2
p
′ M 2 + m2 + (M 2 − m2 )2 − 4λ4
β = , (228)
2

38
where depending on the value of (M 2 − m2 )2 − 4λ4 we will obtain real or complex poles.
From RGZ Lattice data we know that α′ and β ′ have complex values. We also know that
M 2 > 0, m2 < 0 and λ4 > 0.
From ([1]) Silva–Oliveira:2012:

M12 = 4.473 GeV2 , M22 = 0.704 GeV2 , M34 = 0.3959 GeV4 , Z = 0.8333, (229)

that allow us to calculate the specific values of the RGZ model parameters:

M 2 = 4.473 GeV2 , m2 = −3.769 GeV2 , λ4 = 17.255 GeV4 . (230)

q
M24 − 4 M34 = 1.043064715154 i (231)

1 1
A= (1.000 − 7.90171 i) B = (1.000 + 7.90171 i)
2 2
1 1
α′ = (0.704 − 1.04306 i) β ′ = (0.704 + 1.04306 i) (232)
2 2

p2 + M12
   
1 1 − iC 1 + iC
≡ + , (233)
p4 + M22 p2 + M34 2 p2 + a − i b p2 + a + i b
p
where 2a = M22 , 2b = 4M34 − M24 and 2bC = 2M12 − M22 .
in the Eq. (189)
   
1 1 1 − iC 1 + iC
→ + (234)
(k − q1 )2 2 (k − q1 )2 + a − i b (k − q1 )2 + a + i b

d4 k 1 (1 − i C) γν (p/ + k/ + imq ) γµ (k/ + imq ) γν

Z  
2


= e Q g CF U (q2 )
(2π)4 2 [(k − q1 )2 + a − i b] [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]

(1 + i C) γν (p/ + k/ + imq ) γµ (k/ + imq ) γν

 
+ U (q1 ) , (235)
[(k − q1 )2 + a + i b] [(p + k)2 + m2q ] [k 2 + m2q ]

We know from Eq. (139), that the only change in the Eq. (235) will be the Delta function,
∆E = xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q :

∆− 2 2 2
RGZ = xy p + (1 − z) mq + z (a − ib)

∆+ 2 2 2
RGZ = xy p + (1 − z) mq + z (a + ib) , (236)

39
then:
"
2
α  1 Z
s (1 − iC) z(1 − z) m2q
F2 (p ) = − Q CF
+
π 2 xyz xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q + z (a − ib)
#
(1 + iC) z(1 − z) m2q

, (237)
xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q + z (a + ib)

So, for p2 = 0 we have that:

α  1 Z 1 (1 − iC) z(1 − z)2 m2q

2 s
F2 (p = 0) = − Q CF dz +
π 2 0 (1 − z)2 m2q + z (a − ib)

(1 + iC) z(1 − z)2 m2q


. (238)
(1 − z)2 m2q + z (a + ib)

We need to solve the next integrals:

Z 1
− z(1 − z)2
IRGZ (s, t) dz
0 (1 − z)2 + z (s − i t)
1
z(1 − z)2
Z
+
IRGZ (s, t) dz (239)
0 (1 − z)2 + z (s + i t)
where s = a/m2q and t = b/m2q .
From [2] D. Dudal, O, Oliveira, P. J. Silva 10.1016 j.aop.2018.08.019):

M12 = 2.525 GeV2 , M22 = 0.510 GeV2 , M34 = 0.2803 GeV4 Z = 1, (240)

M12 = 4.157 GeV2 , M22 = 0.5922 GeV2 , M34 = 0.3350 GeV4 Z = 0.7296, (241)

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8
-Q CF αs

-Q CF αs

0.6 0.6
π F2 (0)

π F2 (0)

0.4 O.S Data

0.4 O.S Data
D.O.S Data 1 D.O.S Data 1
0.2 D.O.S Data 2 0.2 D.O.S Data 2

0.0 0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
mq [GeV] mq [GeV]

(a) (b)

FIG. 6. Comparison of results (a) Z (b) NO Z

40
 1. Numerical Values

Quark u:

