Transport in Animals

Head to savemyexams.co.
uk for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE Biology CIE 
9. Transport in Animals
CONTENTS
9.1 Circulatory Systems, Heart & Blood Vessels
9.1.1 Circulatory System
9.1.2 Circulatory System: Extended
9.1.3 The Mammalian Heart
9.1.4 Monitoring Activity of the Heart
9.1.5 Investigating Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate
9.1.6 Coronary Heart Disease
9.1.7 Identifying Structures in the Heart: Extended
9.1.8 Functioning of the Heart: Extended
9.1.9 Explaining the Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate: Extended
9.1.10 Blood Vessels
9.1.11 Circulation Around the Body
9.1.12 Structure & Function of Blood Vessels: Extended
9.1.13 Blood Vessels & the Liver: Extended
9.1.14 Components of Blood
9.1.15 Blood Clotting
9.1.16 White Blood Cells: Extended
9.1.17 Conversion of Fibrinogen: Extended
Page 1 of 33
© 2015-2021 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
9.1 Circulatory Systems, Heart & Blood Vessels YOUR NOTES


9.1.1 Circulatory System
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to
ensure one-way flow of blood
An example of a circulatory system.
Page 2 of 33
9.1.2 Circulatory System: Extended YOUR NOTES


Circulatory Systems of Fish & Mammals: Extended
Circulatory systems in Fish
Fish have a two-chambered heart and a single circulation
This means that for every one circuit of the body, the blood passes through the
heart once
Page 3 of 33
YOUR NOTES

The single circulatory system in fish
Page 4 of 33
Circulatory systems in Mammals YOUR NOTES

Mammals have a four-chambered heart and a double circulation 
This means that for every one circuit of the body, the blood passes through the
heart twice
The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and
pumps it to the lungs (the pulmonary circulation)
The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it
to the body (the systemic circulation)
Page 5 of 33
YOUR NOTES

The double circulatory system in mammals
Page 6 of 33
Advantages of Double Circulation: Extended YOUR NOTES

Blood travelling through the small capillaries in the lungs loses a lot of pressure 
that was given to it by the pumping of the heart, meaning it cannot travel as fast
By returning the blood to the heart after going through the lungs its pressure can
be raised again before sending it to the body, meaning cells can be supplied with
the oxygen and glucose they need for respiration faster and more frequently
Page 7 of 33
9.1.3 The Mammalian Heart YOUR NOTES


The Mammalian Heart
The heart is labelled as if it was in the chest so what is your left on a diagram is
actually the right hand side and vice versa
The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps
it to the lungs
The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it
to the body
Blood is pumped towards the heart in veins and away from the heart in arteries
The two sides of the heart are separated by a muscle wall called the septum
The heart is made of muscle tissue which are supplied with blood by the coronary
arteries
Structure of the heart
 Exam Tip
Remember A-A: Arteries carry blood Away from the heart
Page 8 of 33
9.1.4 Monitoring Activity of the Heart YOUR NOTES


Monitoring Activity of the Heart
Heart activity can be monitored by using an ECG, measuring pulse rate or
listening to the sounds of valves closing using a stethoscope
Heart rate (and pulse rate) is measured in beats per minute (bpm)
To investigate the effects of exercise on heart rate, record the pulse rate at rest for
a minute
Immediately after they do some exercise, record the pulse rate every minute until
it returns to the resting rate
This experiment will show that during exercise the heart rate increases and may
take several minutes to return to normal
Page 9 of 33
9.1.5 Investigating Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate YOUR NOTES


Investigating Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate
It is relatively simple to investigate the effects of exercise on the body in the
classroom
Breathing rate can be measured by counting the number of breaths per minute,
while heart rate can be measured by taking a pulse
Either can be measured before and after an activity is performed and the results
plotted on a bar chart
It is important that the time over which breathing rate and pulse rate are
measured is consistent, and that individuals fully recover (rest) before starting
a new activity
Increased physical activity results in an increased heart rate and breathing rate
Heart rate remains high for a period of time after physical has stopped, there
is a gradual return to resting heart rate
Page 10 of 33
9.1.6 Coronary Heart Disease YOUR NOTES


Coronary Heart Disease
The coronary arteries
The heart is made of muscle cells that need their own supply of blood to deliver
oxygen, glucose and other nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and other waste
products
The blood is supplied by the coronary arteries
If a coronary artery becomes partially or completely blocked by fatty deposits
called ‘plaques’ (mainly formed from cholesterol), the arteries are not as elastic as
they should be and therefore cannot stretch to accommodate the blood which is
being forced through them - leading to coronary heart disease
Partial blockage of the coronary arteries creates a restricted blood flow to the
cardiac muscle cells and results in severe chest pains called angina
Complete blockage means cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire
and can no longer contract, leading to a heart attack
Page 11 of 33
YOUR NOTES

Buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries
Page 12 of 33
YOUR NOTES

Effect of narrowing of arteries
Risk Factors for CHD Table
Page 13 of 33
YOUR NOTES

