Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Midterm Project
in
Fluid Mechanics

Donato,Danrell Glenn S.
BSEE-3A

Engr. Edriane Jay L. Dimanarig

Instructor
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Fluid Mechanics 01 %𝑣𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 1 − 0.89515 = 0.10485 × 100%

PSE MODULE 13.1 %𝑣𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 10.49%

1. If the specific gravity of a certain oil is 0.82, calculate 5. What is the hydraulic radius of the trapezoidal
the specific weight. (isosceles) irrigation canal of bases 5 m and 11 cm
respectively with depth of 4 m?
A. 51.2 lb/ft³ C. 65.7 N/m ³
A. 1.63 m C. 2.13 m
B. 32.5 N/m ³ D. 32.4 N/m ³
B. 2.00 m D. 4.00 m
Solution:
Solution:
9.81𝑘𝑁
𝛾 = (𝑆. 𝐺. )( 𝛾𝐻 𝑂 )= (0.82) ( ) 𝐴𝑝
2 𝑚3 𝑟ℎ =
𝑃𝑤
𝑙𝑏
𝑘𝑁 62.4 3 1
𝑓𝑡
𝛾 = (8.0442 3 ) ( ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐴𝑝 = (𝑏1 + 𝑏2 )ℎ
𝑚 9.81𝑘𝑁 2
𝑚 3
𝑃𝑤 = 2𝑠 + 𝑏1
𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝛾 = 51.168 3 Determine s:
𝑓𝑡

2. What is the value of the surface tension of a small 𝑏2− 𝑏1 2

𝑠 2 = ℎ2 + ( )
droplet of water 0.3 mm in diameter which is in contact 2
with air if the pressure within the droplet is 561 Pa?
11 − 5 2
A. 0.042 N/m C. 0.078 N/m 𝑠 = √42 + ( ) =5
2
B 0.021 N/mm D. 0.017 N/m 1
(5 + 11)4𝑚2
Solution: 𝑟ℎ = 2 = 2.13333𝑚
2(5) + 5𝑚
0.3 𝑚𝑚 1𝑚
𝑟∆𝑃 ( )( ) (561 𝑃𝑎) 6. To what height will a barometer column rise if the
𝜎= = 2 1000 𝑚𝑚
2 2 atmospheric conditions are 13.9 psia and 68°F and
barometer fluid is ethyl alcohol?
𝑁
𝜎 = 0.042075
𝑚 Note: 68°F; Pv =122.4 lb/ft ² and specific gravity of 0.79
for ethyl alcohol.
3. If the specific volume of a certain fluid is 0.7848 m³/kg,
what is the specific weight? A. 457.45 in C. 235.6 inches

A. 12.5 N/m ³ C. 10.75 N/m³ B. 522.45 in D. 152.45 inches

B. 11.65 N/m ³ D. 8.45 N/m³ Solution:

Solution: 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣
ℎ=
𝑚 𝛾
𝑔 9.81
𝛾= = 𝑠2
𝑣 m3 𝑖𝑛2 𝑙𝑏𝑓
0.7848 (13.9 psia ) (144 ) − 122.4 2
kg 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡
ℎ=
𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 (62.4 3 ) (0.79) ( )
𝛾 = 12.5 𝑠2
or N/𝑚3 𝑓𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛
𝑚 3

4. Ice in an iceberg has a sp. gr. of 0.922. When floating in ℎ = 458.44888 𝑖𝑛.
seawater (sp gr. 1.03), its exposed volume % is nearest to
7. Convert a vacuum pressure of 110 mm of mercury into
_______. absolute pressure if atmospheric pressure is 10.5 meters
of water.
A. 5.6 C. 8.9
A. 76.00 kPa C. 88.3 kPa
B. 7.4 D. 10.5
B. 92.54 kPa D. 87.5 kPa
Solution:
Solution:
%𝑣𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 + %𝑣𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 1
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐
𝑆.𝐺.𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 0.922
where:%𝑣𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = = = 0.89515 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑆.𝐺.𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 1.03 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 10.5 𝑚 ( ) − 110 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 ( )
10.33 𝑚 760𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
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𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 88.32704 𝑘𝑃𝑎 0.01 𝑖𝑛