RGZ[2], Z = 1, → F2 (0) = −0.00000396306 αs

S. prmt2
RGZ[2], Z = 1, → F2 (0) = −0.00000545912 αs

RGZ[2], Z = 0.7296, → F2 (0) = −0.00000398297 αs

RGZ[1], Z = 1, → F2 (0) = −0.0000049705 αs
RGZ[1], Z = 0.8333, → F2 (0) = −0.00000414207 αs (242)

Quark d:

RGZ[2], Z = 1, → F2 (0) = +0.0000185132 αs

RGZ[1], Z = 1, → F2 (0) = +0.0000232187 αs
RGZ[1], Z = 0.833, → F2 (0) = +0.0000193488 αs (243)

[3] :

mu = 2.16 MeV Qu = +2/3

md = 4.67 MeV Qd = −1/3
ms = 93 MeV Qs = −1/3

mc = 1.27 MeV Qc = +2/3, (244)

41
IX. 2

FIG. 7. ...

q q g (GRAPHIC)
where, pµ = q2µ − q1µ .
By Feynman Rules, iM2 :

′
!
d4 k − ig να δ c a i(p/ + k/ + mq )σ θ δi′ m
Z  
iσ
= U (q2 ) (ig tci i′ (γ ν )σσ′ )
(2π)4 (k − q1 )2 + i ϵ (p + k)2 − m2q + i ϵ
′ ′
i(k/ + mq )θ β δm′ n′
  
tbm m′ µ
tan′ n α


× ig (γ )θθ′ ig (γ )β ′ β U nβ (q1 )
k 2 − m2q + i ϵ

d4 k
Z
iσ
− i6 g 3 taim tbm m′ tam′ n


= U (q2 )
(2π)4
′ ′ ′
!
(γ ν )σσ′ (p/ + k/ + mq )σ θ (γ µ )θθ′ (k/ + mq )θ β (γ ν )β ′ β
×    U nβ (q1 )
[(k − q1 )2 + i ϵ] (p + k)2 − m2q + i ϵ k 2 − m2q + i ϵ
(245)

a,b and c are color indices where a, b, c = 1, 2, ..., d(G) = 8.

α, µ and ν are Lorentz indices where α, µ, ν = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
i,m,n are group symmetry indices , where i, m, n = 1, 2, ..., d(r) = nf = 6
σ, θ, β are Dirac indices.

42

!
d4 k +g 3 ta tb ta γ ν (p/ + k/ + mq )γ µ (k/ + mq )γν
Z
iM2 = U(q2 ) U(q1 )
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 + i ϵ]2 [(p + k)2 − m2q + i ϵ]2 [k 2 − m2q + i ϵ]2
(246)

By definition we have that:

 a b
t , t = i f abc tc (247)

...we can write:

ta [tb , ta ] = ta tb ta − ta ta tb

ta i f bad td = ta tb ta − C2 (r) tb

ta tb ta = C2 (r) tb + i f bad ta td (248)

where ta ta = C2 (r) = CF = (N 2 − 1)/2N .

i bad a d i bad a d i bad a d

i f bad ta td = f t t + f bda td ta


f t t + f t t =
2 2 2
i i i
= f bad ta td − td ta = f bad [ta , td ] = f bad if ade te



2 2 2
1
i f bad ta td = − C2 (G) tb . (249)
2
in the last line was used the relation f adc f bdc = C2 (G) δ ab = N δ ab . Using (249) in (248)
we have:

tb
 
a b a 1
t tt = C2 (r) − C2 (G) tb = − .
2 2N

!
d4 k U(q2 ) (− g 3 /2N ) tb γ ν (p/ + k/ + mq )γ µ (k/ + mq )γν U(q1 )
Z
iM2 = . (250)
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 + i ϵ] [(p + k)2 − m2q + i ϵ] [k 2 − m2q + i ϵ]

In the case of massive gluons we only have to change [(k−q1 )2 +i ϵ] for [(k−q1 )2 −m2g +i ϵ]:

!
d4 k U(q2 ) (− g 3 /2N ) tb γ ν (p/ + k/ + mq )γ µ (k/ + mq )γν U(q1 )
Z
iM2 = (251)
(2π)4 [(k − q1 )2 − m2g + i ϵ] [(p + k)2 − m2q + i ϵ] [k 2 − m2q + i ϵ]

