Critical Thinking

CRITICAL THINKING
1 What does it mean for an intervention strategy to be "culturally appropriate"?
A. It uses advanced technology regardless of cultural context
B. It aligns with the cultural beliefs, values, and practices of the target population
C. It is designed to be universally applicable without regard to cultural differences
D. It is focused on a single cultural group to the exclusion of others Answer: B. It aligns with
the cultural beliefs, values, and practices of the target population
2 Which of the following is a key component of culturally appropriate intervention
strategies?
A. Ignoring cultural differences to ensure uniformity
B. Collaborating with community leaders and stakeholders
C. Using generic messages that apply to all cultures
D. Relying solely on technology to deliver interventions Answer: B. Collaborating with
community leaders and stakeholders
3 Why is community involvement important in culturally appropriate interventions?
A. It ensures that the community has ownership and input into the intervention
B. It reduces the cost of the intervention
C. It guarantees government funding

D. It creates a hierarchical structure within the community Answer: A. It ensures that the
community has ownership and input into the intervention
4 Which of the following is an example of a culturally appropriate health intervention?
A. A health campaign conducted in the local language or dialect
B. A standard health message that is translated into English
C. An intervention designed without community input
D. A program that disregards cultural norms to promote efficiency Answer: A. A health
campaign conducted in the local language or dialect
5 Culturally appropriate intervention strategies often include:
A. Ignoring traditional beliefs and practices
B. Incorporating cultural norms and values into program design
C. Using a one-size-fits-all approach
D. Replacing cultural practices with Western medical approaches Answer: B. Incorporating
cultural norms and values into program design
6 Who is considered the founder of professional nursing in Ghana?
A. Florence Nightingale
B. Mary Seacole
C. Agnes Yewande Savage
D. Annie JiaggeAnswer: C. Agnes Yewande Savage

7 In which decade was the first formal nursing school established in Ghana?
A. 1940s
B. 1950s
C. 1960s
D. 1970s Answer: B. 1950s
8 What was the primary focus of nursing in Ghana during the early years?
A. Specialized medical care
B. Community health and primary care
C. Administrative roles
D. Research and development Answer: B. Community health and primary care
9 Which of the following institutions played a significant role in the development of nursing
education in Ghana?
A. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital
B. University of Ghana
C. Nightingale School of Nursing
D. Cape Coast Teaching Hospital Answer: B. University of Ghana
1o Which major event in the 1980s significantly influenced the evolution of nursing in
Ghana?
A. Establishment of the Ghana Nurses and Midwives Council

B. Introduction of modern nursing technology
C. The nationalization of healthcare services
D. International collaboration with global nursing organizations Answer: A. Establishment of
the Ghana Nurses and Midwives Council
11 How does Virginia Henderson's Need Theory primarily define nursing?
A. Providing medical care to patients
B. Assisting individuals in performing activities contributing to health or recovery
C. Administering medication and treatments as prescribed by a physician
D. Managing healthcare facilities and systems Answer: B. Assisting individuals in performing
activities contributing to health or recovery
12 Which of the following is NOT one of the 14 basic needs outlined in Henderson's Need
Theory?
A. Breathing
B. Communicating
C. Managing finances
D. Sleeping Answer: C. Managing finances
13 What is the ultimate goal of nursing according to Virginia Henderson's Need Theory?
A. To ensure patients' compliance with medical treatment
B. To assist patients in gaining independence in meeting their basic needs

