Elements of Mechanical Engineering

MK4I

6. Antifriction Bearings 6.1 Classification of Bearings:

6.1 Classification of Bearings: Sliding contact & rolling
contact.
6.2 Terminology of Ball bearings: life load relationship,
basic static load rating and basic dynamic load rating,
limiting speed.
6.3 Selection of ball bearings using manufacturer's
catalog.

)
KP
6.4 Introduction to linear bearings.

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative *The lubricant used to separate the journal and bearing is usually
motion to only the desired motion, and reduces friction a mineral oil refined from petroleum, but vegetable oils, silicon

AR
between moving parts. oils, greases etc., may be used.
OR
Sliding Contact Bearing:
Bearing is a mechanical element that permits relative
motion between two parts, such as the shaft and the

t(
housing, with minimum friction.

The functions of the bearing are as follows:

ep
i. The bearing ensures free rotation of the shaft or the
axle with minimum friction.
ii. The bearing supports the shaft or the axle and holds
D
it in the correct position. The sliding contact bearing is a type of bearing where
iii. The bearing takes up the forces that act on the shaft relative sliding motion is seen between the elements in
or the axle and transmits them to the frame or the contact. The sliding contact bearings are also known as
cs

foundation. Journal bearings, sleeve bearings, and plain bearings.

iv. A bearing permits controlled direction of motion (i.e.
locate the moving parts in correct position) Application of Sliding Contact Bearings:
ni

v. In some cases to carry away the heat generated (with i. Centrifugal pumps
the help of lubrication* provided). ii. Large size electric motors
ro

vi. The bearing plays an important role in the machine iii. Steam and gas turbine
assembly to transmit motion with minimum possible iv. Crankshaft bearings in petrol and diesel engine
at

vibrations. v. Concrete mixtures

vi. Rope conveyors
Desirable properties of bearing material. vii. Marine industries in installation
h

i. It should have low coefficient of friction

Rolling Contact Bearing:
ec

ii. It should have high embeddability

iii. It should have low thermal expansion The rolling contact bearing
iv. It should have good conformability is a type of bearing where
the rolling element is used to
M

v. It should have high compressive strength

vi. It should have high corrosion resistance reduce friction. In this type
vii. It should have high fatigue strength of bearing, elements in
viii. It should have high thermal conductivity contact will not slide over
ix. It should have high elasticity each other but roll. A rolling
x. It should be soft enough to prevent damage to the contact bearing is known as
shaft but should be hard enough to prevent abrasion an antifriction bearing.

1
 Elements of Mechanical Engineering
MK4I

Types of Roller Contact Bearing:

Name Diagram Advantages Disadvantages Application

Deep i.High load carrying capacity. i.This bearing is not self- Application: Electric
Groove Ball ii.Takes loads in the radial as aligning. Motor
Bearing well as axial direction. ii.It has poor rigidity Reason: Capacity to
iii.Frictional loss and resultant iii.It is not suitable for take heavily axial load

)
KP
temperature rise is less. machine tool spindles with high rotational
iv.Excellent performance, in where rigidity is speed
high speed applications. important.
v.Generates less noise.

AR
Cylindrical i. Radial load carrying i. It cannot take thrust

t(
Roller capacity is very high. load.
Bearing ii. It is more rigid than ball ii. It is not self-aligning.
bearings. iii. It generates more noise.

ep
iii. The coefficient of friction is
low and frictional loss is less
in high-speed applications.
D
cs

Angular i. It can take both radial and i. Two bearings are

Contact thrust loads. required to take thrust
ni

Bearing ii. It can carry relatively large load in both directions.

axial and radial loads. ii. It should be mounted
ro

without axial play.

iii. It requires initial
pre-loading.
h at
ec

Taper i. It can take heavy radial and i. It is necessary to use Application: axle
Roller thrust loads. two taper roller bearings housing of automobile
Bearing ii. It is more rigidity. on the shaft to balance Reason: Ability to take
M

iii. It can be easily assembled the axial force. high radial load as well
and disassembled. ii.Adjustment of axial as thrust load
position is required.
iii. It cannot tolerate
misalignment.
iv. Taper roller bearings
are costly.

2
 Elements of Mechanical Engineering
MK4I

Thrust Ball i.It carries thrust load in only
Bearing one direction.
ii.High thrust load carrying
capacity in smaller space.
i. It cannot take radial Application: Clutch of
load. automobile
ii. It is not self-aligning.. Reason: Ability to
iii. Their performance is combine radial & axial
satisfactory at low and load with min. speed
medium speeds.
iv. Thrust ball bearings do

)
not operate as well on

KP
horizontal shafts as they
do on vertical shafts.
v. It requires continuous
pressure applied.

