Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0139 local 2121 / 2221
E-mail Address: coe.alangilan@g.batstate-u.edu.ph | Website Address:
http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

College of Engineering
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

TERMS IN SCI 403 – PHYSICS

FINAL TOPIC

FLUID MECHANICS- the study of the properties of fluids.

HYDROSTATICS or FLUID STATICS- deals with fluids at rest.
HYDRODYNAMICS or FLUID DYNAMICS- deals with fluids in motion.
ELASTICITY- the property by which a body returns to its original size and shape when the force that
deformed it are removed
STRAIN – the fractional deformation resulting from a stress. It is measured as the ration of the change in
some dimension of a body to the original dimension in which the change occurred
The Elastic Limit of a body is the smallest stress that will produce a permanent distortion in the body.
When a stress in excess of this limit is applied, the body will no return exactly to its original state after the
stress is removed.
The modulus has the same unit as stress. A large modulus means that a large stress is required to produce
a given strain- the object is rigid.
BULK MODULUS - the volume elasticity of a material. Suppose that a uniformly distributed
compressive force acts on the surface of an object and is directed perpendicular to the surface at all
points.
SHEAR MODULUS – the shape elasticity of a material
PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE - When the pressure on any part of a confined fluid (liquid or gas) is change,
the pressure on every other part of the fluid is also changed by the same amounts.
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE - A body wholly or partly immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force
equal to the weight of the fluid is displaces. The buoyant force can be considered to act vertically upward
through the center of gravity of the displaced liquid
TEMPERATURE - degree of hotness or coldness of an object. It is defined as a measure of the average
kinetic energy of molecules making up an object.
HEAT - is the energy in transit from one body to another because of a difference in temperature
CALORIE - is defined as the amount of heat needed to change the temperature
Linear Expansion of solid states that wen a solid is subjected to a rise in temperature, its increase in
length is very nearly proportional to its initial length multiplied to the change in temperature.
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE defines the partial pressure of one component of a gas
mixture to be the pressure the component gas would exert if it alone occupied the entire volume. Then,
the total pressure of a mixture of ideal, nonreactive gases is the sum of the partial pressure of the
component gas

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The Specific Heat of a substance is the quantity of heat required to change the temperature of unit mass
of the substance by one degree.

The Heat of Fusion of a crystalline solid is the quantity of heat required to melt a unit mass of the solid
at constant temperature. It is also equal to the quantity of heat given off by a unit mass of the molten solid
as it crystallizes at this same temperature.
The Heat of Vaporization of a liquid is the quantity of heat required to vaporize a unit mass of the liquid
at constant temperature.
The Heat of Sublimation of a solid substance is the quantity of heat required to convert a unit mass of
substance from the solid to the gaseous state at constant temperature.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY is the ratio obtained by dividing the mass of water vapor per unit volume
present in the air y the mass of water vaport per unit volume present in saturated air at the same
temperature.
Dew points cooler air at saturation contains less water than warmer air does at saturation. When air is
cooled, it eventually reaches a temperature at which it is saturated. This temperature is called DEW
POINT.
Conduction occurs when thermal energy moves through a material as a result of collisions between the
free electrons, ions, atom and molecules of the material. The hotter the substance, the higher the average
Kinetic energy of its atoms. When a temperature difference exists between materials in contact, the
higher-energy atom in the warmer substance transfer energy to the lower- energy atoms in the cooler
substance when atomic collisions occur between the two.
THERMODYNAMICS is concerned with heat and its transformation to mechanical energy
SYSTEM - The object or collection of objects under study
SURROUNDINGS – Everything around the system
UNIVERSE – It constitute the system and the surrounding
A system is considered CLOSE when no mass enters or leaves the system
An OPEN SYSTEM is one where mass and energy may be added or removed from the system
A system is ISOLATED if neither mass nor energy enters or leaves the system
A CYCLE is a series of process that starts and ends at the same condition

ELECTRICITY
 constitutes the flow of electrons in the circuit, and in this process, a work is done. It is a form of
energy.
 is all about electrons, which are the fundamental cause of electricity.
 Greek word “ELECTRON” which means AMBER.

TYPES OF ELECTRICITY
1. STATIC ELECTRICITY
 electrons that are moved from one place to another, usually by rubbing or brushing.

