A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

“ADVANCED DESIGN OF CANAL IRRIGATION”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

Award of the degree of

DIPLOMA

In

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By

PANKAJ KUMAR

Reg.No.:1441521032

Semester-VI

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. GAUTAM KUMAR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SITAMARHI, BIHAR

SESSION: - 2021-2024

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 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SITAMARHI

BIHAR

AFFILIATED BY STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION (BIHAR)

CERTIFICATE

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

This is Certify that PANKAJ KUMAR has completed his project entitled

“ADVANCED DESIGN OF CANAL IRRIGATION” under the supervision and guidance

this project is for the partial fulfilment of the requirements to the award of
"Diploma in civil engineering".

We are hopeful that he will prove as a successful, “competent and dynamic

engineer" in the field.

PROF. GAUTAM KUMAR

(HOD)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC SITAMARHI

2
 DEDICATED

TO

MY PARENTS AND MY LECTURERS

3
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the project entitled "ADVANCED DESIGN OF CANAL

IRRIGATION" under the guidance of PROF. GAUTAM KUMAR is summited in the
fulfilment of the requirements for the mini project. The result embodied in the
project report have not been submitted to any other university or institution for
the award or any other degree.

Sl. NAME OF STUDENT REGISTRATION SIGNATURE

No NO.
1. SHIVAM KUMAR 1441521070

2. SINTU KUMAR 1441521081

3. PANKAJ KUMAR 1441521032

4. JAYPRAKASH KUMAR 1441521055

5. AMIT KUMAR 1441521072

6. KESHAV RAJ 1441521085

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives extreme pleasure to place on record indebtedness and sincere gratitude to

PROF. GAUTAM KUMAR department of civil engineering, Government Polytechnic
Sitamarhi, whose excellent guidance, helpful comment, timely suggestions, constant
encouragement and stimulating discussion have enabled me to complete this project.

Word failed me, when I think of all that my parent has done for me. Throughout my
life they always been a constant source of inspiration and whose constant
admonition help me academic pursuit. Their sacrifices, prayers and good wishes
made me to reach this stage. I salute them.

I sincerely thanks to PROF. GAUTAM KUMAR ( HOD of civil department in

Government polytechnic Sitamarhi) who has been continuous sources of aspiration
for me.

Lastly, I am highly indebted to the teacher and staff of this department for their
support.

I wish to thank our entire project partner for their kind encouragement during our
work.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.) INTRODUCTION

1.1) General

1.2) Purpose of Project

1.3) Objective of Project

2.) CANAL SYSTEM

2.1) What is Canal?

2.2) What is Canal Irrigation

2.5) Classification of Canal

2.6) Uses of Canal

3.) CANAL LOSSES

3.1) What is Canal Losses

3.2) Seepage Losses

3.3) Evaporation Losses

4.) CANAL LINING

4.1) Canal Lining

4.2) Proper Slope Gradients

5.) GROUND REPORT

6.) DESIGN OF THE CANAL IRRIGATION

7.) AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

7.1) Theory of LDR

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 7.2) Single Axis Tracker

7.3) Software Design

8.) AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

8.1) Function of Irrigation Control System

8.2) Components of Automatic Irrigation system

8.3 Software Design

9.) OUTCOMES

10.) CONCLUSION.

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1) GENERAL

In Last 10 years, we see that climate get changed in our country due to which the
cycle of season gets also changes. Now a days we couldn't predict the specific months
for the any specific season. In months of summer season, we do not get that sun
overhead, in rainy season we do not get rain there is drought in many parts of country
in rainy season. India is ranked 4th in the list of country effected by climate change
most. Recently we see too much fluctuation of season in our country. This change
impacts very harshly to the Indian farmers. In month of expected monsoon, they do
not get rain so, their crop gets wasted due to insufficient. This situation continuously
increasing in our country. SO, we have found a solution for Farmers to get irrigation
water at their required time.

Our government have provided many sources of water for irrigation but
due less of maintenance and due to lack of proper design water cannot stand in the
sources like canal, pond, and more. One of the most useful sources of irrigation water
is Canal but there is not any proper design of canal to uphold water for more time. In
Bihar, there is a long network of canal built by Bihar Government for the help of
Farmer in getting their regular required irrigation water. So, In This Project my team
try to design a canal which can serve for more times than a regular canal and uphold
water for more periods.

1.2) PURPOSE OF PROJECT

We are trying to solve the following problems by this project –

• Insufficient amount of water in canal. If there is water cannot stand for much
time due to various losses.

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 • Improper design of canal so that it cannot uphold much water for long time.

• due to seepage unnecessary water flows into the field of farmers and destroy
their crops.