43
 From Eq. (6), the only thing that changes in the Eq. (251) will be the Delta function,
∆ = − xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2e :

∆mg = − xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q + z m2g (252)

then, from Eqs. (37), (38) and (41), we obtain the correction to the anomalous magnetic
moment:

"Z #
αs 1 z(1 − z) m2q
F2 (p2 ) → dx dy dz δ(x + y + z − 1)
, (253)
π 0 −xy p2 + (1 − z)2 m2q + z m2g

that for p2 = 0:

1 z(1 − z) m2q
Z
2 αs
F2 (p = 0) → dz dy dx δ(x + y + z − 1)

π 0 (1 − z)2 m2q + z m2g
1
z(1 − z)2
Z
αs
→ dz
π 0 (1 − z)2 + z (m2g /m2q )
αs
F2 (p2 = 0) → I(a) , (254)
π

where, for a = m2g /m2q :

1 1
z(1 − z)2 z(1 − z)2
Z Z
I(a) = dz = dz , (255)
0 (1 − z)2 + z a 0 (z − Z+ )(z − Z− )

where the roots Z± are:

a 1p
Z± = 1 − ± a (a − 4) . (256)
2 2
This will give rise to two types of roots, real or complex, depending on the value of the
parameter a. For the particular case of a = 4, we have that :

1 1
z(1 − z)2 (1 + z)2
Z
4
I(a = 4) = dz = − 5 (1 + z) + + 8 log(1 + z)
0 (1 + z)2 1+z 2 0

11
I(a = 4) = − + 8 log(2) = 0.0451774 . (257)
2

44
 1. Case: a > 4

For a > 4, the Eq. (256) yields, −1 ≤ Z+ < 0 and −∞ < Z− ≤ −1. Thus, we have real
poles in the Eq. (255) that becomes:

1
z(1 − z)2 z(1 − z)2
Z  
> 1
I (a) = dz −
Z+ − Z− 0 z − Z+ z − Z−
p ! !
1 a 2 + a(a − 4) a(a − 4) + (a − 2)
I > (a) = − 2+ p log − (a − 2) log (a) , (258)
2 2 a(a − 4) 2

where in the case of a = 4, the equation above reduce to the result of Eq. (257). In the case
of a ≫ 4, i.e., m2g ≫ m2q we have that:

1 25 − 12 log(a)
I > (a ≫ 4) ≈ + + O(1/a3 ) (259)
3a 12 a2

2 2 2


m q 25 − 12 log m g / mq
I > (m2g ≫ 4m2q ) ≈ +
2 + O(1/m6g ) (260)
3 m2g 2
12 mg / mq2

2. Case: a < 4

a
p
For a < 4, we have complex poles in the Eq. (256), Z± = 1 − 2
± i 12 a (4 − a). From
Eq. (255) we obtain:

1
z(1 − z)2 z(1 − z)2
Z  
< 1
I (x, y) = dz − , (261)
2iy 0 z − (x + i y) z − (x − i y)
p
where, x = 1 − a/2 and y = a(4 − a)/2. After the integration, and restitution of variable
a, the Eq. (261) yields:

  " #!!
1 a 2 (2 − a (4 − a)) 2 2−a
I < (a) = − 2+ p ArcCsc √ + ArcTan p
2 2 a (4 − a) a a (4 − a)

− (a − 2) log (a) , (262)

45
 where in the case of a = 4, the equation above reduce to the result of Eq. (257). Any way,
both equations, (258) and (262), are equivalent due to the relations between the logarithm
and the trigonometric functions.
In the case of a ≪ 4, i.e., m2g ≪ 4 m2q (or m2g → 0), we have that:

√
< 1 π a 1
I (a ≪ 4) ≈ − − (1 + 2 log(a)) a + O(a2 ) (263)
2 2 2

 2   2 
mg mg
  
< 1 π mg 1
I (m2g ≪ 4m2q ) ≈ − − 1 + 2 log (264)
2 2 mq 2 m2q m2q

FIG. 8. ...

