THE

ULTIMATE
GUIDE TO A
CAREER IN
AEROSPACE

DR. AKSHATA
KRISHNAMURTHY
Table of Contents

1 My Story

Why Career in
2
Aerospace?

Choosing your
3
Stream

Career Path
4
Planning

Unique Profile
5
Development

College
6
Admissions

Networking and
7
Job Search

Challenges for
8
Foreign Nationals

9 Final Note
 My Story
Hi there! My name is Akshata Krishnamurthy. I am a space
scientist and engineer with a decade and half leadership
experience in various phases of space mission lifecycle,
ranging from spacecraft design, development, integration
and testing, launch, operations and science data
processing, in the United States.

My experience includes space missions such as

Perseverance Mars Rover, NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture
Radar (NISAR), Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
and ASTERIA.

I have a PhD in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where my PhD
thesis was focused on instrument characterization for
exoplanet discovery missions. My work has been featured
in leading publications like Nature and Forbes, and has won
international accolades and awards. More recently, I have
also served on the MIT Admissions Educational Council.

As a foreign national in the US, without a green card,

creating a path to working on flight missions and flight
hardware was extremely challenging. While it took me a
decade of hard work and determination to finally get my
dream job and build a successful space career, I want you
to have an accelerated path to achieve your dreams.
Hence, I am creating this guidebook and customized
coaching programs to help highly motivated aspirants, like
you, in your path to a successful aerospace career.

I really want you to succeed in this and achieve your space

dreams!
 Why Career in Space?
1. Inspiring Missions: You will be at the forefront of robotic
and human space exploration and work on groundbreaking
projects.

2. Global Impact: You will be pushing the boundaries of

human knowledge and advancing technology for the
benefit of humanity.

3. International collaboration: You will get to work with

international space agencies like NASA, ISRO, ESA, JAXA.

4. Professional development: You will meet some of the

brightest and sharpest minds and work with extremely
creative people.

5. Diversity and inclusivity: You will work with professionals

from different backgrounds and cultures, and learn from
diverse viewpoints and thinking.

6. Job stability: Jobs associated with the government

agencies offer comprehensive benefits and slightly better
stability during a recession.

7. Sense of community: You will have a very passionate and

close-knit community with a shared larger purpose.

8. Interdisciplinary work: You will interact with scientists

and engineers with varied expertise and work across
disciplines developing both breadth and depth in different
areas that is unique to the space sector.

9. Job satisfaction: You will find this experience extremely

challenging, but equally fulfilling and rewarding.
 Choosing Your Stream
The space industry offers diverse career streams, including
aerospace engineering, astrophysics, planetary science,
satellite communication, mission operations, space law,
and space policy. Each stream contributes to different
aspects of space exploration, research, and technology
development.

1. Aerospace Engineering: Involves designing and building

aircraft and spacecraft. Aerospace engineers work on the
development of rockets, satellites, and other vehicles for
space exploration.

Additionally, we need mechanical and robotics engineers to

design mechanisms, deployments, and rovers, chemical,
nuclear, and electrical engineers to design power systems,
thermal engineers to design thermal systems, data
scientists to develop data processing systems, optical and
RF engineers to design and develop instruments, and
systems engineers and project managers to interface with
all areas of engineering, and lead the mission through
various phases in the lifecycle.

2. Astrophysics: Focuses on understanding the physical

properties and behaviors of celestial bodies.
Astrophysicists study phenomena like black holes, galaxies,
and cosmic structures to expand our knowledge of the
universe.

3. Planetary Science: Examines planets, moons, and other

celestial bodies within our solar system. Scientists in this
field explore planetary geology, atmospheres, and surface
conditions.
 Choosing Your Stream
(Continued)
4. Satellite Communication: Involves designing,
implementing, and maintaining systems for transmitting
data via satellites. Professionals in this field work on
communication technologies crucial for space missions and
everyday applications.

5. Mission Operations: Encompasses planning, monitoring,

and controlling space missions. Mission operators ensure
that spacecraft and instruments function as intended,
managing logistics and responding to unexpected
challenges.

6. Space Law: Focuses on legal aspects of activities in outer

space. Space lawyers deal with issues like international
space treaties, commercial space regulations, and liability
for space-related activities.

7. Space Policy: Involves the development and analysis of

policies related to space exploration and utilization.
Professionals in this field contribute to shaping
government and organizational strategies for space
activities.