C. To establish long-term dependency on nursing care
D. To increase the efficiency of healthcare delivery Answer: B. To assist patients in gaining
independence in meeting their basic needs
14 In Henderson's Need Theory, what role does the nurse play in the care process?
A. The nurse provides care only when a patient cannot perform a specific activity
B. The nurse acts as a substitute, helper, or partner to support patient independence
C. The nurse is primarily responsible for decision-making and treatment planning
D. The nurse's role is limited to administrative tasks Answer: B. The nurse acts as a substitute,
helper, or partner to support patient independence
15 Which of the following basic needs is associated with maintaining body temperature
within a normal range?
A. Dressing appropriately
B. Keeping the environment clean and safe
C. Regulating clothing and adjusting to environmental conditions
D. Properly disposing of waste Answer: C. Regulating clothing and adjusting to
environmental conditions
16 Which of the following best describes grand nursing theories?
A. Theories that are limited to specific clinical situations
B. Theories that provide a broad framework for nursing practice and research
C. Theories focused on specific nursing skills or tasks
D. Theories exclusively related to nursing management and administration Answer: B. Theories
that provide a broad framework for nursing practice and research
17 Who among the following is a well-known grand nursing theorist?
B. Virginia Henderson
C. Dorothea Orem
D. All of the above Answer: D. All of the above
18 Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory is considered a grand nursing theory
because:
A. It describes the interaction between nurses and patients
B. It focuses on the concept of self-care and nursing's role in addressing deficits
C. It provides a comprehensive framework for understanding nursing care
D. It emphasizes the physical aspects of nursing Answer: C. It provides a comprehensive
framework for understanding nursing care
19 Which of the following theories focuses on the concept of adaptation as a key aspect of
nursing care?
A. Roy's Adaptation Model
B. Watson's Theory of Human Caring

C. King's Theory of Goal Attainment
D. Neuman's Systems Model Answer: A. Roy's Adaptation Model
20 Leininger's Theory of Cultural Care is considered a grand nursing theory because it:
A. Addresses the cultural aspects of patient care
B. Focuses on specific nursing practices
C. Limits itself to a single cultural context
D. Has applications in only a few areas of nursing Answer: A. Addresses the cultural aspects
of patient care
21 Which of the following best describes grand nursing theories?
A. Theories that are limited to specific clinical situations
B. Theories that provide a broad framework for nursing practice and research
C. Theories focused on specific nursing skills or tasks
D. Theories exclusively related to nursing management and administration Answer: B. Theories
that provide a broad framework for nursing practice and research
22 Who among the following is a well-known grand nursing theorist?
B. Virginia Henderson
C. Dorothea Orem
D. All of the above Answer: D. All of the above

23 Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory is considered a grand nursing theory
because:
A. It describes the interaction between nurses and patients
B. It focuses on the concept of self-care and nursing's role in addressing deficits
C. It provides a comprehensive framework for understanding nursing care
D. It emphasizes the physical aspects of nursing Answer: C. It provides a comprehensive
framework for understanding nursing care
24 Which of the following theories focuses on the concept of adaptation as a key aspect of
nursing care?
A. Roy's Adaptation Model
B. Watson's Theory of Human Caring
C. King's Theory of Goal Attainment
D. Neuman's Systems Model Answer: A. Roy's Adaptation Model
25 Leininger's Theory of Cultural Care is considered a grand nursing theory because it:
A. Addresses the cultural aspects of patient care
B. Focuses on specific nursing practices
C. Limits itself to a single cultural context
D. Has applications in only a few areas of nursing Answer: A. Addresses the cultural aspects
of patient care
26 Which of the following best defines a mid-range nursing theory?
a. A theory that provides a broad, general explanation of nursing practice
b. A theory that focuses on a specific aspect of nursing practice
c. A theory that explains human behavior in a broad context
d. A theory that primarily addresses philosophical aspects of nursing Answer: b. A theory that
focuses on a specific aspect of nursing practice
27 Who developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory, a commonly referenced mid-range nursing
theory?
a. Jean Watson
b. Virginia Henderson
c. Dorothea Orem
d. Hildegard Peplau Answer: c. Dorothea Orem
28 According to the Theory of Goal Attainment, who is primarily responsible for
establishing goals in a nurse-patient relationship?
a. The nurse
b. The patient
c. Both the nurse and the patient collaboratively
d. The healthcare team Answer: c. Both the nurse and the patient collaboratively
29 Which of the following theories is associated with the concept of adaptation in nursing?
a. Roy's Adaptation Model
b. Orlando's Nursing Process Theory
c. Leininger's Theory of Culture Care
d. Parse's Human Becoming Theory Answer: a. Roy's Adaptation Model
30 What is the primary focus of Pender's Health Promotion Model?
a. Promotion of healthy behavior and prevention of illness
b. Treatment of existing conditions
c. Rehabilitating patients after illness or injury
d. Managing chronic diseases Answer: a. Promotion of healthy behavior and prevention of
illness
31 What are the four primary techniques used in physical assessment?
A) Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, Palpation
B) Inspection, Reflection, Palpation, Auscultation
C) Observation, Percussion, Palpation, Interpretation
D) Inspection, Inquiry, Palpation, Auscultation
32 Which of the following data is considered subjective?
A) Patient's temperature
B) Patient's complaint of pain
C) Blood pressure reading