𝑙𝑏𝑓 ( ) (𝑃𝑖 − 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎)
0.00518 = 2
ft 1 𝑓𝑡
2( )
12 𝑖𝑛
8.There are two fluids in an open end manometer. Fluid 1
is glycerin (12.4 kN/m ³), 70 mm below the closed end 𝑃𝑖 = 14.87267 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
and fluid 2 is carbon tetrachloride (15.57 kN/m ³) which is 12. A cylinder weights 150 lbf. Its cross-sectional aren is
150 mm above fluid 1. If the open end is exposed to the 40 square inches. When the cylinder stands vertically on
atmosphere at 101,325 kPa, what is the absolute one end, what pressure does the cylinder exert on the
pressure at the closed end of the manometer if it is floor?
occupied by fluid 1?
A. 14.1 kPa C.63.2 kPa
A. 102.79 kPa C. 103.45 kPa
B. 25.8 kPa D. 89.7 kPa
B. 143.45 kPa D. 143 45 kPa
Solution:
Solution:
𝐹
𝑃1 + 𝑃𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝐶𝑇 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃=
𝐴
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐶𝑇 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑔𝑙𝑦𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 150𝑙𝑏𝑓 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃=( )( )
40𝑖𝑛2 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑘𝑁 1𝑚
𝑃1 = (15.57 ) (150 𝑚𝑚) ( )+
𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑘𝑁 1𝑚
𝑃 = 25.848421 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎) − (12.4 ) (70 𝑚𝑚) ( )
𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝑚
13. Estimate the height to which water will rise in a
𝑃1 = 102.7925 𝑘𝑃𝑎 capillary tube of diameter 5 mm if the surface tension is
0.0728 N/m and the contact angle is 0°?
9. To what height will a barometer column rise if the
atmospheric conditions are 13.9 psia and 68°F and A. 5.94 mm C. 4.54 mm
barometer fluid is mercury?
B.4.55 mm D. 5.35 mm
A. 28.3 in C. 35.6 inches
Solution:
B.24.45 in D. 22.45 inches
4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ=
Solution: 𝛾𝑑

29.92 𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔 𝑁
13.9 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 ( ) = 28.29170 𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔 4(0.0728
) cos 0°
14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑚
ℎ=
1𝑚
10. If the Pressure in the air space above an oil (S.G. 0.75) (9810 𝑁/𝑚3 )(5 𝑚𝑚)( )
1000 𝑚𝑚
surface in a closed tank is 115 kPa absolute. What is the
pressure 2 meters below the surface? ℎ = 5.9368 × 10−3 𝑚

A. 129.72 kPa C. 143.56 kPa 14. A floating cylinder 8 cm in diameter and weighing 950
grams is placed in a cylindrical container 20 cm in
B. 143.54 kPa D. 143.54 kPa diameter partially full of water. The increase in the depth
of water in the container due to placing the float in it is:
Solution:
A.10 cm C. 3 cm
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑙
B. 5 cm D.2 cm
kN
𝑃𝑡 = 115 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + (0.75) (9.81 ) (2𝑚)
𝑚3 Solution:
𝑃𝑡 = 129.715 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝐵𝐹 = 𝑊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐹 = 𝛾𝑉 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ
11. A surface tension force, σ , of water in air is 1𝑔𝑓 𝜋
approximately 0.00518 lbf/ft. If the atmospheric pressure ( 3 ) ( ) (20𝑐𝑚)2 ℎ = 950 𝑔𝑓
𝑐𝑚 4
is 14.7 psia, what is inside a droplet 0.01" in diameter?
ℎ = 3.02394 𝑐𝑚
A. 14.53 psia C. 14.87 psia
15. What is the pressure 8000 ft below the water surface
B. 14.70 psia D. 14.78 psia of the ocean? Neglect compressibility.

Solution: A 512,000 psf C. 321,000 psf

𝑟∆𝑃 B. 324,500 psf D. 532,000 psf
𝜎=
2
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Solution: A 3.4 mm C. 5.9 mm

𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 B. 7.8 mm D. 6.8 mm

144𝑖𝑛2 𝑙𝑏 Solution:
𝑃𝑡 = (14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎) ( ) + (1.03)(62.4 )(8000 𝑓𝑡)
1𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 3
4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑙𝑏𝑓 ℎ=
𝑃𝑡 = 512,000 2 𝛾𝑑
𝑓𝑡
N
16. Water in the hydraulic press, initially at 137 kPa abs is 4 (0.514 ) (cos 140 °)
ℎ= m
subjected to a pressure of 116,280 kPa abs. Using E=2.5 𝑁 1𝑚
(13.6) (9810 3 ) (2𝑚𝑚) ( )
Gpa, determine the percentage decrease in the volume of 𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚
water. ℎ = −5.90254 × 10−3 𝑚
A. 4.65% C. 5.73% 20. At a height of 10,000 m (33,000 ft) above the sea
level, atmospheric pressure is about 210 mm of Hg. What
B. 3.25% D. 3.81%
is the resultant normal force on a 600 cm² window of an
Solution: airplane flying at this height when the hydrostatic
conditions and a pressure inside the plane of 760 mm of
∆𝑉 mercury and density of mercury is 13,600 kg/m³?
∆𝑃 = 𝐸 (− )
𝑉
A. 4.403kN C. 5.721 kN
∆𝑉
(− ) = ∆𝑃/𝐸
𝑉 B. 3.407 kN D. 2.741 kN
∆𝑉 116,280 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 137 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(− )= Solution:
𝑉 2.5 × 106
𝐹𝑅 = (𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑛 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 )𝐴
∆𝑉
(− ) = 0.04646 × 100% = 4.65%
𝑉 𝐹𝑅 = (760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 −
101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎 1 𝑚2
17. If the viscosity of water at 70°C is 0.00402 poise and 210 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔)( )(600 𝑐𝑚2 )( )
760𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 10000𝑐𝑚2
its specific gravity is 0.978, determine its kinematic
viscocity in cm² /s? 𝐹𝑅 = 4.399964 𝑘𝑁