• In many palaces after 10 years canal gets in function due to lack of proper lining
of canal

• In summer season when crops require much water that time canal water gets
evaporate due to rise in temperature so that crops get wasted.

1.3) OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT

• We have planned a canal system in such a way that it has sufficient amount of
water in crops season

• minimizing the canal losses in an ecofriendly way

• make canal more efficient which can work properly for longer period

• can be used for multipurpose i.e., commercially

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 2.) CANAL SYSTEM

2.1) What is Canal?

A canal is a man-made channel that is built to transport water to fields for irrigation.
The water is drawn from a river, a tank, or a reservoir. Canals can be built with
concrete, stone, brick, or any type of flexible membrane that solves durability issues
like seepage and erosion. The canal irrigation system is a traditional irrigation method
that is extremely beneficial for agricultural work at a low cost.

2.2) What is Canal Irrigation?

Canal irrigation is one of the most important sources of water. It accounts for about
24% of total irrigation in the country. It is an effective source of irrigation in low-level
relief, deep fertile soil, and perennial river areas, which are mostly found in the
northern plains. Canal irrigation refers to the method of transporting water by gravity
from a river, reservoir, and tank via a canal to farmlands. The agricultural land will be
slightly shaped in the slope to allow for natural water flow.

2.3) Classification of Canal

o Based on Nature of Supply

 Permanent canal
 Inundation canal

1.) Permanent Canal

o A permanent canal is a type of canal that has water available all year.
o This type of canal is typically directed from a permanent supply water body.

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o In this type of canal, several permanent hydraulic structures are built for water
regulation and distribution.
o A perennial canal is another name for a permanent canal.

2.) Inundation Canal

o An inundation canal is a type of canal in which water is only available during
floods.
o These canals are diverted from rivers to control the water level during floods.
o To control the flow into the canal, a canal head regulator is provided.
o An irrigation canal is a canal that is aligned along the boundaries of cultivatable
areas to supply water for agricultural purposes.

o Based on Function
 Power canal
 Feeder Canal
 Carrier canal
 Navigation canal

1.) Power Canal

 A power canal is a canal built specifically for the generation of
hydraulic power.

2.) Feeder Canal

 A feeder canal, as the name implies, is built to feed two or more
other canals or branch canals.

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3.) Carrier Canal
 A carrier canal is a multi-purpose canal that serves as both an
irrigation canal and a feeder canal.

4.) Navigation Canal

 A navigation canal is one that is built specifically for navigational
purposes.
 To accommodate large ships and vessels, the water level required in
a navigation canal is generally much higher.

o Based on Canal Alignment

 Rigid surface canal
 Contour Canal
 Side slope canal

o Rigid Surface Canal

 Non-alluvial canals include rigid surface canals, but the canal's boundary
surface is lined artificially with a hard layer of lining material such as cement,
concrete, stones, etc.

o Contour Canal
 A contour canal is a canal that runs roughly parallel to the area's contours.
 This type of canal is common in hilly areas.
 Because it runs parallel to the contour line, the ground on one side of the canal
is higher, allowing irrigation only on the other side.

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 A contour canal must pass through the drainage, so cross drainage works are
required.

o Side-slope Canal
 A side-slope canal is one that is nearly perpendicular to the contour of
the area.
 It is not on the ridgeline or the valley line, but rather somewhere in the
middle.
 Because it runs parallel to the natural drainage line, no cross-drainage
works are required.

o Based on Discharge
 Main canal
 Branch canal
 Major Distributary canal
 Minor distributary canal

1.) Main Canal

 The main canal originates in a river or reservoir.
 It transports a large amount of water to feed the branch and distributary canals.
 It is not recommended to do direct irrigation from the main canal due to the
conveyance of very high discharge.

2.) Branch Canal

 At regular intervals, branch canals branch off from main canals.
 These canals provide water t…These canals provide water to both major
and minor distributary canals.
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  Direct irrigation is not recommended for branch canals unless their water
carrying capacity is extremely low.

3.) Major Distributary Canal

 The major distributary canal branches off the branch canal or, in some
cases, the main canal.
 They provide water to minor distributaries as well as field channels.
 When the discharge of a canal ranges between 0.25 and 5 m3/sec, it is
said to be a major distributary.

4.) Minor Distributary Canal

 Depending on the discharge of canals, minor distributary canals branch
off from major distributaries and sometimes directly from branch canals.
 Their discharge rate is typically less than 0.25 m3/sec.
 Water is supplied to the field channels via these canals.

2.4) Uses of Canal

 Un-irrigated wastelands can be developed by canal irrigation, which

would increase the quantity of biomass in the area.

 Economic development can be expedited by avoiding dangerous

droughts. Dependence on rainfall can be minimized through canal
development.

