1.

Diagram from Chapter 1 (STS Diagram)

2. Historical Antecedents ( From Ancient Times to Fourth Industrial Revolution- Isa lang ang isasama sa
essay)
Science and Technology in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is a way of describing the blurring of boundaries between the physical,
digital, and biological worlds. It’s a fusion of advances in artificial intelligence (AI) , robotics, the
Internet of Things (IoT) , 3Dprinting , genetic engineering, quantum computing, and other
technologies. It’s the collective force behind many products and services that are fast becoming
indispensable to modern life. Think GPS systems that suggest the fastest route to a destination.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution represents a monumental shift in human progress, where the
boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological worlds are becoming increasingly blurred. At its
core, this revolution is propelled by the convergence of groundbreaking technologies such as artificial
intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic engineering, and quantum
computing. These advancements collectively drive innovation across industries, revolutionizing how we
live, work, and interact with the world.
One of the central pillars of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the unprecedented level of connectivity
and automation facilitated by AI and IoT. AI algorithms sift through vast amounts of data to extract
valuable insights, while IoT devices seamlessly communicate and interact with one another, creating an
interconnected network. Meanwhile, robotics, empowered by AI, automate tasks with precision and
efficiency, transforming industries ranging from manufacturing to healthcare. Additionally, 3D printing
enables rapid prototyping and customization, revolutionizing traditional manufacturing processes.
While the Fourth Industrial Revolution offers immense opportunities for progress, it also presents
significant challenges. Ethical concerns surrounding data privacy, job displacement, and the equitable
distribution of benefits must be addressed. Furthermore, as genetic engineering and quantum
computing push the boundaries of what is possible, questions regarding safety, regulation, and societal
impact arise. Despite these challenges, by navigating them thoughtfully and collaboratively, humanity
can harness the transformative potential of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to create a future that is
more prosperous, inclusive, and sustainable for all.

3. Intellectual/ Scientific Revolution ( Copernican Revolution, Darwinian Revolution,

Freudian Revolution ONLY)

What is Intellectual Revolution?

Greek speculation about ‘nature’
Knownas “pre-Socratic” or “non-theological or “first philosophy”
Three characteristics of this philosophy
1.The world is a natural whole
2.There is natural ‘order’
3.Humans can ‘discover’ those laws
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish scholar working at the University of Padua in northern Italy.
The problem he wrestled with was the paths of planetary orbits.
Astronomer and mathematician
Adopted the ‘Heliocentric Model’
Published an essay ‘On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres’
Aristotle, however, believed that the earth is the true center of all the orbitals (Geocentric
Model) carrying the heavenly bodies and all motions are uniform and unchanging
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
 Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution
• Suggested that all organisms are related and have descended from a common ancestor
• Explains that complex creatures evolved naturally from simplistic ancestors over time

• Proposed the “Natural selection” organisms survived due to random genetic mutations leading to the
preservation of their descendants
• Survival of the Fittest, the better adapted a species is, the more fitted it is to reproduce

FRUEDIAN REVOLUTION
Sigmund Freud “Father of Psychoanalysis”
• Believed that when people explain their behavior, they rarely give a true account of their motivation,
not because they are deliberately lying, but because they are more adept at self deception.
• Freud’s structural theory of personality emphasizes the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in
shaping behavior and personality.
4. Programs Implemented and laws passed by our former Presidents ( Less than 5 lang ang kailangan sa
Essay)

President Marcos made significant contributions to the advancement of science and technology in the
Philippines during his tenure. Recognizing the pivotal role of science and technology in national
development, he prioritized its promotion and integration into various sectors. Mandating the
Department of Education, now known as DepEd, to emphasize science courses in public high schools
underscored his commitment to fostering scientific education among the youth. Furthermore, his
proclamation of a 35-hectare lot in Bicutan, Taguig, as the Philippine Science Community, which later
became the site for the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), provided a centralized hub for
scientific research and innovation. President Marcos also facilitated the modernization of key industries,
such as coconut farming, by establishing the Philippine Coconut Research Institute. Additionally, he
spearheaded the creation of various agencies and organizations, including the National Food Authority
(NFA), Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), and the
National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), aimed at consolidating scientific expertise and
resources within the country. Moreover, his establishment of Philippine Science High Schools in
Mindanao and Visayas addressed the need for specialized education in science and technology across
different regions. Through these initiatives, President Marcos laid down a foundation for scientific
advancement and technological progress in the Philippines, leaving a lasting impact on the nation's
development trajectory.