Diet, Exercise & Coronary Heart Disease

Reducing the risks of developing coronary heart disease
Quit smoking
Diet - reduce animal fats and eat more fruits and vegetables - this will reduce
cholesterol levels in the blood and help with weight loss if overweight
Exercise regularly - again, this will help with weight loss, decrease blood pressure
and cholesterol levels and help reduce stress
Page 14 of 33
9.1.7 Identifying Structures in the Heart: Extended YOUR NOTES


Identifying Structures in the Heart: Extended
The ventricles have thicker muscle walls than the atria as they are pumping blood
out of the heart and so need to generate a higher pressure
The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle as it has to
pump blood at high pressure around the entire body, whereas the right ventricle is
pumping blood at lower pressure to the lungs
The septum separates the two sides of the heart and so prevents mixing of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Structure of the heart showing the different valves
The function of valves

The basic function of all valves is to prevent blood from flowing backwards
There are two sets of valves in the heart:
The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles
The valve in the right side of the heart is called the TRICUSPID and the valve in
the left side is called the BICUSPID
Page 15 of 33
These valves are pushed open when the atria contract but when the ventricles YOUR NOTES
contract they are pushed shut to prevent blood flowing back into the atria

The semilunar valves are found in the two blood arteries that come out of the
top of the heart
They are unusual in that they are the only two arteries in the body that
contain valves
These valves open when the ventricles contract so blood squeezes past them
out of the heart, but then shut to avoid blood flowing back into the heart
Page 16 of 33
9.1.8 Functioning of the Heart: Extended YOUR NOTES


Functioning of the Heart: Extended
Deoxygenated blood coming from the body flows into the right atrium via the
vena cava
Once the right atrium has filled with blood the heart gives a little beat and the
blood is pushed through the tricuspid (atrioventricular) valve into the right
ventricle
The walls of the ventricle contract and the blood is pushed into the pulmonary
artery through the semilunar valve which prevents blood flowing backwards into
the heart
The blood travels to the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli
where gas exchange takes place (this is why there has to be low pressure on this
side of the heart – blood is going directly to capillaries which would burst under
higher pressure)
Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
It passes through the bicuspid (atrioventricular) valve into the left ventricle
The thicker muscle walls of the ventricle contract strongly to push the blood
forcefully into the aorta and all the way around the body
The semilunar valve in the aorta prevents the blood flowing back down into the
heart
Page 17 of 33
9.1.9 Explaining the Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate: Extended YOUR NOTES

Explaining the Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate: Extended
So that sufficient blood is taken to the working muscles to provide them with
enough nutrients and oxygen for increased respiration
An increase in heart rate also allows for waste products to be removed at a faster
rate
Following exercise, the heart continues to beat faster for a while to ensure that all
excess waste products are removed from muscle cells
It is also likely that muscle cells have been respiring anaerobically during exercise
and so have built up an oxygen debt
This needs to be ‘repaid’ following exercise and so the heart continues to beat
faster to ensure that extra oxygen is still being delivered to muscle cells
The extra oxygen is used to break down the lactic acid that has been built up in
cells as a result of anaerobic respiration
Page 18 of 33
9.1.10 Blood Vessels YOUR NOTES


Arteries, Veins & Capillaries
Arteries
Carry blood at high pressure away from the heart
Carry oxygenated blood (other than the pulmonary artery)
Have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres
Have a narrow lumen
Speed of flow is fast
Veins
Carry blood at low pressure towards the heart
Carry deoxygenated blood (other than the pulmonary vein)
Have thin walls
Have a large lumen
Contain valves
Speed of flow is slow
Page 19 of 33
YOUR NOTES

Comparing arteries and veins
Capillaries
Carry blood at low pressure within tissues
Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Have walls that are one cell thick
Have ‘leaky’ walls
Speed of flow is slow
Page 20 of 33
YOUR NOTES

Structure of a capillary
Page 21 of 33
9.1.11 Circulation Around the Body YOUR NOTES


Main Blood Vessels in the Body
Blood is carried away from the heart and towards organs in arteries
These narrow to arterioles and then capillaries as they pass through the organ
The capillaries widen to venules and finally veins as they move away from the
organs
Veins carry blood back toward the heart
The circulatory system
Page 22 of 33
Important Blood Vessels Table YOUR NOTES


Page 23 of 33
9.1.12 Structure & Function of Blood Vessels: Extended YOUR NOTES


How Structure of Blood Vessels is Adapted to their Function:
Extended
Arteries
Have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres to withstand the high pressure
of blood and maintain the blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has
passed through
Have a narrow lumen to maintain high pressure
Veins
Have a large lumen as blood pressure is low
Contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood as it is under low pressure
Capillaries
Have walls that are one cell thick so that substances can easily diffuse in and out
of them
Have ‘leaky’ walls so that blood plasma can leak out and form tissue fluid
surrounding cells
Page 24 of 33
Adaptations of blood vessels. YOUR NOTES

Arterioles and venules 
As arteries divide more as they get further away from the heart, they get narrower
The narrow vessels that connect arteries to capillaries are called arterioles
Veins also get narrower the further away they are from the heart
The narrow vessels that connect capillaries to veins are called venules
The blood vessel network
Page 25 of 33
9.1.13 Blood Vessels & the Liver: Extended YOUR NOTES


