Analysis the intensity and productivity of women’s work compare to men’s work is

comparatively identified on the basis of production structure. The technological change has been
detailing, some extent of the sexual division of labour in agriculture. The female participation in
agriculture rate has been increased which concerned the paradox of raising proportion female
agricultural labours in the female workforce context over all declining participation rate. On the
basis of green revolution strategy the female participation agriculture is the significant context of
technological changes in impact on female employment in agriculture. It concerns a micro-level
empirical investigations attempted into measure the occupational effect on labour use per hectare
only few studies concentration on deferent dimensions such as impact of technological change
on wages and earrings, assess to productive resources on over all changes women’s status
measured on the basis of nutrition level mortality level etc.Krishna Raj (1985).

Analyses data from large-scale national surveys. The women are employment has grown over the
decades, are largely self-employed as casual labour in agriculture. Women’s autonomy,
measured here in terms of access to land and control over its operation, as well as mobility and
the willingness to join self-help group, affects their ability to access resources and improve
productivity and also to move into non-agricultural vocations. Education may not positively
influence a women's participation in work, but for women who are in the workforce, education
most important determinant of better quality non-agricultural work. Women’s autonomy,
measured here in terms of access to land and control over its operation, as well as mobility and
the willingness to join self-help groups, affects their ability to access resources and improve
productivity and also to move into non-agricultural vocations. Such autonomy responds to a
complex set of social factors. Srivastava Nisha and Ravi Srivasatava (2010)

Women Participation in socio-Economic development in agriculture Area of Pakistan”. Women

participation rate in agriculture sector have major contribution in raising the per capital income
and faster economic growth. This study based on primary data and using chi-square method to
check the relationship between certain independent and dependent variables. Focus on women
facing certain problems while performing agriculture activities such as bad attitude of owner,
problem of getting wages in time, and problem of working in harsh conditions of weather. The
results show that the ration of young illiterate married women participation in agriculture
activities was greater than unmarried so that the economic condition of their family can be
improved. Rehman A.T.U, et al.,(2012)

Butt Tahir Munir (2010) study highlight rural women in agriculture development and their
constraint. In the food security the rural women over the world play a major role, agriculture
production and stability of the rural areas but women face a number of constrains in approaching
agriculture extension sources especially developing country. Rural women along with men play
an important role in the agriculture sector like production, livestock production as well as cottage
industry.
Rani Anju (2021) this study was “Women’s Participation in Agricultural Activities: A study
of Haryana, India. In this study, 250 women from Haryana who were chosen through a
multistage random sampling in 2018 are examined to determine their socioeconomic status,
including age, education, family size, economic category, ownership of land, and size of
landholding. The findings show that women's participation in farming and non-farming
agricultural activities is adversely affected by education, age, and the size of the land. The
finding that education, age, and land size affect women’s participation in faming and non-faming
agriculture activities. Therefore, the third defended hypothesis that having land and its size is
unrelated to women's involvement in agriculture is disproved.

Kumar Anil et.al (2022) in the paper titled “Measuring participation and contribution of
rural men and women in Indian agriculture” discussed about the estimated gender
disaggregated participation, time use and contribution in agriculture and allied activity
participation of men and women along with contribution in agriculture and allied activities
including crop and livestock sector. Using the unit-level data of TUS-2019, available as text file
using Stata software. the study has revealed that women contribute, 53.2 per cent of labour in the
agriculture household in rural areas as compared to 46.8 % by men. On a daily basis, women put
in 1.6 hours more than men. The women burden of unpaid domestic and care work is shared
equally, the participation and contribution of women will increase. There is a need to develop in
rural area as to take care of the growing children for enhanced participation of women in
agriculture as well as other sectors.

Ishaq Wajiha and Shafique Qadir Memon (2016) in his paper “Roles of Women in Agriculture:
A Case study of rural Lahore Pakistan” pointed out mainly in post harvesting and livestock
management practices. They are facing problems due to lack of education, resources and
financial services crop production and livestock management the relation of these activities was
assessed with household. This using method of simple random sampling techniques designed in
rural union councils of three towns. A farm and fields but they also accomplish such activities as
enhancements of agricultural productivity e.g seed bed preparation, weeding, harvesting
threshing, gain cleaning, food storage, cottage industry etc. during this study, it was also found
that wheat and rice were the major crops sown by all the respondents 100%. In fact they are
mainly for pre-cultivation and pre- harvesting operations of food crops compulsory for
household livelihood and their struggle goes unrecognized and unpaid, domestic problems faced
by them the factors which determine their empowerment.

Godara A.S, Usha Poonia and Usha Jyani (2014) this study conducted women participation in
decision making process related to agriculture sector of fatehabad district in Haryana state.
analysis the decision making power of women, a total of 100 agriculture laboureres has been
selected by using the multistage random sampling during the time period from 2011-12 to 2012-
13. Study revealed that women’s participation in different aspects of decision making process of
agricultural sector have not recorded up to the mark. The decisions related to the measures to
increase the production, buying activities, expenditure activities. The involvement in decision-
making process of household remained in a very low position as all important decision are made
by head of the family or the male members because majority of the female have not provided
opportunities to get education due to have the police of discrimination against the females of the
family.