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  contact between equal amounts of protons and electrons (positively and negatively
charged subatomic particles).
Friction - opposite nature (+ -)
Non-friction - same-kind particles (+ + or - -)
2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY
 flow of electrons in a conductor
 flow of electric charge across an electrical field
 constant flow of electric charge causes the conductor to heat up very often
CONDUCTOR
 electric charges are free to move through the material
 The charge carriers are called free electrons
 Only negative charges are free to move
 When isolated atoms are combined to form a metal, outer electrons of the atoms do not remain
attached to individual atoms but become free to move throughout the volume of the material
 Good conductors - let the electric charge flow through them
 Bad Conductor - resists the electric charge
 Electrolytes - both negative and positive charges can move.
SEMICONDUCTORS
 In-between conductors and insulators in their ability to conduct electricity
 Conductivity can be greatly enhanced by adding small amounts of other elements
 Requires quantum physics to truly understand how they work.
INSULATOR
 exact opposite of conductor
 Made of materials, generally non- metals, that have very few or no “free electrons” float about
within their basic atom structure
 The electrons in the outer valence shell are strongly attached by the positively charged inner
nucleus.
 If a potential voltage is applied to the material no current will flow as there are no electrons to
move which gives these materials their insulating properties.
 Examples of good insulators are marble, p.v.c plastics, rubber, glass, oil, asphalt, fiberglass,
porcelain, ceramic, dry cotton, dry copper, dry wood, air, diamond, mica, textile fiber, and wax.

DIRECT CURRENT SYSTEM (DC)

 electric current that is unidirectional, so the flow of charge is always in the same direction
 the direction and amperage of direct currents do not change
 used in many household electronics and in all devices that use batteries
 Anything that works with a battery works on DC.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THEORY

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  Fundamental theory upon which all branches of electrical engineering are built.
 Many branches of electrical engineering, such as power, electric machines, control, electronics,
communications, and instrumentation, are based on electric circuit theory.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
 An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements and each component of the circuit
is known as an element.
 A simple electric circuit in the figure above consists of basic elements such as battery, a light
bulb, connecting wires and a switch.
 An electric circuit is always a closed path. A closed circuit is one that is complete, with good
continuity throughout.

TYPES OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

1. OPEN CIRCUIT
 implies that the two terminals are points are externally disconnected, which is equivalent
to a resistance R= ∞. This means that zero current can flow between the two terminals,
regardless of any voltage difference.
2. SHORT CIRCUIT
 implies that the two terminals are externally connected with
 resistance R= 0, the same as an ideal wire. This means there is zero voltage difference for
any current value.
3. CLOSE CIRCUIT
 circuit that has a close path and has any kind of load

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTS

AMMETER
 is an instrument used to measure current and must be connected in series with the circuit
 measure the current flowing through it. Since all the current in the circuit passes through
the ammeter it must have a very low resistance.
VOLTMETER
 is an instrument used for measuring electric potential difference between two points in an
electric circuit and must be connected in parallel with the part of the circuit whose
potential difference is required.
 To avoid a significant current flowing through it a voltmeter must have a very high
resistance.
WATTMETER
 instrument for the measurement of power in an electrical circuit.
OHMMETER
 instrument for measuring resistance.
MULTIMETER

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  Universal instrument, may be used to measure voltage, current and resistance

TYPES OF CURRENT
1. Direct Current (DC)
 current that remains constant with time.
Alternating Current (AC)
 current that varies sinusoidally with time.
 can be in positive or negative current flow
TYPES OF VOLTAGE
1. DC Voltage
 commonly produce by batteries
2. AC Voltage
 produced by electric generator
POWER
 time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W) or J/s
 Watt is the unit of Power.
 Equivalent to one joule of energy consumed in one second.
 Named after the British engineer and inventor James Watt.
 If the current enters the positive terminal of the voltage, then power is positive (Absorbing
power)
 If the current enters the negative terminal of the voltage, then power is negative (Supplying
power)

CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
1. ACTIVE CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
 Capable of generating energy (Voltage source, Current source, Generator, Batteries,
Operational Amplifier)
A. INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCE
 Characterized by terminal voltage and completely independent of the current
through it. (battery, Combination of generator and battery)
B. INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCE
 The current through it is completely independent of the voltage across it.
C. DEPENDENT OR CONTROLLED CURRENT AND VOLTAGE SOURCE
 In which the source quantity is determined by a voltage or current existing some
other location in the electric system under examination
2. PASSIVE CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
 Not capable of generating energy (Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor)
RESISTOR
 The circuit element used to impede the flow of current or, more specifically, the
flow of electric charge.

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 RESISTANCE
 The capacity of a resistor to impede the flow of current or, more specifically, the
flow of electric charge.
1. Fixed value RESISTOR
 Type of resistor which offers a fixed amount of resistance in the circuit.
It cannot be changed as it is set a specific value
2. Variable Resistor
 Type of resistor in which the value of resistance is not fixed. We can
change the value of resistance in variable resistors.
LAW OF RESISTANCE
 it varies directly as its length (l)
 it varies inversely as the cross-sectional (A) of the conductor
 it depends on the nature of the material
 it depends on the temperature of the conductor

SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY (ρ)

 The resistance of electrical materials in terms of unit dimensions length and cross – sectional
area.
 The amount of change of resistance in a material per unit change in temperature.
 The unit is ohm – circular mils per foot Ω-CM/ft

TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE EFFECT

 Rise in temperature – increases the R of pure metals
 Rise in temperature – increases the R of alloys
 Rise in temperature – decreases the R of electrolytes and insulators.