′ ′
!
d4 k i(k/ − /q1 + mq )σ β δi′ n′
Z  
iσ
= U (q2 ) (ig tci i′ (γ ν )σσ′ ) ig tan′ n (γ α )β ′ β
(2π)4 (k − q1 )2 − m2q + i ϵ
′
− igνν ′ δ c c
  h ′ i
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
× g f b c a g µν (2p + k)α + g ν α (− 2k − p)µ + g α µ (k − p)ν
(p + k)2 + i ϵ
′
− igα′ α δ a a
 
× U nβ (q1 )
k2 + i ϵ
ν σβ ′ ′
d4 k (γ )σσ′ (k/ − /q1 + mq ) (γ α )β ′ β
Z
iσ 3
f b c a tci n′ tan′ n


= U (q2 ) i g

(2π)4 (k − q1 )2 − m2q + i ϵ

[δνµ (2p + k)α − gνα (2k + p)µ + δαµ (k − p)ν ]

× U nβ (q1 ) (265)
((p + k)2 + i ϵ) (k 2 + i ϵ)

46
finally, from (249):

N g3 d4 k γ ν (k/ − /q1 + mq )γ α
 Z
= U(q2 ) − tb  
2 (2π)4 (k − q1 )2 − m2q + i ϵ [(p + k)2 + i ϵ] [k 2 + i ϵ]

× [δνµ (2p + k)α − gνα (2k + p)µ + δαµ (k − p)ν ] U(q1 ). (266)

Using the Eq. (3), the denominator of the equation above looks like [xA + yB + zC]3 ,
where A = k 2 + i ϵ, B = (p + k)2 + i ϵ, and C = (k − q1 )2 − m2q + i ϵ. Then, we have that:

[xA + yB + zC] = xk 2 + yp2 + 2y p.k + yk 2 + zk 2 − 2z k.q1 + z q12 − z m2q + iϵ , (267)

and recalling the relations: q12 = m2q , and p.q1 = − p.q2 = −p2 /2, we find that:

xA + yB + zC = (k + yp − zq1 )2 − (− xy p2 + z 2 m2q ),

= K 2 − ∆q . (268)

where K = k + yp − zq1 , and ∆q = − xy p2 + z 2 m2q .

Now we will proceed to analyze the numerator of the Eq. (266):

CORRIGIR

h i
N µ = U(q2 ) γ ν (k/ − /q1 + mq )γ α δνµ (2p + k)α − gνα (2k + p)µ + δαµ (k − p)µ U(q1 ) , (269)

that can be simplified using again the gamma matrices algebra and the relations with the

47
spinors. The product between the spinors can be rewrite like:

= γ µ k/(2p/ + k/) − γ µ /q1 (2p/ + k/) + mq γ µ (2p/ + k/) − γ ν k/γν (2k + p)µ + γ ν /q1 γν (2k + p)µ

− mq γ ν γν (2k + p)µ + (k/ − p/)k/γ µ − (k/ − p/)/q1 γ µ + mq (k/ − p/)γ µ

= 2γ µ k/ p/ + k 2 γ µ − 2γ µ /q1 p/ − γ µ /q1 k/ + 2 mq γ µ p/ + mq γ µ k/ + 2k/(2k + p)µ − 2/q1 (2k + p)µ

− 4 mq (2k + p)µ + k 2 γ µ − p/ k/γ µ − k/ /q1 γ µ + p/ /q1 γ µ + mq k/γ µ − mq p/γ µ

= 2γ µ k/ p/ − p/ k/γ µ + 2k 2 γ µ − 2γ µ (−p2 − p/ /q1 ) + p/ (2 q1µ − γ µ /q1 ) − (γ µ /q1 k/ + k/(2 q1µ − γ µ /q1 ))

+ 2 mq (2pµ − p/γ µ ) − mq p/γ µ + 2mq k µ + 2k/(2k + p)µ − 6mq (2k + p)µ

= 2γ µ k/ p/ − p/ k/γ µ + 2k 2 γ µ + 2 p2 γ µ + 2 mq γ µ p/ − 4 mq p/γ µ + (/q1 γ µ k/ − 4 q1µ k/ + mq k/γ µ )

+ 4 mq pµ + 2 mq k µ + 2k/(2k + p)µ − 6mq (2k + p)µ

=2γ µ k/ p/ − p/ k/γ µ + (2k 2 + 2 p2 )γ µ + 6 mq γ µ p/ − 4 mq pµ + (/q1 γ µ k/ − 4 q1µ k/ + mq k/γ µ )