 Canals are fed by rain water received by rivers, and the water is used for
irrigation. Production of crops needing more water is also possible
through canals. As compared to un-irrigated soils, higher productivity
per hectare is also possible due to canals.

 Canal system is a permanent structure, hence only maintenance is

required for getting its benefits for a long time.

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 Canals are multi-purpose where apart from irrigation hydro electricity
generation, navigation, drinking water supply and fishery development is
also done.

 Groundwater level does not go down on account of canal irrigation, but

on the contrary water level increases, which facilitates digging of wells.

 Canals are also becoming a source of tourist attraction these days.

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 3.) CANAL LOSSES

Canals in Bihar fails due to improper design of canal, lack of maintenance and canal
losses.

3.1) What is Canal Losses

Losses of water in canals may be defined as the process in which a considerable

amount of water is lost as it passes through the canal from the starting of the headwork
to the final point where it is supplied to the agricultural field or elsewhere.

The loss of water in canals is also commonly referred to as transit loss or transmission
loss. The major losses in the canals result from evaporation, seepage, and
transpiration.

According to the statistical data, the losses of water in canals can be as high as 20-
25%. Such losses of water constitute a major part of the usable water. Hence, the
losses of water in canals must be thoroughly studied and analyzed and must be
considered during the design of the canal capacity. The major types of canal losses are
listed as follows:

1.) Evaporation Losses in Canal

2.) Seepage Losses in Canal

3.) Transpiration Losses in Canal

3.2) Seepage Losses

Seepage may be defined as the infiltration downward and lateral movement of water
into soil or substrata from a source of supply such as reservoir or irrigation canal. Such
water may reappear, depending upon the topographic contours and water table rise due
to seepage.

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The seepage loss in the canal is the most significant loss of water in the canals.

Fig. seepage of water in field

@ Factors Effecting Seepage Losses

Various factors affect the seepage loss from the canal, a few of them are the
following:

 The porosity of the soil.

 Existing underground water table conditions.
 The existing condition of the canal system.
 Physical properties of the water canal such as turbidity of water.
 Amount of silt carried by the water.

3.2.1) Types of seepage losses

a.) Seepage Losses due to Percolation

 It is the seepage loss in a canal in which the water is lost through a continuous
zone that is formed between the canal and the water table. Such a zone that is
formed consists of fully saturated soil that is capable of establishing continuity
in the flow of water from the canal to the underground reservoir.
 The loss of water due to percolation is depicted in the figure below.

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  The loss of water through percolation is greatly affected by the difference in
level between the topwater surface level of the channel to the water table level.

b.) Seepage Loss due to Absorption

 In the canals, usually, a zone of saturation is present below the canal that is
accompanied by a zone of soil with decreasing saturation which is further
bounded by a zone that is saturated by the capillary action of water rising from
the adjacent water table level.

As shown in the figure, two zones of saturated soil bind the unsaturated zone of the
soil.

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Let H be the seepage head, h be the distance between the water surface level of the
canal and the bottom of the saturated zone, hc be the capillary head, then the rate of
loss of water due to abesorption depends upon (h + hc).

3.3) Evaporation Losses

Evaporation loss in the canal is inevitable as the water flowing through any canal is
exposed to the atmosphere.

According to the statistical records, evaporation losses constitute 0.25% to 1% of the

total canal discharge and constitute 2 to 3% of the total water losses in the water canal.

Evaporation losses are less than the seepage losses in the canals.

The evaporation losses depend upon several factors such as temperature, humidity,
wind, etc. But, the most dominant factor is temperature. On account of this, the
evaporation losses are higher in summer than in winter.

However, the velocity of the wind also equally affects the rate of evaporation. Such
losses are significant in the shallow depths of water.

Hence, this indicates that evaporation losses in the canal depend mostly upon the
climatic conditions of the area. Such losses depend directly on the area of exposure of
the surface of the water and inversely on the depth of water in the canal.

Fig. evaporation losses in the canal

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3.3.1) Factors affecting evaporation losses

The major factors that affect the rate of losses due to evaporation in the canals can be
listed as follows:

1.) Temperature
2.) Wind Velocity
3.) Humidity
4.) Area of water that is exposed to the atmosphere

@ PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO CONTROL EVAPORATION LOSSES

 Reduction of exposed water surface

The canal should have more depth and less surface area. The area or site for
construction of a dam should be so chosen that a deep canal with minimum surface
area exposed to the atmosphere is formed.

 Floating covers

Floating covers are a popular solution for reducing evaporation in the canal. These
covers are typically made of lightweight materials, such as polyethylene, and are
placed on the surface of the water to create a barrier that reduces evaporation., floating
covers can be an effective and cost-efficient solution for reducing evaporation in a
variety of settings, and they are increasingly being used in water conservation and
management programs around the world.