OHM’S LAW
 Current flowing in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the impressed emf applied to the
circuit and inversely to the equivalent resistance of the said circuit.
 Named after the German physicist, Georg S. Ohm (1787-1854)

SERIES AND PARALLEL NETWORK

 There are two ways in which components may be connected together in an electric circuit.
 When a circuit is more complicated than two or three elements, it is very likely to be a network of
individual series and parallel circuits.
 These circuits may seem very complicated, but with a methodical analysis approach the
functionality of the circuit can become obvious.

A. SERIES NETWORK
 Components are connected ‘end-to-end

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  The Current (A) is equal in all parts of the Circuit
 The Total Voltage (V) is the sum of all voltages in each part of the circuit
 The total resistance () is the sum of all the resistance in the circuit

Voltage or Potential Divider

 A potential divider is the simplest way of producing a source of lower e.m.f. from a
source of higher emf, and is the basic operating mechanism of the potentiometer, a
measuring device for accurately measuring potential differences
 It is derived from Substituting voltage and resistance to the current of the network since
the current is equal in any part of the circuit.

B. PARALLEL NETWORK
 Components are connected ‘across’ each other
 The Voltage (V) is equal in all parts of the circuit
 The total current (A) is the sum of all currents in each part of the circuit
 The total reciprocal of the resistance (R) is the sum of the reciprocal of each resistance in the
circuit
Current Divider
 Current divider is the fastest way to find a specific Current in a Parallel network.
 It is derived from Substituting current and resistance to the voltage of the network since
the voltage is equal in any part of the circuit.

WYE TO DELTA AND DELTA TO WYE TRANSFORMATION

 Situations often arise in circuit analysis when the resistors are neither in parallel nor in series.
These are the Wye (Y) or Delta ()
 It is usually used in three-phase networks, electrical filters, and matching networks.
WYE TO DELTA
 Each resistor in the delta network is the sum of all possible products of Y resistors taken two at a
time, divided by the opposite Y resistor.
DELTA TO WYE
 Each resistor in the Y network is the product of the resistors in the two adjacent delta branches,
divided by the sum of the three delta resistors.

BATTERY AND CELL

 Is a device that converts chemical energy to electricity.
 Batteries are an indispensable item for many electronic devices and are essential for devices that
require power when no mains power is available.
 The purpose of an electric cell is to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.
 A simple cell comprises two dissimilar conductors (electrodes) in an electrolyte.
 An electric current is found to flow between the electrodes. Other possible electrode pairs exist,
including zinc–lead and zinc–iron.

TYPES OF BATTERY
1. PRIMARY BATTERY

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  Not designed to be electrically recharged
2. SECONDARY BATTERY
 Designed to be re-charged
NETWORK THEOREM
NETWORK
 is an interconnection of elements or devices
CIRCUIT
 is a network providing one or more closed paths
BRANCH
 represents a single element such as a voltage source or a resistor
 represents any two- terminal element.
NODE
 is the point of connection between two or more branches
 A node is usually indicated by a dot in a circuit. If a short circuit (a connecting wire)
connects two nodes, the two nodes constitute a single node.
LOOP
 is any closed path in a circuit.
 It is a closed path formed by starting at a node, passing through a set of nodes, and
returning to the starting node without passing through any node more than once.
 It is said to be independent if it contains a branch which is not in any other loop.
Independent loops or paths result in independent sets of equations.

KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
 GUSTAV KIRCHHOFF
 Described two laws that became central to electrical engineering- the Kirchhoff's Current
Law (also known as Kirchhoff's Junction Law, and Kirchhoff's First Law) and the
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
 These laws are extremely useful in real life because they describe the relation of values of
currents that flow through a junction point and voltages in an electrical circuit loop.
 They describe how electrical current flows in all of the billions of electric appliances and
devices, as well as throughout homes and businesses, that are in use continually on Earth
KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW (KCL)
 This first law states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering any node is zero.
 The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the
node.
KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
 Describes the distribution of electrical voltage within a loop, or closed conducting path,
of an electrical circuit.
 The algebraic sum of the voltage (potential) differences in any loop must equal zero.

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 The voltage differences include those associated with electromagnetic fields (emfs) and
resistive elements, such as resistors, power sources (batteries, for example) or devices—
lamps, televisions, and blenders— plugged into the circuit.

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