AR
Needle i. Easy Replacement. i. More Noise. Application:
Roller ii. Compact and lightweight. ii.The structure of the Differential of
Bearing iii. Large load carrying bearing seat is complex. automobile

t(
capacity. iii. The cost is high. Reason: Takes less
iv. Low fatigue strength. radial space. It has high
radial load carrying

ep capacity.
D
cs
ni
ro
h at
ec
M

3
 Elements of Mechanical Engineering
MK4I

6.2 Terminology of Ball bearings: p = 10/3 (for roller bearings

1. Basic Static Load Rating:
The basic static load rating is defined as the static radial The relationship between life in million revolutions
load which corresponds to a total permanent and life in working hours is given by
deformation of the ball (or roller) and race, at the most
heavily stressed contact, equal to 0.0001 times the ball
diameter.
2. Basic Dynamic Load Rating:

)
The basic dynamic load rating is defined as the constant

KP
Where,
stationary radial load which a group of apparently
L10h rated bearing life (hours)
identical bearings with a stationary outer ring can
n = speed of rotation (rpm)
endure for a rating life of one million revolutions.) with

AR
only 10 per cent failure.
3. Life of a Bearing: 6.3 Selection of ball bearings using
The life of an individual ball (or roller) bearing may be manufacturer's catalog.
defined as the number of revolutions (or hours at some 1) Calculate radial and axial forces and determine

t(
given constant speed) which the bearing runs before the diagram of shaft.
first evidence of fatigue develops in the material .
2) Select proper type of bearing, Start with extra light
4. Dynamic Equivalent Load for Rolling Contact

ep
Bearings: series for given diagram, go by trial of error method.
The dynamic equivalent load may be defined as the 3) Find value of basic static capacity (Co) of selected
constant stationary radial load which, if applied to a
D
bearing from catalog.
bearing with rotating inner ring and stationary outer
4) Calculate ratios Fa/Fr and Fa/Co.
ring, would give the same life as that which the bearing
will attain under the actual conditions of load . 5) Calculate values of radial and thrust factors.(X & Y)
cs

5. Bearing Characteristics Number: from catalog.

The factor ZN / p is termed as bearing characteristic
7) Calculate equivalent dynamic load using relation. Pe
ni

number and is a dimensionless number. The variation of

coefficient of friction with the operating values of = (X Fr + YFa)
bearing characteristic number (ZN / p) helps to predict
ro

8) Decide expected life of bearing considering

the performance of a bearing.
application. Express life in million revolutions L10.
6. Limiting Speed:
at

It is the empirically obtained value for the 9) Calculate required basic dynamic capacity for bearing
maximum speed at which bearings can be by relation.
h

continuously operated without failing from seizure

10) Check whether the selected bearing has req.
or generation of excessive heat.
ec

7. Load Life Relationship: dynamic capacity, if not select the bearing of next series
The relationship between the dynamic load and repeat procedure from step-4
carrying capacity, the equivalent dynamic load, and
OR
M

the bearing life is given by,

L10 = rated bearing life (in million revolutions)

C = dynamic load capacity (N), and
p = 3 (for ball bearings)

4
 Elements of Mechanical Engineering
MK4I

c) They are more expensive.

d) They require more maintenance.
Applications:
a) Linear guides are used on CNC machines to
help create precise, repeatable cuts.
b) 3D printers uses linear guides to improve the
accuracy of their prints.
c) Linear Bearings are used in MRI machines and

)
CT scanners to move the table during the

KP
scanning process.
d) Linear bearings is used in robotic grippers.

Differentiate between Rolling contact bearings and

AR
Sliding contact bearing.
Sr. Rolling contact Sliding contact
No. bearings bearing

t(
Low starting and
01 High starting friction.
running friction.

ep 02
Accuracy of shaft
alignment is more.
Accuracy of alignment
low.
D
Higher initial cost Low initial cost but
03 but low maintenance high maintenance
cost. cost.
cs

6.4 Introduction to Linear Bearing Compact

04 Mostly big in size.
Linear bearings are a type of bearing that "bear" or dimensions.
ni

support the load of the carriage during its single-axis

linear movement and provide a low friction sliding Low resistance to More Resistant to
05
shock loading shock loading.
surface for the guide rails.
ro

Differentiate between Ball bearings and Roller

bearing.
at

Sr.
Ball bearings Roller bearing
No.
h

Low load carrying High load carrying

ec

01
Advantages: capacity. capacity.
a) Self-lubrication Rolling elements are Rolling elements are
02
M

b) Shock Resistance spherical balls. taper rollers.

c) Corrosion Resistance
d) Dirt Resistance Low initial cost and High initial cost and
03
e) Quiet Operation maintenance cost maintenance cost.
f) Light weight
Radial dimensions Axial dimensions are
Disadvantages: 04
are more. more.
a) The carrying capacity is relatively small.
b) The stability is somewhat weaker 05 Point contact. Line contact.

5
 Elements of Mechanical Engineering
MK4I

)
KP
AR
t(
ep
D
cs
ni
ro
hat
ec
M