These streams collectively contribute to the advancement

of space exploration, technology, and our understanding of
the cosmos.
 Career Path Planning

Planning a career in the space industry involves several key

steps:

1. Define Your Interests: Identify specific areas within the

space industry that align with your passions, whether it’s
engineering, science, policy, or another field.

2. Educational Path: Pursue relevant education, such as a

degree in aerospace engineering, astrophysics, computer
science, or a related field. Consider advanced degrees for
specialized roles (especially if you are not a US citizen or
green card holder).

3. Gain Experience: Seek internships, research

opportunities, or projects related to space. Practical
experience enhances your skills and makes you more
competitive in the field.

4. Build a Network: Connect with professionals, attend

conferences, and engage with online communities.
Networking provides insights, mentorship, and potential job
opportunities.

5. Stay Informed: Keep up-to-date with advancements in

the space industry. Follow industry news, research findings,
and technological developments to stay informed about
current trends.
 Career Path Planning
(Continued)
6. Develop Skills: Acquire deep technical and soft skills
relevant to your chosen field. Skills such as programming,
problem-solving, and effective communication are valuable
in the space industry.

7. Consider Specialization: Identify a specific niche or area

of expertise within the space industry. Specialization can
set you apart and open up unique career opportunities.
8. Participate in Projects: Contribute to space-related
projects, either through academic initiatives, collaborative
efforts, or personal projects. Hands-on experience
enhances your practical skills.

9. Seek Mentorship: Connect with experienced

professionals who can provide guidance and advice.
Mentorship can offer valuable insights and help you
navigate your career path.

10. Apply for Jobs and Internships: Look for entry-level

positions, internships, or research opportunities in your
chosen field. Tailor your applications to showcase relevant
skills and experiences.

Remember that the space industry is multidisciplinary, and

there are various roles beyond traditional STEM fields, such
as legal, policy, and science communications roles. Adapt
your plan based on your interests and strengths within the
diverse landscape of the space sector.
Unique Profile Development
Developing a unique profile will help you obtain admission
to top universities which will open up doors to the very
competitive space industry. Here are some strategies:

1. Academic Excellence: Maintain a strong academic record

with a focus on challenging coursework from the start. Top
grades and good test scores are often crucial for top
university admissions.

2. Extracurricular Involvement: Participate in a diverse

range of extracurricular activities that demonstrate
leadership, initiative, and a genuine passion for your
technical interests. This could include clubs, volunteer
work, or personal science/tech projects.

3. Research Experience: If applicable to your field of

interest, engage in research projects or internships. This
demonstrates your commitment to academic exploration
and can set you apart from other applicants.

4. Letters of Recommendation: Build strong relationships

with teachers, mentors, or supervisors who can provide
compelling letters of recommendation. These letters
should highlight your academic abilities, character, and
potential contributions to the university community.

5. Personal Statement: Craft a compelling personal

statement that goes beyond your resume. Share personal
experiences, challenges overcome, and how your
background has shaped your academic and career goals.
Get experts to review and provide feedback as this the
most important part of your application. This often requires
several iterations.
Unique Profile Development
(Continued)
6. Showcase Leadership: Demonstrate leadership skills
through your involvement in clubs, projects, or community
service. Universities often seek students who can
contribute to campus life in meaningful ways.

7. Cultural or International Experiences: Highlight any

cultural or international experiences that showcase your
adaptability, global awareness, and openness to diverse
perspectives.

8. Special Skills or Talents: If you have unique skills or

talents, whether in the arts, sports, or other areas,
showcase them in your application. This adds depth and
individuality to your profile.

9. Community Involvement: Engage in community service

or initiatives that reflect your commitment to making a
positive impact beyond academic pursuits.

10. Stay Informed about the University: Tailor your

application to the specific values, programs, and
opportunities offered by each university. Demonstrating
knowledge of and alignment with the university's culture
can enhance your application. List professors or labs that
specifically interest you and highlight how your background
and experience can contribute uniquely to their research.