A. 4.11 x 10-3 stoke C.9.23 x 10-4 stoke 21. A barrel contains a 0. 1.150 m layer of oil floating on
water that is 0.30 mm deep. If the density of the oil is 600
B. 5.44 x 10-3 stoke D.7.57 x 10-4 stoke kg/m³, what is the pressure ( gage) at the oil-water
interface?
Solution:
A. 883 Pa C. 900 Pa
𝜇𝑑 0.00402 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝜇𝑘 = = = 4.11043 × 10−3 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠
𝜌 0.978 B. 742 Pa D. 924 Pa
18. Estimate the height to which water will rise in a Solution:
capillary tube 2 mm in diameter. Use σ =0.0728 N/m and
y= 9810 N/m³ 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

A. 9.9 mm C. 3.91 mm 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑃 = (600 ) (9.81 2 ) (0.150 𝑚)
𝑚3 𝑠
B. 58 mm D. 10.8 mm
𝑃 = 882.9 𝑃𝑎
Solution:
22. An atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kPa will be
4𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 supported by how height of water?
ℎ=
𝛾𝑑
A 10.32 m C. 15.42 m
N
4(0.0728 )( cos 0°) B.13.23 m D. 15.45 m
ℎ= m
𝑁 1𝑚
(9810 3 ) (3𝑚𝑚)( )
𝑚 1000 𝑚𝑚 Solution:
ℎ = 9.89467 × 10−3 𝑚 10.33 𝑚𝐻2 𝑂
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ( ) = 10.33 𝑚𝐻2 𝑂
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
19. Compute the capillary depression for mercury in a
glass capillary tube 2 mm in diameter if the surface 23. An atmospheric pressure of 101.325 kPa will be
tension of mercury is 0.514 N/m and θ =140°. supported by how much height of mercury (s.g. =13.6)?
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A.0.56 m C. 0.66 m Solution:

B. 0.76 m D. 0.86 m 𝐼𝑜 𝑎4
𝑒= → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐼𝑜 = & 𝐴 = 𝑎2
𝐴ℎ 12
Solution:
(1 𝑚)4
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 1𝑚
ℎ = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ( )( ) ℎ = 12
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1000 𝑚𝑚 𝑎2𝑒
ℎ = 0.76 𝑚 (1 𝑚)4
ℎ= 12 = 1.19048 𝑚
24. A hydraulic lift is to be used to lift a truck weighing 1𝑚
(1 𝑚)2 (70 𝑚𝑚) ( )
5000 lb. What is the pressure (gage) must be applied to 1000𝑚𝑚
the oil if the diameter of the large piston is 12 in.? 𝑎 1
ℎ=ℎ− = 1.19048 𝑚 − = 0.69048 𝑚
A. 44.2psi C. 42.7 psi 2 2
28. A 0.50 m diameter window has its center three
B. 24.5 psi D. 17.6 psi
meters below the water surface. Determine the force
Solution: acting on the window considering the window is
submerged vertically.
𝐹 𝐹
𝑃= =
𝐴 (𝜋)(𝑑)2 A. 5.8 kN C. 3.8 kN
4
B. 2.9kN D. 4.8 kN
5000 𝑙𝑏
𝑃= 𝜋
( ) (12 𝑖𝑛)2 Solution:
4
𝑃 = 44.20971 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝐹 = 𝛾𝐴ℎ

25. How high does mercury barometer stands on a day 𝑘𝑁 𝜋

𝐹 = (9.81 ) ( ) (0.5 𝑚)2 (3 𝑚) = 5.77857 𝑘𝑁
when atmospheric pressure is 98.6 kPa considering that 𝑚3 4
the specific gravity of mercury is 13.67? 29. A vertical siding gate is being submerged in a 10-
A. 739 mm C. 760 mm meter water. The gate is 5 m wide and 9 m high and
weighs 50 kN. What vertical force is needed to just lift
B. 400 mm D. 540 mm this gate considering that the coefficient of friction
between the guides and edges is 0.25? (Note: Neglect
Solution: buoyant force)
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 A. 675 kN C. 657 kN
98.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ( ) = 739.56082 𝑚𝑚
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
B. 765 kN D. 756 kN
26. A rigid container is closed at one end and measures 8
in. diameter by 12 in. long. The container is held vertically Solution:
and is slowly moved. downward until the pressure in the
container is 15.5 psia. What will he the depth of the 𝐹𝑣 = 𝐹𝑤 + 𝐹𝑓 → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁 & 𝑁 = 𝛾𝐴ℎ
water surface measure from the free water surface?
𝑘𝑁
𝐹𝑣 = 50 𝑘𝑁 + (0.25) (9.81 ) (5 𝑚)(9 𝑚) (10 𝑚 −
𝑚3
A. 9.2 in. C. 22 in. 9
𝑚)
2
B. 12 in. D. 9.8 in.
𝐹𝑉 = 656.99375 𝑘𝑁
Solution:
30. The fluid in a manometer tube is 60% water and 40%
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝑃𝑤 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑃𝑤 = 𝛾ℎ alcohol (S.G.= 0.8). What is the manometer fluid height
difference if a 6.2 psi pressure is applied across the two
𝑙𝑏 1 𝑓𝑡 3
15.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 = ( 62.4 ) ( ) ℎ + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 ends of a manometer?
𝑓𝑡 3 12 𝑖𝑛
A. 251 in. C. 151 in.
ℎ = 22.15385 𝑖𝑛
B 215 in. D. 186 in.
27. How far below the water surface should a vertical
square 1 m on a side with two sides horizontal to be Solution:
immersed so that the center of pressure will be 70 mm
below the centre of gravity? 𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ = (𝑆. 𝐺. ) (𝜌𝐻 𝑂 ) ℎ
2