President Cory Aquino made significant contributions to the advancement of science and technology in
the Philippines during her presidency. In 1986, she renamed the National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST) to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), elevating the science and
technology sector's representation in the cabinet, thus ensuring its integral role in the country's
sustainable economic recovery and growth. Under her administration, the Science and Technology
Master Plan was formulated by DOST, aiming to modernize the production sector, enhance research
activities, and develop infrastructure for science and technology centers. The reorganization of the
National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) into DOST brought about several agencies under
cabinet-level supervision, including PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical
Service Administration), PHIVOLCS (Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology), PSHS (Philippine
Science High School System), STII (Science Technology Information Institutes), SEI (Science Education
Institute), TAPI (Technology Application and Promotion Institute), and TRC (Technology Resource
Center). These efforts underscored President Aquino's commitment to promoting scientific
advancement and technological innovation for the country's development.
The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in the Philippines has been a cornerstone of national
development, with its roots tracing back to initiatives undertaken during the presidency of Ferdinand
Marcos. Recognizing the importance of science and technology, Marcos mandated the promotion of
science courses in public high schools and established the Philippine Science Community in Bicutan,
Taguig, serving as a hub for scientific research. Furthermore, he laid the groundwork for scientific
advancement by establishing agencies like the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) and
initiating efforts to modernize key industries such as coconut farming.
Under the administration of Corazon Aquino, the DOST underwent significant evolution, symbolized by
the renaming of NAST to DOST. This move elevated the sector's representation in the cabinet,
emphasizing its crucial role in the country's economic recovery and growth. The formulation of the
Science and Technology Master Plan aimed to update production sectors, enhance research activities,
and develop infrastructure for science and technology centers. Additionally, the reorganization of the
National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) into DOST brought several agencies under cabinet-
level supervision, including PAGASA, PHIVOLCS, and the Philippine Science High School System (PSHS),
further bolstering the country's scientific capabilities.
These advancements under both Marcos and Aquino administrations have been pivotal in driving
scientific research, technological innovation, and sustainable development in the Philippines. From
establishing educational initiatives to fostering a conducive environment for scientific inquiry and
technological progress, the DOST has played a central role in shaping the nation's future. Through
agencies like PAGASA, PHIVOLCS, and PSHS, along with initiatives to modernize industries and promote
scientific education, the Philippines has continued its journey towards becoming a hub of innovation and
scientific excellence in the region.

1. Under President Ferdinand Marcos:

 Mandating the promotion of science courses in public high schools.
 Establishment of the Philippine Science Community in Bicutan, Taguig.
 Creation of agencies like the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST).
 Initiatives to modernize industries such as coconut farming.
2. Under President Corazon Aquino:
 Renaming NAST to DOST, elevating its status.
 Formulation of the Science and Technology Master Plan.
 Reorganization of the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) into DOST.
 Establishment of agencies under DOST's cabinet-level supervision, including PAGASA,
PHIVOLCS, and the Philippine Science High School System (PSHS).
UNDER MARCOS
 The role of Science Technology in National Development was emphasized
 He mandated the DECS now DepEd to promote Science courses in public high schools
 He proclaimed the 35 hectare lot in Bicutan Taguig as the Philippine Science Community now the site
of DOST
 He assigned the Philippine Coconut Research Institute ( to promote the modernization of the coconut
industry
 Several agencies organizations were established like NFA, PAGASA NAST (National Academy of Science
Technology to be the reservoir of scientific technological expertise in the country
 Phi Sci H S Mindanao Visayas campuses were established

UNDER AQUINO
 In 1986 NAST was renamed DOST (Department of Science Technology This was done in order for the
science and technology sector to be represented in the cabinet and thus play an integral role in the
county’s sustainable economic recovery and growth
 The Science Technology Master Plan penned by DOST aimed to update the production sector,
improved research activities, development infrastructures for S&T sector
- The NSTA (National Science and Technology Authority)was reorganized in to DOST and assigned
cabinet level that includes the following:
o 1. PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration
o 2. PHIVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
o 3. PSHS Philippine Science High School System
o 4. STII Science Technology Information Institutes
o 5. SEI Science Education Institute
o 6. TAPI Technology Application and Promotion Institute
o 7. TRC Technology Resource center