Remember that a unique profile is about showcasing your

authentic self and what makes you stand out. Be genuine in
your pursuits, and let your passions and achievements
shine through in your application materials.
 College Admissions
Navigating the college admissions process in the U.S.
involves several key steps. Here's a guide to help you
through:

1. Early Preparation (High School Years):

- Academic Excellence: Focus on maintaining a strong GPA
and challenging yourself with rigorous coursework.
- Extracurricular Activities: Engage in activities that
demonstrate your interests, leadership, and commitment
through several personal science and technology projects.
- Standardized Tests: Prepare for and take standardized
tests like the SAT, ACT, GRE or TOEFL. Some colleges may
also require Subject Tests.

2. Research and List Building:

- Explore Colleges: Research various colleges based on
factors such as academic programs, campus culture,
location, and size.
- Create a List: Develop a balanced list of reach, match,
and safety schools.
- Review List: Get feedback from mentors and alums to
ensure you are not aiming too high or too low for your
profile.

3. College Visits and Interviews:

- Visit Campuses: If you are in the US, visit campuses to
get a feel for the environment and ask questions.
- Interviews: Some colleges offer interviews as part of the
admissions process. Prepare for these by showcasing your
interests and goals.
 College Admissions
(Continued)
4. Application Process:
- Application Form: This is the generic application form
with personal information and background. Familiarize
yourself with the application requirements for each college.

- Personal Statement/Essays: Craft thoughtful and unique

essays that provide insight into your personality,
experiences, and goals. Customize the essay for each
university. Perform multiple iterations and review the essay
with mentors and experts.

- Letters of Recommendation: Request letters from

teachers or mentors who know you well and can speak to
your abilities. Provide examples if they are not familiar with
US admissions.

5. Financial Aid and Scholarships:

- Scholarship Search: Explore scholarship opportunities
offered by colleges, private organizations, and community
groups. Complete separate applications for these.

6. Application Submission:
- Deadlines: Be aware of application deadlines for each
college. Submit your applications well before the deadlines.
- Application Fee Waivers: Inquire about fee waivers if the
application fees pose a financial burden.
 College Admissions
(Continued)
7. Pre- and Post-Application:
- Email to Professors: It is a good idea to email professors
you and labs you are interested to work with ahead of time
with a short statement of interest, and CV so that they are
aware of your application.
- Follow-up: Monitor your application status and follow up
with any additional materials requested by colleges.
- Stay Informed: Keep track of decision release dates. Be
prepared for both acceptance and rejection.

8. Decision Time:
- Evaluate Offers: Consider factors such as financial aid
packages, academic programs, and campus life when
making your decision.
- Reply to Offers: Respond to admission offers by the
specified deadlines.

9. Prepare for College Transition:

- Housing and Orientation: If admitted, plan for housing
and attend orientation programs offered by the college.
- Financial Planning: Finalize financial arrangements and
prepare for the costs associated with attending college.

Remember, each college may have unique requirements, so

it's crucial to carefully review the application guidelines for
each institution.
Additionally, seek guidance from counselors, teachers, and
mentors throughout the process.
 Networking and Job Search
Building a network and conducting a successful internship
or job search during college involves strategic planning and
active engagement. Here's a step-by-step guide:

Building a Network:

1. Attend Events: Attend career fairs, networking events,

and industry conferences. These gatherings provide
opportunities to connect with professionals in your field of
interest.

2. Utilize Alumni Networks: Leverage your college's alumni

network. Alumni often appreciate helping current students
and can provide valuable insights and connections.

3. Join Professional Organizations: Become a member of

relevant professional organizations in your field. Attend
their events, seminars, or webinars to meet like-minded
individuals and industry professionals.

4. LinkedIn: Create a strong LinkedIn profile. Connect with

professors, classmates, and professionals in your field.
Engage in discussions, share relevant content, and reach
out for informational interviews.

5. Informational Interviews: Request informational

interviews with professionals in your desired industry. Use
these conversations to learn about their career paths, seek
advice, and expand your network.
 Networking and Job Search
(Continued)
6. Participate in College Clubs and Activities: Join clubs or
organizations related to your career interests. Leadership
roles in these groups can enhance your networking
opportunities.

7. Research collaborations: Lead and establish research

collaborations with specific space agencies that you are
interested to work at. It not only demonstrates your
commitment but also expands your network by connecting
you with individuals who share similar interests.

Internship/Job Search:

1. Career Services: Utilize your college's career services

department. They can assist with resume building,
interview preparation, and connecting you with internship
or job opportunities.