A. 0.69 m C. 0.57 m 𝑃
ℎ=
B. 0.72 m D. 0.78 m (𝑆. 𝐺. ) (𝜌𝐻 𝑂 )
2
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6.2 𝑝𝑠𝑖 %𝑣𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 8.49%

ℎ= = 214.61538 𝑖𝑛
𝑙𝑏 1𝑓𝑡 3
(0.8) (62.4 3 ) ( )
𝑓𝑡 12𝑖𝑛 35. What is the sea level (g=32.2 ft/s²) specific weight
(lb/ft³) of liquid with density of 58.3 lb/ft³?
31. In a hydraulic press the large piston has a cross-
sectional area A1=200 cm² and the small piston has a A. 64.3 C. 25.3
cross-section area A2=5 cm². If the force applied is 250 N
to the small piston. Compute the force acting on the large B. 58.3 D.43.3
piston. Note: Sea level in English Unit, specific weight is equal to
A. 20 kN C. 21 kN density

B. 12 kN D. 10 kN 36. What is the pressure of 8000 ft below

Solution: the ocean surface?

𝐹1 𝐹2 A. 514,176 lbf/ft ² C. 321,000 lbf/ft ²

Note: Pascal’s Law =
𝐴1 𝐴2
B. 312,000 lbf/ft ² D. 548,000 lbf/ft ²
250 𝑁 𝐹2
=
5 𝑐𝑚2 200 𝑐𝑚2 Solution:
𝐹2 = 10000 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 10 𝑘𝑁
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ = (𝑆. 𝐺.𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ) ( 𝛾𝐻 𝑂 ) ℎ
32. A vacuum pump is used to drain a flooded mine shaft 2

of 69°F water. The vapor pressure of water at this

𝑙𝑏
temperature is 0.34 psi. The pump is incapable of lifting 𝑃 = (1.03) (62.4 ) (8000 𝑓𝑡)
𝑓𝑡 3
the water higher than 400 inches. What is the
atmospheric pressurе?
𝑃 = 514176 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2
A. 14.78 psi C. 17.67 psi
37.A water-tight, cubical, 12 inches outside dimensions, is
B. 12.45 psi D. 13.27 psi made from ¼ inch iron plate. If S.G.= 7.7 for iron, will the
box float?
Solution:
A. The box sink C. The box will not float
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 + 𝑃𝑣 → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ
B. Th iron will float D. The box will float
𝑙𝑏 1𝑓𝑡 3
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = (62.4 3 ) ( 400 𝑖𝑛) ( ) + 0.34 𝑝𝑠𝑖 Solution:
𝑓𝑡 12𝑖𝑛

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 14.78444 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = ( 𝑆. 𝐺. )(𝛿𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 )(𝑉𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 )

3
33. The density of water is typically taken to be 62.4 1
𝑉𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = (12 𝑖𝑛 )3 − [12 − 2 ( ) 𝑖𝑛] = 207.125 𝑖𝑛3
lbm/ft ³ for engineering problems where greater accuracy 4
is not required. What is the value is slugs/ft ³?
𝑙𝑏 1𝑓𝑡 3
𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = (7.7) (62.4 ) ( ) (207.125 𝑖𝑛3 )
A. 1.24 slug/ft³ C. 2.04 slugs/ ft³ 𝑓𝑡 3 12𝑖𝑛
= 57.59226 𝑙𝑏𝑓
B. 1.94 slugs/ ft³ D. 3.24 slugs/ ft³
while:
Solution:
𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (𝛿𝐻2𝑂 )(𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 )
𝑙𝑏 1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
(62.4 3 ) ( ) = 1.93789 3
𝑓𝑡 32.2 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑙𝑏 12 𝑖𝑛
𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (62.4 3 ) ( ) = 62.4 𝑙𝑏𝑓
34. An iceberg has a density of 57.1 lb/ ft³. If it floats 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
12
fresh water, what percent of the iceberg's volume will be 𝑖𝑛
visible? Since 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 < 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
A. 10.5% C. 7.5 % Therefore, the iron box will float.
B. 8.5% D. 5.5% 38. Calculate the pressure at a depth of 100 meters in
seawater, for which the specific weight is 10.1 kN/m ³.
Solution:
A. 1212 kPa C. 1414 kPa
%𝑣𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 + %𝑣𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 1
𝑆.𝐺.𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 57.1
B. 1616 kPa D. 1010 kPa
where:%𝑣𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = = = 0.91506
𝑆.𝐺.𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 62.4