D) Laboratory test results
Diagnosis:
33. Which of the following is a correct format for a nursing diagnosis?
A) "Risk for Infection related to surgical procedure"
B) "Patient has a fever"
C) "Diagnosis of Diabetes"
D) "Fever due to infection"
34 What is the primary source for formulating nursing diagnoses?
A) Doctor's orders
B) Nurse's intuition
C) Patient assessment data
D) Family history
Planning:
35 . Which of the following is a correctly written goal in a care plan?
A) "Patient's pain will be reduced to a manageable level."
B) "Patient will have less pain."
C) "Patient's pain will be 3 or below on a 1-10 scale within 2 hours."
D) "Nurse will administer pain medication."

36 What is a key characteristic of an effective nursing care plan goal?
A) It is specific and measurable.
B) It is flexible and vague.
C) It is aligned with physician's treatment plan only.
D) It is open-ended and non-specific.
Implementation:
37 What should a nurse do before implementing any intervention?
A) Confirm with the patient
B) Verify the doctor's orders
C) Gather all necessary supplies
D) All of the above
38 During implementation, which of the following should the nurse document?
A) Actions taken
B) Patient's response to the intervention
C) Changes in the care plan
D) All of the above
Evaluation:
39. What is the primary purpose of the evaluation step in the Nursing Process?
A) To determine if the goals of the care plan have been met
B) To decide whether to discharge the patient
C) To assess the nurse's performance
D) To update the doctor's orders
40 If an evaluation reveals that a goal has not been met, what should the nurse do?
A) Repeat the same intervention
B) Adjust the care plan and re-evaluate later
C) Ignore the goal and focus on other areas
D) Report the failure to the nursing supervisor
ANSWERES
What are the four primary techniques used in physical assessment?
A) Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, Palpation
Which of the following data is considered subjective?
B) Patient's complaint of pain
Diagnosis:
3. Which of the following is a correct format for a nursing diagnosis?
A) "Risk for Infection related to surgical procedure"
What is the primary source for formulating nursing diagnoses?

C) Patient assessment data
Planning:
5. Which of the following is a correctly written goal in a care plan?
C) "Patient's pain will be 3 or below on a 1-10 scale within 2 hours."
What is a key characteristic of an effective nursing care plan goal?
A) It is specific and measurable.
Implementation:
7. What should a nurse do before implementing any intervention?
D) All of the above
During implementation, which of the following should the nurse document?
D) All of the above
Evaluation:
9. What is the primary purpose of the evaluation step in the Nursing Process?
A) To determine if the goals of the care plan have been met
If an evaluation reveals that a goal has not been met, what should the nurse do?
B) Adjust the care plan and re-evaluate later
Sample question answer
Nursing Process Intervention