2. Online Job Boards: Explore online job boards, company

websites, and platforms like LinkedIn or Indeed. Tailor your
resume and cover letter for each application.

3. Internship Programs: Many companies offer structured

internship programs. Research and apply for these
programs to gain hands-on experience in your field.

4. Networking for Job Opportunities: Leverage your

network for job leads. Let connections know you are
actively seeking opportunities, and ask if they are aware of
any openings.
 Networking and Job Search
(Continued)
5. Informational Interviews (Again): Informational
interviews can also open doors to job opportunities.
Express your career goals and inquire about potential job
openings or recommendations with mentors and experts in
the field.

6. Create a Professional Online Presence: Ensure your

online presence is professional. Update your LinkedIn
profile, and if applicable, create a personal website
showcasing your portfolio or projects.

7. Build a Targeted Resume: Tailor your resume for specific

positions. Highlight relevant skills, experiences, and
accomplishments that align with the job requirements. Get
resume reviewed by mentors and leaders in the field.

8. Job Search Strategies: Use a combination of strategies,

including online applications, networking, and reaching out
directly to companies. Be patient, persistent and adaptable
in your approach.

Remember that building a network and securing internships

or jobs is an ongoing process. Stay proactive, be open to
new opportunities, and continue refining your skills and
professional brand.
Challenges for Foreign Nationals
Foreign nationals in the space industry often encounter
several challenges, including:

1. Security Clearance: Access to projects and facilities may

require security clearance, which can be challenging for
non-citizens due to national security concerns.

2. Export Control Regulations: Space technology is often

subject to strict export control regulations. Foreign
nationals may face limitations on access to certain
technologies or involvement in specific projects. Job
postings are typically restricted to US citizens or green card
holders.

3. Visa Restrictions: Obtaining work visas can be complex,

and visa restrictions may impact the ability of foreign
nationals to work on certain projects or in certain roles
within the space industry. Additionally, most space
companies also do not sponsor visas, and hence, do not
hire foreign nationals. Your best bet would be to apply for
post-doctoral opportunities, or full-time positions at one of
the government space agency centers.

4. Citizenship Requirements: Some roles within the space

industry may have strict citizenship requirements,
particularly for positions involving sensitive information or
government contracts.

5. Educational Credential Recognition: Recognition of

degrees and professional qualifications obtained in another
country can vary. Employers often prefer to hire students
with US degrees.
Challenges for Foreign Nationals
(Continued)
6. Global Economic Conditions: Economic and geopolitical
factors can influence job opportunities and international
collaborations within the space industry, affecting foreign
nationals.

7. Job Competition: Competition for positions in the space

industry is intense, and foreign nationals face additional
competition and scrutiny due to work authorization
requirements. You have to be THE absolute best in your
field to get a job in the space industry without US
citizenship or green card.

8. Uncertain Immigration Policies: Changes in immigration

policies and regulations can impact the ability of foreign
nationals to work in a specific areas, leading to uncertainty
and potential disruptions in career plans.

Despite these challenges, many foreign nationals

successfully contribute to the space industry. Overcoming
these obstacles often involves proactive career planning,
staying informed about regulations, and seeking guidance
from professionals who have navigated similar paths.

Remember that advanced degrees like PhD combined with

extensive research experience will enable you to apply for
the Extraordinary Ability Green Card, which will eventually
ease up the process and open up opportunities in the space
industry.
 Final Note
I know that is a lot of information, that can be
overwhelming and daunting. Space is hard, but what is even
more challenging is pursuing a career in the space industry,
especially for foreign nationals, facing unique hurdles.

It is a field where resilience and perseverance are key.

Despite the competition, your passion and dedication can
open doors. Remember, space exploration thrives on
diversity and collaboration, and your unique perspective
can be a valuable asset.

In the competitive realm of the space industry, success

hinges on hard work, and an unwavering commitment to
your goals. Embrace a "never give up" attitude, as it is often
the driving force that propels individuals beyond obstacles.
Your diligence and determination will carve a path toward
realizing your aspirations in the dynamic and challenging
field of space exploration. Keep pushing boundaries, and
remember, the journey is as crucial as the destination.

Stay committed, continue to learn, build your network, and

embrace opportunities. In the vast expanse of the cosmos
and the intricate challenges of space exploration, there is
always a way for determined individuals to reach new
heights.

Believe that your dreams are within reach—keep reaching

for the stars.