%𝑣𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 1 − 0.91506 = 0.08494 × 100%

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B. 89.53 kPa D. 42.3 kPа

Solution: Solution:

𝑘𝑁 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑐

𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ = (10.1 ) (100 𝑚) = 1010 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚3
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
39. What is referred to as friction within a fluid that 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 95.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 188 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 ( )
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
prevents the fluid from flowing freely? = 70.63539 𝑘𝑃𝑎

A. Fluidity C. Adhesion 44. A pressure of 35 kPa is measured 4 m below the

surface of an unknown liquid. What is the specific gravity
B. Viscosity D. Gradient
of the liquid.
40. If a depth of liquid of 1 m causes a pressure of 7 kPa, A. 0.09 C. 0.93
what is the specific gravity of the liquid?
B. 0.89 D. 1.85
A.0.817 C. 0.786
Solution:
B. 0.714 D. 0.324
𝑃 = (𝑆. 𝐺.𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )(𝛾𝐻2𝑂 )ℎ
Solution:
𝑃
𝑃 = (𝑆. 𝐺. )(𝛿𝐻2𝑂 )ℎ 𝑆. 𝐺. =
(𝛾𝐻2𝑂 )ℎ
𝑃
𝑆. 𝐺. = 35 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝛿𝐻2𝑂 )ℎ 𝑆. 𝐺. =
𝑘𝑁
(9.81 3 ) (4 𝑚)
𝑚
7 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑆. 𝐺. =
𝑘𝑁 𝑆. 𝐺. = 0.89195
(9.81 3 ) (1 𝑚)
𝑚
45. How high does mercury barometer stands on a day
𝑆. 𝐺. = 0.71356 when atmospheric pressure is 98.6 kPa considering that
41. What is the pressure 12.5 m below the ocean? the specific gravity of mercury is 13.6.

A. 134.5 kPa C. 126.3 kPa A. 739 mm C. 760 mm

B. 123.6 kPa D. 132.7 kPa B. 400 mm D. 540 mm

Solution: Solution:

760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑃 = (𝑆. 𝐺.𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )(𝛾𝐻2𝑂 )ℎ 98.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ( ) = 739.56082 𝑚𝑚
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑁
𝑃 = (1.03) (9.81 ) (12.5 𝑚) = 126.30375 𝑘𝑃𝑎 46. The length of pipe is 168 meters. If the pressure drop
𝑚3
is 50 kPa for every 30 m, what is the total pressure drop?
42. Find the absolute pressure is kPa at a depth of 10
A.240 kPa C. 280 kPa
meters below the free surface of oil of sp. gr. 0.75 if the
barometer reading is 752 mm Hg. B.260 kPa D. 220 kPa
A. 173.9 kPa C. 317.45 kPa Solution:
B. 145.7 kPa D. 143.45 kPa ∆𝑥𝑡
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃( )
∆𝑥𝑡
Solution:
168 𝑚
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑃𝑔 = (𝑆. 𝐺. )(𝛾𝐻2𝑂 )ℎ 𝑃𝐷 = 50 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ( )
30 𝑚
101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = (752 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔) ( )+ 𝑃𝐷 = 280 𝑘𝑃𝑎
760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑘𝑁
(0.75) (9.81 ) (10 𝑚) 47. A balloon having a mass of 400 kg remains suspended
𝑚3
motionless in the air. If the air density is 1.29 kg/m³, what
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 173.83342 𝑘𝑃𝑎 is the volume of the balloon in cubic meters?
43 . If the atmospheric pressure is 95.7 kPa and the gage A. 310 m³ C. 280 m³
attached to the tank reads 188 mmHg in vacuum, find the
absolute pressure within the tank. B. 340 m³ D. 270 m³

A 70.62 kPa C. 31.2 kPa

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Solution: 54. Under which condition, the specific weight of water is

1000 kg/m³?
𝑚
𝑣=
𝜌 A. at normal pressure of 760 mm
400 𝑘𝑔 B. at 4°C temperature
𝑣= = 310.08 𝑚3
1.29 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
C. at mean sea level
48. Which of the following refers to the measure of the
fluid's resistance to flow when acted upon by an external D. all of these
force?
55. A vena contracta in a fluid jet issuing through a hole
A Specific gravity C. Specific volume B. in a plate is located approximately
Coefficient of resistance D. Viscosity
A. 10 diameters downstream of the hole
49 . Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
B. at jet's minimum diameter
A. Steady flow do not change with time at any point
C. at the orifice minimum diameter
B. Bernoulli's equation only holds on the same streamline.
D. at the orifice maximum diameter
C. The Reynolds number is the ratio of the viscous force to
56. For partially submerged objects to be stable, where
the inertial force
does the metacenter be located?
D. For a fluid at rest, the pressure is equal in all directions
A. Above the center of gravity
50.Density in terms of viscosity is
B. Below the center of gravity
A. kinematic viscosity/ dynamic viscosity
C. To the left of the center of gravity
B. dynamic viscosity/kinematic viscosity
D. To the right of the center of gravity
C. kinematic viscosity x dynamic Viscosity
57. A hydrometer scale for measuring the relative density
D. none of the above (specific gravity) of liquids.