+ 2 mq k µ + 2k/(2k + p)µ − 6 mq (2k + p)µ (270)

now, substituting k = K − yp + zq1 :

I → 2γ µ (K / − y p/ + z /q )γ µ
/ − y p/ + z /q ) p/ − p/ (K
1 1

→ − y p2 γ µ + 2 z γ µ (−p2 − p/ /q1 ) − z p/ (2 q1µ − γ µ /q1 ) + (∝ KOdd )

→ − (y + 2 z) p2 γ µ − 2 z mq (2 pµ − p/γ µ ) + z mq p/γ µ

→ [3 z m2q − (y + 2 z) p2 ]γ µ − 4 z mq pµ − 3 z mq /q1 γ µ

I → [6 z m2q − (y + 2 z) p2 ]γ µ − 4 z mq pµ − 6 z m2q q1µ , (271)

II → 2 [(K − yp + zq1 )2 + p2 ]γ µ

→2 [K 2 + y 2 p2 + z 2 m2q − 2 yz p.q1 + (∝ KOdd ) + p2 ]γ µ

II → 2 [K 2 + y 2 p2 + z 2 m2q + yz p2 + p2 ]γ µ , (272)

48
 III → 6 mq γ µ p/ − 4 mq pµ = 8 mq pµ − 6 mq p/γ µ

→ 8 mq pµ − 6 m2q γ µ + 6 mq /q1 γ µ

III → 8 mq pµ − 12 m2q γ µ + 12 mq q1µ , (273)

Using the Eq. (24), we can rewrite the factor /q1 γ µ k/ like:

µ µ µ µ µ
/q1 γ k/ = 2 k /q1 − 2 (q1 .k)γ + 2 q1 k/ − k/ γ /q1
µ µ µ µ µ
/q1 γ k/ = 2 mq k − mq k/γ + 2 q1 k/ − 2 (q1 .k)γ
µ µ µ µ µ µ
/q1 γ k/ − 4 q1 k/ + mq k/γ = 2 mq k − 2 q1 k/ − 2 (q1 .k)γ , (274)

where the equation above correspond to the factor IV . substituting k = K − yp + zq1 , we

have that:

IV → (/q1 γ µ k/ − 4 q1µ k/ + mq k/γ µ ) = 2 mq k µ − 2 q1µ k/ − 2 (q1 .k)γ µ

→ 2 mq (K µ − y pµ + z q1µ ) − 2 q1µ (K
/ − y p/ + z /q ) − 2 q1 .(K − yp + zq1 )γ µ
1

→ − 2 y mq pµ + 2 y q1µ p/ − y p2 γ µ − 2 z m2 γ µ + (∝ KOdd )

IV → − 2 y mq pµ − y p2 γ µ − 2 z m2 γ µ , (275)

V → 2 mq k µ + 2k/(2k + p)µ − 6 mq (2k + p)µ

/ − y p/ + z /q )(2 K µ + (1 − 2y) pµ + 2 z q1µ )

→ 2 mq (K µ − y pµ + z q1µ ) + 2 (K 1

− 6 mq (2 K µ + (1 − 2y) pµ + 2 z q1µ )

→ − 2 y mq pµ + (−10 z + 4 z 2 ) mq q1µ + 4 KK
/ µ + (∝ KOdd )

+ (−2 y + 2 z (1 − 2 y) − 6 (1 − 2 y)) mq pµ

4 2 µ
V → K γ + (−10 z + 4 z 2 ) mq q1µ + (10 y − 6 + 2 z − 4 y z) mq pµ (276)
d

49
 From Eqs. (271), (272), (273), (275) and (276), the numerator became:

  
µ 4
N = 2 2 2 2
+ 2 K + 2 (y + x(1 − y))p + 2 (z + 2 z − 6) mq U(q2 ) γ µ U(q1 ) +
d

2 (1 + 4 y − z − 2 yz) mq pµ + 4 (z 2 − 16 z + 3)mq q1µ U(q2 ) U(q1 )

 

  
4
= 2 2 2 2
+ 2 K + 2 (y + x(1 − y))p + 2 (z + 2 z − 6) mq U(q2 ) γ µ U(q1 ) +
d

(2 + 8 y − 2 z − 4 y z) mq q2µ + (10 − 8 y − 14 z + 4 y z + 4 z 2 ) mq q1µ U(q2 ) U(q1 ) .