Assessment - Assess respiratory status: observe for rate, depth, and pattern of breathing. - Check oxygen
Nursing Process Intervention
saturation with a pulse oximeter. - Evaluate for other signs of respiratory distress: accessory
muscle use, retractions, cyanosis, and abnormal breath sounds (wheezing, crackling, or diminished
sounds). - Obtain vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature). -
Gather information on medical history and medication compliance.
- Identify nursing diagnoses related to the patient's condition, such as "Impaired Gas Exchange
related to exacerbation of COPD" or "Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to respiratory distress."
 - Include supporting data from the assessment, such as oxygen saturation, respiratory rate,
Diagnosis and cyanosis.
- Set immediate goals: Stabilize the patient's oxygen saturation, and alleviate respiratory distress.
 - Create a care plan that involves rapid intervention and monitoring. Ensure emergency
Planning equipment is readily available.
- Administer supplemental oxygen via appropriate method (e.g., nasal cannula, non-rebreather
mask, or BiPAP, as per clinical judgment and protocol). - Position the patient to maximize lun
expansion (e.g., high Fowler's position). - Administer prescribed bronchodilators or other
respiratory medications, such as inhalers or nebulized treatments. - Monitor vital signs and
oxygen saturation continuously, intervening if they continue to worsen. - Notify the healthcar
team, especially the respiratory therapist, and prepare for possible escalation to intensive care or
intubation if the patient doesn't improve. - Reassure the patient to reduce anxiety, which may
Implementation exacerbate respiratory distress.
- Continuously evaluate the patient's response to interventions. - Assess if oxygen saturation
has improved or is stable. - Check for reduction in respiratory distress signs (e.g., reduced
accessory muscle use, improved breath sounds). - If the patient shows improvement, continu
Evaluation monitoring and provide ongoing respiratory therapy as needed. If not, escalate to higher-level care
Nursing diagnose
Nursing Diagnosis Nursing Care Plan

Assessment: - Monitor respiratory rate, depth, pattern, and effort.
 - Auscultate breath sounds for wheezing, crackles, or diminished
sounds. - Check oxygen saturation levels with a pulse oximeter. 
Planning: - Goal: The patient will demonstrate an effective breathing
pattern with reduced respiratory distress within 24 hours. 
Implementation: - Position the patient to promote optimal lung
expansion (e.g., high Fowler's). - Administer prescribed
bronchodilators and corticosteroids. - Encourage controlled breathing
techniques (e.g., pursed-lip breathing). - Provide supplemental oxyge
as needed, ensuring correct flow rate and delivery method. - Reassure
the patient and reduce sources of anxiety. Evaluation: - Assess
Ineffective Breathing Pattern related for improvements in respiratory pattern, reduced accessory muscle use, and
to airway obstruction and decreased improved oxygen saturation. - Determine if the patient can maintain
lung function. an effective breathing pattern with reduced respiratory distress.
Nursing Diagnosis Nursing Care Plan
Assessment: - Monitor oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and level
of consciousness. - Observe for signs of cyanosis or other indications
of poor oxygenation. Planning: - Goal: The patient will
demonstrate improved gas exchange with oxygen saturation above 90%
within 24 hours. Implementation: - Administer supplemental
oxygen as prescribed. - Implement respiratory therapy interventions,
including bronchodilators and nebulization, as indicated. - Position th
patient to maximize lung expansion and promote drainage of secretions.
 - Engage respiratory therapy services for additional support. 
Evaluation: - Assess for improvements in oxygen saturation,
Impaired Gas Exchange related to respiratory rate, and cyanosis. - Determine if the patient maintains
ventilation-perfusion imbalance. appropriate oxygen saturation without significant respiratory distress.
Assessment: - Evaluate the patient's tolerance for activities such as
ambulation or self-care. - Monitor oxygen saturation during and after
activity. - Assess for signs of fatigue or shortness of breath during
physical exertion. Planning: - Goal: The patient will demonstrat
improved tolerance for activity with stable oxygen saturation during
exertion within 48 hours. Implementation: - Encourage rest
periods and gradual progression of activity. - Provide assistance with
activities of daily living (ADLs) as needed. - Encourage energy-saving
techniques for ADLs. - Monitor oxygen saturation during activity and
Activity Intolerance related to provide supplemental oxygen as required. Evaluation: - Assess
decreased oxygenation and increased if the patient can tolerate increasing levels of activity without significant
energy demands of breathing. drops in oxygen saturation or increased respiratory distress.
Assessment: - Assess the patient's dietary intake, appetite, and weigh
changes. - Evaluate for factors affecting eating, such as difficulty
breathing while eating or fatigue. Planning: - Goal: The patient
will maintain adequate nutritional intake and stabilize weight within one
week. Implementation: - Encourage smaller, frequent meals to
reduce breathing effort during eating. - Provide high-calorie, high-
protein snacks and supplements if needed. - Collaborate with a
dietitian for individualized meal planning and nutritional advice. -
Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Monitor daily weight and dietary intake. - Address underlying factors
Requirements related to increased affecting nutrition, such as nausea, difficulty breathing, or medication side
energy expenditure, difficulty effects. Evaluation: - Assess for improved nutritional intake,
breathing while eating, and reduced weight stabilization, and patient satisfaction with meal planning. -
appetite. Determine if the patient maintains or gains weight with a balanced diet.