51. Liquids and gases take the following characteristic(s) A. Beckman scale C. Baume scale
of their contents.
B. Beaufort scale D. Buckley scale
A. Volume
58. It refers to the fractional change in the volume of a
B. Shape and volume fluid per unit change in pressure in a constant
temperature process. Which one?
C. Shape
A. Proportional limit C. Bulk modulus
D. Neither shape nor volume
B. Compressibility D. Capillarity
52. Which of the following statements about a
Newtonian fluid is most accurate? 59. An instrument which is used to determine the specific
gravity of a substance?
A. Shear stress is proportional to strain.
A. Hydrometer C. calorimeter
B. Viscosity is zero
B. Odometer D. None of these
C. Shear stress is multi - valued
67. Which of the following statements is TRUE about a
D. Shear stress is proportional to rate of strain fluid?
53. The normal stress is the same in all directions at a A. It has a very regular molecular structure
point in fluid:
B. It is a liquid only.
A. independent of the motion of one fluid layer relative to
an adjacent layer C. It cannot sustain a shear force at rest.

B. when there is no motion of one fluid layer relative to an D. It can strain.

adjacent layer
68. Which of the following is an absolute property of
C. only if the fluid is frictionless liquid?

D. only if fluid is frictionless and incompressible A. Density C. specific gravity

B. specific weight D. weight density

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69. Which of the following is not a unit of viscosity? B. 12 kN D. 20 kN

A. SSU (Saybolt Second Universal) Solution:

B. Stokes 𝐹1 𝐹2
Note: Pascal’s Law =
𝐴1 𝐴2

C. Poise 250 𝑁 𝐹2
=
5 𝑐𝑚2 200 𝑐𝑚2
D. Baume'
𝐹2 = 10000 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 10 𝑘𝑁
70. What is the pressure at point A in the tank if h = 2 m?
75. Assuming normal barometric pressure, how deep in
the ocean is the point where an air bubble, upon reaching
the surface, has five times its volume than it had a
bottom?

A. 40.1 m C. 50.4 m

B. 25.4 m D. 43.5 m

Solution:

A. 12 kPa C. 16 kPa Note: Boyle’s Law 𝑃1 𝑉1= 𝑃1 𝑉2

B. 13 kPa D. 20 kPa * (101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(5𝑉2 ) = (101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 +

(9.81)(1.03)ℎ 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(𝑉2 )
Solution:
ℎ = 40.10966 𝑚
𝑘𝑁 76. The hydraulic radius of noncircular pipe is:
𝑃 = 𝛾ℎ = (9.81 3 ) (2 𝑚) = 19.62 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚
A. the square root of the flow area
71. What do you call the pressure which the fluid exerts
on an immersed object or container walls? B. the ratio of the area to the wetted perimeter

A. Normal pressure C. the radius of a pipe of equivalent area

B. Standard liquid pressure D. none of the above

C. Hydrostatic pressure
D. Gage pressure
72. Viscosity for a fluid is define as the constant of
proportionality between shear stress and what other
variable?
A. The spatial derivative of velocity
B. The time derivative of pressure
C. The time derivative of density
77. Absolute viscosity of a fluid varies with the pressure
and temperature and is defined as a function of
A. density and angular deformation rate
B. density and shear stress
C. shear stress and angular deformation rate
D. density, shear stress and angular deformation rate
78. According to Archimedes' principle, the buoyant force
on a submerged object is equal to which of the following?

D. The spatial derivative of density A. Weight of the fluid not being displaced

73. SI unit of viscosity Pa-s is: B. Weight of the displaced fluid

A. 10 times poise C. Weight of the object above the fluid surface

B. 1/9.81 times poise D. Weight of the fluid displaced and the total weight of the
object
C. 9.81 times poise
79. On a stationary floating object, the buoyant force acts
D. 1/10 times poise upward through the centroid of the displaced volume.
74. In a hydraulic press the large piston has a cross- What do you call this centroid?
sectional area A1 = 200 cm² and the small piston has a A. Center of pressure
cross-section area A2 = 5 cm². If the force applied is 250 N
to the small piston. Compute the force acting on the large B. Center of buoyancy
piston.
C. Center of volume
A. 10 kN C. 21 kN
D. Center of mass
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80. In tubes having very small diameters, liquids are 86. Which of the following devices is used for measuring
observed to rise or fall relative to the level of the the absolute pressure of the atmosphere?
surrounding liquid. What do you call this phenomenon?
A. Venturi tube
A. Fluidity
B. Bolometer
B. Surface tension
C. Barometer
C. Capillarity
D. Manometer
D. Viscosity
87. A load from a faucet comes out in separate drops.
81. The following are the basic components of a fluid Which of the following is the main cause of this
element in motion. Which one is NOT included? phenomenon?