 

(277)

In order to extract the AMM contribution we can rewrite:

    
a−b a+b
mq (a q2µ + b q1µ ) = mq (q2µ − q1µ ) + (q2µ + q1µ ) , (278)
2 2

where a = 2 + 8 y − 2 z − 4 y z and b = 10 − 8 y − 14 z + 4 y z + 4 z 2 . Recalling that

(q2µ + q1µ ) → 2 m γ µ − i σ µν pν , we will obtain:

 
a−b
= −4 + 8 y 6 z − 4 y z − 2 z 2 (279)
2
 
a+b
= 6 − 8 z + 2 z2 (280)
2

(In QED the term proportional to pµ do not contribute due to the Ward Identity)
At this point we know that the Eq. (278) contribute to the term proportional to γ µ of
the Eq. (277). However we are only interesting in the term proportional to i σ µν pν :

µ 2 µν
NAM M ∝ i mq [−2 z + 8 z + 6] pν U(q2 )σ U(q1 ) (281)

then, as we proceeded in the Eqs. (37), (38), (41) and (253), we can obtain the second
correction to the anomalous magnetic moment for the quark:

"Z #
αs 1 2(z 2 + 4 z − 3) m2q
F2 (p2 ) → − dx dy dz δ(x + y + z − 1)
, (282)
π 0 −xy p2 + z 2 m2q

50
that for p2 = 0:

1 2(z 2 + 4 z − 3) m2q
Z
2 αs
F2 (p = 0) → − dz dy dx δ(x + y + z − 1)
π 0 z 2 m2q
1
2 (1 − z)(z 2 + 4 z − 3)
Z
αs
→ − dz , (283)
π 0 z2
which has an infrared divergence for massless gluons.
In the case of massive gluons we have to change k 2 +i ϵ → k 2 −m2g +iϵ, and (p+k)2 +i ϵ →
(p + k)2 − m2g + i ϵ in the Eq. (266):

N g3 d4 k γ ν (k/ − /q1 + mq )γ α
 Z
= U(q2 ) − tb    
2 (2π)4 (k − q1 )2 − m2q + i ϵ (p + k)2 − m2g + i ϵ k 2 − m2g + i ϵ
h i
δνµ (2p + k)α − gνα (2k + p)µ + δαµ (k − p)µ U(q1 ). (284)

We can notice from the equation above that the only thing that changes for massive
gluons is the denominator. Using the Eqs. (267), (268) and (284), the massive gluon Delta
factor will be:

∆qmg = − xy p2 + z 2 m2q + (1 − z) m2g (285)

then, from Eqs. (38), (253) and (282), we can obtain the second correction to the anomalous
magnetic moment for the quark in the massive gluon case:

"Z #
αs 1 2(z 2 + 4 z − 3) m2q
F2 (p2 ) → − dx dy dz δ(x + y + z − 1)
, (286)
π 0 −xy p2 + z 2 m2q + (1 − z) m2g

that for p2 = 0:

1
2(z 2 + 4 z − 3)
Z
2 αs
F2 (p = 0) → − dz dy dx δ(x + y + z − 1)
π 0 z 2 + (1 − z) a
1
2 (1 − z)(z 2 + 4 z − 3)
Z
αs
→ − dz , (287)
π 0 z 2 + (1 − z) a
where a = m2g /m2q

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X. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

C. Mena would like to thank ... CAPES for Master and PhD fellowships. This work was
partially supported by the Brazilian agencies CNPq, CAPES and FAPERJ.

[1] O. Oliveira and P. J. Silva, Phys. Rev. D 86, 114513 (2012), arXiv:1207.3029 [hep-lat].
[2] D. Dudal, O. Oliveira, and P. J. Silva, Annals of Physics 397, 351 (2018).
[3] P. A. Zyla et al. (Particle Data Group), PTEP 2020, 083C01 (2020).

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