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CRITICAL THINKING

1 What does it mean for an intervention strategy to be "culturally appropriate"?

A. It uses advanced technology regardless of cultural context

C. It is designed to be universally applicable without regard to cultural differences

the cultural beliefs, values, and practices of the target population

2 Which of the following is a key component of culturally appropriate intervention

A. Ignoring cultural differences to ensure uniformity

B. Collaborating with community leaders and stakeholders

C. Using generic messages that apply to all cultures

D. Relying solely on technology to deliver interventions Answer: B. Collaborating with

community leaders and stakeholders

3 Why is community involvement important in culturally appropriate interventions?

B. It reduces the cost of the intervention

C. It guarantees government funding

community has ownership and input into the intervention

4 Which of the following is an example of a culturally appropriate health intervention?

A. A health campaign conducted in the local language or dialect

B. A standard health message that is translated into English

C. An intervention designed without community input

D. A program that disregards cultural norms to promote efficiency Answer: A. A health

campaign conducted in the local language or dialect

5 Culturally appropriate intervention strategies often include:

A. Ignoring traditional beliefs and practices

B. Incorporating cultural norms and values into program design

C. Using a one-size-fits-all approach

D. Replacing cultural practices with Western medical approaches Answer: B. Incorporating

cultural norms and values into program design

6 Who is considered the founder of professional nursing in Ghana?

C. Agnes Yewande Savage

D. Annie JiaggeAnswer: C. Agnes Yewande Savage

D. 1970s Answer: B. 1950s

A. Specialized medical care

B. Community health and primary care

D. Research and development Answer: B. Community health and primary care

A. Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital

C. Nightingale School of Nursing

D. Cape Coast Teaching Hospital Answer: B. University of Ghana

A. Establishment of the Ghana Nurses and Midwives Council

C. The nationalization of healthcare services

D. International collaboration with global nursing organizations Answer: A. Establishment of

the Ghana Nurses and Midwives Council

11 How does Virginia Henderson's Need Theory primarily define nursing?

A. Providing medical care to patients

B. Assisting individuals in performing activities contributing to health or recovery

C. Administering medication and treatments as prescribed by a physician

D. Managing healthcare facilities and systems Answer: B. Assisting individuals in performing

activities contributing to health or recovery

D. Sleeping Answer: C. Managing finances

A. To ensure patients' compliance with medical treatment

B. To assist patients in gaining independence in meeting their basic needs

D. To increase the efficiency of healthcare delivery Answer: B. To assist patients in gaining

independence in meeting their basic needs

B. The nurse acts as a substitute, helper, or partner to support patient independence

C. The nurse is primarily responsible for decision-making and treatment planning

helper, or partner to support patient independence

within a normal range?

B. Keeping the environment clean and safe

C. Regulating clothing and adjusting to environmental conditions

D. Properly disposing of waste Answer: C. Regulating clothing and adjusting to

16 Which of the following best describes grand nursing theories?

A. Theories that are limited to specific clinical situations

D. Theories exclusively related to nursing management and administration Answer: B. Theories

that provide a broad framework for nursing practice and research

17 Who among the following is a well-known grand nursing theorist?