A. Translation C. Twist A. Gravity

B. Rotation D. Volume distortion B. Surface tension

82. Which of the following is the dominating cause of C. Viscosity of the fluid
viscosities of liquids?
D. Air tension
A. molecular cohesion
88. A 100 g of water are mixed with 150 g of another fluid
B. molecular adhesion (p=790 kg/ m³. What is the specific volume of the
resulting mixture, assuming that the volumes are additive
C. molecular randomness and the mixture is homogeneous?
D. molecular spacing A. 0.63 cm³/g C. 0.86 cm³/gm
83. This principle states that where the velocity of a fluid B. 0.82 cm³/g D. 0.95 cm³/gm
is high, the pressure is low, and where the velocity is low,
the pressure is high. Which one? Solution:

A. Bernoulli's principle 𝑉𝑇
𝑣=
𝑚𝑇
B. Archimedes principle

C. Stoke's principle 1 1
100 𝑔 ( 1𝑔 ) + 150 𝑔 ( 0.79𝑔 )
D. Torricelli's principle 𝑣= 𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3
100 𝑔 + 150 𝑔
84. Viscosity for a fluid is define as the constant of
proportionality between shear stress and what other 𝑣 = 1.15949 𝑐𝑚3
variable? 89. A 100 g of water are mixed with 150 g of another fluid
A. The spatial derivative of velocity (p=790 kg/ m²)/. What is the specific volume of the
resulting mixture, assuming that the volumes are additive
B. The time derivative of pressure and the mixture is homogeneous?

C. The time derivative of density A. 0.63 C. 0.86

D. The spatial derivative of density B. 0.82 D. 0.95

85. What is the atmospheric pressure on a planet if the Solution:

absolute pressure is 100 kPa and the gage pressure is 10
𝑉𝑇
kPa? 𝑣=
𝑚𝑇
A. 10 kPa C. 90 kPa
1 1
B. 80 kPa D. 100 kPa 100 𝑔 ( 1𝑔 ) + 150 𝑔 ( 0.79𝑔 )

𝑣= 𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3
Solution: 100 𝑔 + 150 𝑔
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝑃𝑔 𝑣 = 1.15949 𝑐𝑚3
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 10 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1
𝑆. 𝐺. = =0.86245
1.15949
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 90 𝑘𝑃𝑎
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90. Kinematic viscosity can be expressed in which of the 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 + 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 & 𝑣 = 𝑚/𝜌
following units?
𝑚𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟
60 𝑐𝑚3 = +
A. m³/s C. kg.s²/m 19.3 𝑔/𝑚3 10.5 𝑔/𝑚3

B. s²/m D. kg/s 𝑚 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 + 𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟

91. Which of the following does not affect the rise and 1000 𝑔 = 𝑚𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 + 𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟
fall of liquid in a small-diameter capiliary tube?
𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟:
A. Adhesive forces
𝑚𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 811.48 𝑔
B. Cohesive forces
𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 188.52 𝑔
C. surface tension
Thus,
D. viscosity of liquid
811.48𝑔
%𝑚𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 = = 81.4%
92.A 300 mm long rigid metal cylindrical container with a 1000𝑔
diameter of 200 mm is closed at one end. The container is
94. Which of the following statements concerning
held vertically, barely submerged, and closed end-up in
buoyancy are false?
water, as shown. The atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa.
The water rises 75 mm inside the container under these I. Buoyance is the tendency of a fluid to exert a supporting
conditions. What is the approximate total pressure of force on a body placed in that fluid.
the air inside the container?
II. Buoyancy is the ability of a body to return to its original
A. 101.3 kPa position after being titled on its horizontal axis.

III. The buoyant force is measured by multiplying the

B. 102.1 kPa specific weight of the oblect by the displaced volume of
C. 103.5 kPa the fluid.

D. 110.4 kPa IV. Buoyant forces occur both when an object floats in a
fluid and when an object sinks in a fluid.
Solution:
V. The buoyant force acts vertically upward through the
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 centroid of the displaced volume.
𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 +(9.81 )(300 𝑚𝑚 − A. I,II and III
𝑚3
1𝑚
75 𝑚𝑚)( ) B. III, IV and V
1000𝑚𝑚

𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 103.50725 𝑘𝑃𝑎 C. I and V

93. Archimedes established his principle while D. II and III

investigating a suspected fraud in the construction of a
crown. The crown was made from an alloy of gold and 95. What is the depth of the center of pressure on the
silver instead of pure gold. Assume that the volume of vertical plate if the upper edge is 1.5 m below the water
the alloy was the combined volumes of the components surface?
(the density of gold is 19.3 g/cm³ the density of silver is A. 2.12 m
10.5g/cm³). If the crown had a weight of 1000 g in air and
940 g in pure water, what percentage of gold (by weight) B. 2.32 m
was it?
C.2.50 m
A. 53.1% C. 81.2%
D.2.63 m
B. 67.4% D. 91.3%
Solution:
Solution:
𝐼𝑜 𝑏ℎ3
𝑚𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑒= → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐼𝑜 =
% 𝑔𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝐴ℎ 12
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟
3
((1.5𝑚)(2 𝑚))
𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑊𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝐵𝐹 = 𝛿𝑤 𝑉𝑇
𝑒= 12 = 0.13 𝑚
1𝑔 ((1.5 𝑚)(2 𝑚)(1.5 𝑚 + 1 𝑚)
1000 𝑔 − 940 𝑔 = ( 3 ) 𝑉𝑇
𝑐𝑚
ℎ = ℎ+𝑒
𝑉𝑇 = 60 𝑐𝑚3
ℎ = (1.5 𝑚 + 1 𝑚) + 0.13 𝑚 = 2.63 𝑚
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96. A pressure vessel with an internal pressure, p is 𝑎 1

ℎ=ℎ− = 1.19048 𝑚 − = 0.69048 𝑚
connected to the simple U-tube open to the atmosphere 2 2
as shown. A 10 cm deflection of mercury is observed. The
99. A mercury barometer stands 762 mm. A gas bubble,
density of mercury is 13.6 Mg/m³. What is the most
whose volume is 33 cm3 when it is at the bottom of the
nearly the pressure p, if the atmospheric pressure is 101
lake 45.7 m deep rises to the surface. Compute the
kPa?
volume at the surface of the lake.
A. 1.0 kPa
A. 178 cm³
B. 13 kPa
B. 258 cm³
C.439 kPa
C. 520 cm³
D. 75 kPa
D.20 m³
Solution:
Solution:
𝑃 + 𝑃𝐻𝑔 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃1 𝑉1= 𝑃1 𝑉2
𝑃 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃𝐻𝑔
Solve for 𝑃1 :
𝑘𝑁 10 𝑐𝑚 𝑘𝑁 762
𝑃 = 101 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − (13.6) (9.81 3 ) ( 𝑐𝑚) (9.81 ) (45.7 𝑚) + 101.325 ( ) 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃1
𝑚 100 𝑚3 760
𝑚
𝑃 = 87.6584 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑃1 = 549.90864 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑔 = 101 𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 87.6584 𝑘𝑃𝑎 Solve for 𝑃2 :

𝑃𝑔 = 13.3416 𝑘𝑃𝑎 762

101.325 ( ) = 101.59164 𝑘𝑃𝑎
760
97. The surface tension of water is 0.07 N/m. Find the
Then,
weight of water supported by surface tension in a
capillary tube with radius mm. (549.90864 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(33 𝑐𝑚3 ) = (101.59164 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(𝑉2 )
Α.44 μΝ C. 35 μΝ 𝑉2 = 178.62675 𝑐𝑚3
Β.54 μΝ D 57 μΝ 100. A mercury barometer stands 762 mm. A gas bubble,
whose volume is 33 cm3 when it is at the bottom of the
Solution:
lake 45.7 m deep rises to the surface. Compute the
𝐹 volume at the surface of the lake.
𝜎=
𝑃𝑤
A. 178 cm³
𝐹 = 𝜎𝑃𝑤
B. 258 cm³
𝐹=
C. 520 cm³
𝑁 1𝑚
𝐹 = (0.07 ) (2𝜋)(0.10 𝑚𝑚) ( ) D.20 m³
𝑚 1000𝑚𝑚
𝐹 = 43.98229 × 10−6 𝑁 Solution:

98. How far below the water surface should a vertical 𝑃1 𝑉1= 𝑃1 𝑉2
square 1 m on a side with two sides horizontal to be Solve for 𝑃1 :
immersed so that the center of pressure will be 70 mm
below the center of gravity? 𝑘𝑁 762
(9.81 3
) (45.7 𝑚) + 101.325 ( ) 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃1
𝑚 760
A.0.69 m C. 0.57 m
𝑃1 = 549.90864 𝑘𝑃𝑎
B.0.72 m D. 0.78m
Solve for 𝑃2 :
Solution:
762
𝐼𝑜 𝑎4 101.325 ( ) = 101.59164 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑒= → 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝐼𝑜 = & 𝐴 = 𝑎2 760
𝐴ℎ 12
Then,
(1 𝑚)4
(549.90864 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(33 𝑐𝑚3 ) = (101.59164 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(𝑉2 )
ℎ = 12
𝑎2𝑒
𝑉2 = 178.62675 𝑐𝑚3
(1 𝑚)4
ℎ= 12 = 1.19048 𝑚
1𝑚
(1 𝑚)2 (70 𝑚𝑚) ( )
1000𝑚𝑚