Ghosh Mun Mun and Arindam Ghosh (2014) their study analysis about women participation in
agriculture as cultivator and agriculture labours in Indian. The study found that gap between
women’s economic participation and public perception in invisible through gendered. Empirical
study and explained on gender roles and gender analysis. The secondary data collected for the
trend growth on agriculture workers in India from 1961-200. The state identical behavior of
women participation in agriculture by homogeneity cluster analysis of women participation. That
women participation in agriculture is increasing with time and women are now acknowledged
with the status of agriculture worker.

Agarwal draws (1986b) to a close, additional in-depth study from various regions are required.
Does the relative poverty-proneness of female-headed households vary by type of male absence,
short- and long-term male migration, and resident males' inability to provide income? Are a few
questions that could be specifically investigated. What part do women play in these households
when it comes to making decisions? What specific socioeconomic processes cause a rise in the
number of households with a female head of household?

Khan Munir, et al., (2012) stated that women in agriculture activities in district Peshawar during
2004-05. The farmers in small landholders ranging between 2 to 4 acres. women are land
preparation, ploughing, sowing, harvesting, weeding collection of harvested crops, threshing,
transportation, storage and making bundles. The women participation in pre and post harvest
agriculture activities is not that large.

Nidhi Thakur (2023) it is widely observed that rural women are getting more and more
marginalized due to several reasons such as less investment in agriculture, lack of decision-
making authority, inability in accessing the economic opportunities and technologies. There are
several systemic challenges that lead to gender disparities in agriculture; however, the role of
technologies is well recognized in overcoming the constraints of low productivity, access to
information, and drudgery. Most of the agri-technologies can create new employment
opportunities and better access to organized markets and cooperatives for rural women and can
significantly increase the efficiency and effectiveness in rural women enterprises. However,
there are large gender disparities in the adoption of such technologies. Constraints such as
sociocultural norms about gender roles, lack of information, prevailing digital-divide, limitations
in decision-making power, lack of finances, lack of agency for hand-holding, and lack of
resources to implement policies are prominently noted in several studies.

Jyotsana Khandelwa and Shahid Jibran (2019) conducted the study on role of women in
agriculture: a study in Indian context, Her wages are limited, she cannot leave her home for
better jobs outside as she has to look after the family, and her wages are limited and choices as
well. the role of women in agriculture and how to increase their maximum contribution. The
gender gap that hampers the productivity can be minimized by creating opportunities for women
and recognising their role and importance.

Yemisi I. Ogunlela and Aisha A. Mukhtar (2009) that rural women, more than their male
counterparts, take the lead in agricultural activities, making up to 60-80 percent of labour force.
It is ironical that their contributions to agriculture and rural development are seldom noticed.
Furthermore, they have either no or minimal part in the decision-making process regarding
agricultural development. Gender inequality is therefore dominant in the sector. Rural women
farmers deserve better recognition and greater appreciation of their tangible contributions to
agriculture and rural development and food security.

Yuvraj Kasal et.all, (2020) study about the feminisation of agriculture that is having profound
and far-reaching effects, both positive and negative. Compared to men, women and girls are still
more severely affected by poverty, hunger and disease. On the labour market, women are
literally paid starvation wages. They also constitute the majority of the agricultural labour force
in small-scale and subsistence farming.

DTE Staff (2018) study reveals the constraints that make women more vulnerable to climate
change and environmental degradation. The size of land owned by women in Africa is 20 to 70
per cent less than that owned by men. Female households (households without male adult) have
45 per cent less land on average 25.2 per cent of female, as compared with 23.7 per cent of male,
are food insecure in sub-Saharan Africa. Women’s deficits in agricultural productivity range
between 20 and 30 per cent in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Closing such gender gaps could
increase production and consumption by 1.5 to 10 per cent and reduce poverty by 1.2 to
13 per cent.

Arya S and Pradeep kumar B, (2019) has discussed role of female labour in the agriculture sector
of India. The secondary data collected form female work participation rate during 1981-2011.
Their needs and problems are somewhat ignored in rural development initiatives but the majority
of them are invisible workers. The study focuses on the nature and extent of female participation
in Indian agriculture using secondary data on the period 1993-2012. The entire population of the
study has been classified into two main categories in agriculture workers and non-agriculture
workers.

Razia Begum and Ghazala Yasmeen (2011) have analysis that Females overshadow men in
many spheres of agricultural tasks in terms of their productive participation but usually their
efforts go unrecognized at national level. The due recognition of their role is constraint by many
factors but gender is on the top where she is subdued not by talent but by cultural basis of
gender. Females overshadow men in many spheres of agricultural tasks in terms of their
productive participation.
Singh K.M et.al (2019) has studied that identify the trends of working female labour in
agriculture their literacy rate and sex ratio in women working participation. Highlight agriculture
operations the male female wage rate disparity at the state wise female was estimating using plot
level data of cost of cultivation scheme for the year 2013-14.majore participation of women
labour was observed in harvesting of crops (14.56%). Analysis of CACP unit level data of Bihar
for the year 2013-14, revealed that the contribution of women in agriculture activities was
assessed to be 35.94%. In spite of these, women have share of only 13.32% in total landholding
of the state and there is a gap of 7.04% between wage rate of men and women during TE-2016.