Blood Vessels & the Liver: Extended
You must be able to identify the main blood vessels to and from the liver
The hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver
The hepatic vein brings deoxygenated blood from the liver back to the heart
The hepatic portal vein transports deoxygenated blood from the gut to the
liver
Mammalian circulatory system.
Page 26 of 33
9.1.14 Components of Blood YOUR NOTES


Components of Blood
Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
Composition of human blood
Components of the Blood Table
Page 27 of 33
YOUR NOTES

Page 28 of 33
Identifying Red & White Blood Cells YOUR NOTES

You need to be able to identify red and white blood cells in photomicrographs and 
diagrams
Red blood cells have a concave disc shape with no nucleus
White blood cells are usually round in shape with a nucleus
Blood micrograph
Components of Blood: Function

Plasma is important for the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food (nutrients),
urea, mineral ions, hormones and heat energy
Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body from the lungs to cells which
require it for aerobic respiration
They carry the oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin
White blood cells defend the body against infection by pathogens by carrying out
phagocytosis and antibody production
Platelets are involved in helping the blood to clot
Page 29 of 33
9.1.15 Blood Clotting YOUR NOTES


Blood Clotting
Platelets are fragments of cells which are involved in blood clotting and forming
scabs where skin has been cut or punctured
Blood clotting prevents continued / significant blood loss from wounds
Scab formation seals the wound with an insoluble patch that prevents entry of
microorganisms that could cause infection
It remains in place until new skin has grown underneath it, sealing the skin again
Page 30 of 33
9.1.16 White Blood Cells: Extended YOUR NOTES


Lymphocytes & Phagocytes: Extended
White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system, defending against
infection by pathogenic microorganisms
There are two main types, phagocytes and lymphocytes
Phagocytes
Carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens
Phagocytosis
Phagocytes have a sensitive cell surface membrane that can detect chemicals
produced by pathogenic cells
Once they encounter the pathogenic cell, they will engulf it and release digestive
enzymes to digest it
They can be easily recognised under the microscope by their multi-lobed nucleus
and their granular cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies to destroy pathogenic cells and antitoxins to neutralise toxins
released by pathogens
They can easily be recognised under the microscope by their large round nucleus
which takes up nearly the whole cell and their clear, non-granular cytoplasm
Page 31 of 33
9.1.17 Conversion of Fibrinogen: Extended YOUR NOTES


Conversion of Fibrinogen: Extended
Platelets are fragments of cells which are involved in blood clotting and forming
scabs where skin has been cut or punctured
Blood clotting prevents continued / significant blood loss from wounds
Scab formation seals the wound with an insoluble patch that prevents entry of
microorganisms that could cause infection
It remains in place until new skin has grown underneath it, sealing the skin again
Page 32 of 33
YOUR NOTES

How the blood clots
When the skin is broken (i.e. there is a wound) platelets arrive to stop the bleeding
A series of reactions occur within the blood plasma
Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into
insoluble fibrin and form an insoluble mesh across the wound, trapping red blood
cells and therefore forming a clot
The clot eventually dries and develops into a scab to protect the wound from
bacteria entering
Page 33 of 33

Transport in Animals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Transport in Animals

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Transport in Animals

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Head to savemyexams.co.

uk for more awesome resources

9.1 Circulatory Systems, Heart & Blood Vessels YOUR NOTES

An example of a circulatory system.

9.1.2 Circulatory System: Extended YOUR NOTES

The single circulatory system in fish

Circulatory systems in Mammals YOUR NOTES

The double circulatory system in mammals

Advantages of Double Circulation: Extended YOUR NOTES

9.1.3 The Mammalian Heart YOUR NOTES

Structure of the heart

9.1.4 Monitoring Activity of the Heart YOUR NOTES

9.1.5 Investigating Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate YOUR NOTES

9.1.6 Coronary Heart Disease YOUR NOTES

The coronary arteries

Buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries

Effect of narrowing of arteries

Risk Factors for CHD Table

Diet, Exercise & Coronary Heart Disease

9.1.7 Identifying Structures in the Heart: Extended YOUR NOTES

Structure of the heart showing the different valves

The function of valves

9.1.8 Functioning of the Heart: Extended YOUR NOTES

9.1.10 Blood Vessels YOUR NOTES

Comparing arteries and veins

9.1.11 Circulation Around the Body YOUR NOTES

The circulatory system

Important Blood Vessels Table YOUR NOTES

9.1.12 Structure & Function of Blood Vessels: Extended YOUR NOTES

Adaptations of blood vessels. YOUR NOTES

The blood vessel network

9.1.13 Blood Vessels & the Liver: Extended YOUR NOTES

Mammalian circulatory system.

9.1.14 Components of Blood YOUR NOTES

Composition of human blood

Components of the Blood Table

Identifying Red & White Blood Cells YOUR NOTES

Components of Blood: Function

9.1.15 Blood Clotting YOUR NOTES

9.1.16 White Blood Cells: Extended YOUR NOTES

9.1.17 Conversion of Fibrinogen: Extended YOUR NOTES

How the blood clots

You might also like