 Fitting solar panels at top

Using solar panels to reduce evaporation from canals is a potential solution that has
been explored in some regions. The idea is to cover the canals with solar panels, which
not only generate electricity but also provide shade and reduce the amount of water
lost to evaporation.

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  Chemical treatment with water evaporation retardants

By spraying a chemical such as Acetyl Alcohol on a water surface, a film of 0.15

microns thickness is produced on the surface. This film allows precipitation but does
not allow evaporation. This method is suitable only when velocities of wind are less
and for small and medium sized canals.

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 4.) CANAL LINING
4.1) Canal Lining

Canal lining is the process of reducing seepage loss of irrigation water by adding an
impermeable layer to the edges of trenches. It protects the bed and side of the canal.
Lining is generally construction of thin 2.5 to 15 cm thick layer of lining material.
Generally, RCC or CC bricks, stones etc.

Fig. concrete canal lining

@ TYPES OF LINING:

i. Cement Concrete Lining

ii. Pre-cast Concrete Lining
iii. Lime Concrete Lining
iv. Asphalt Lining
v. Brick Lining
1.) Cement Concrete Lining
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This Lining is recommended for the canal in full banking. The cement concrete lining
(cast in site) is widely accepted as the best impervious lining. It can resist the effect of
scouring and erosion very efficiently. The velocity of flow may be kept above 2.5
m/sec. It can eliminate complete growth of weeds.

2.) Pre- cast Concrete Lining

The Lining is recommended for the canal in full banking. It consists of pre-cast
concrete slab of size (60*60*5) cm which are set along the canal bank and bed with
cement mortar (1:6). A network of 6mm diameter rod is provided in the slab with
spacing 10cm center of center the proportion of the center is recommended as 1:2:4
rebates are provided on the side by side. the joints are finished with cement mortar
(1:3).

3.) Lime - concrete lining

When hydraulic lime, Surkhi and brick ballast are available in plenty along the course
of the canal or in the vicinity of the irrigation project. Then the lining of the canal may
be made by the lime concrete of proportion (1:1:6) the procedure of laying this
concrete is same as the that of the cement concrete lining. here, the thickness of
concrete varies from 150mm to 225mm and the curing should be done for longer
period. This lining is less durable than the cement concrete lining. however, it is
recommended because of the availability of the material and also because of the
economics.

4.) Asphalt lining

This lining is prepared by apaying asphalt that is bitumen at a very high temperature
(150 ℃) on the subgrade to a thickness varies from 3mm to 6mm. the hot asphalt
when becomes cold farms a waterproof membrane over the subgrade. this membrane
is covered with a layer of earth and gravel. the lining is very cheap and control the
seepage of water very effectively but it cannot control the growth of weeds.

5.) Brick lining

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This lining is prepared by the double layer brick flat soling laid with cement mortar
(1:6) over the compacted sub-grade. the first-class bricks should be recommended for
the work. the surface of lining is finish with plaster (1:3) the curing should be done
perfectly.

@ Purpose of Canal Lining: -

a.) To Control Seepage: -

The Seepage loss is maximum in unlined canal. Due to seepage

the duty of canal water is much reduced which involves enhancement of
storage capacity of a reservoir by constructing high Dam. So, to control the seepage of
canal through the bed and sides of canal, the canal lining is necessary.

b.) To Prevent Water Logging

Among the course of canal, there may be low lying are on one side or both sides of
canal. Due to the seepage of water this water logging makes the land alkaline which is
unsuitable for agriculture.

c.) To Increase the capacity of canal

In unlined canal, the velocity of flow should be fixed such that the sitting and scouring
is avoided. In practice the velocity should always be kept below 1m/sec. Due to low
velocity the discharge capacity of the unlined canal becomes low. If the capacity of
canal is to be increased, the cross- sectional area has to be increased which involved
more land width. But in lined canal, there is such problems.

d.) To Protect the Canal from damaged by Flood

The Unlined canal may be severally damaged by scouring and erosion caused due to
the height velocity of flood water at the time of heavy rainfall, so to protect the canals
from the damage the lining should be provided.

e.) To Control the growth of weeds

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The growth of various types of weeds along this sides of the canal is common problem
again, some types of weeds are found to grow along the bed of the canal, so the
inclined canal require excessive maintenance works for clearing the weeds.

4.2) Proper slope gradient

@ Why do we use Sloping Gradient in Canal

Because of silting of inside edge and top, the terms become impervious, and as such,
loss of water by seepage is reduced. Waves developed in the canal do not comes in
direct contact with the banks and hence possibilities of bank erosion are reduced.

@ Slope

These generally have a slope of 1:1:5. However, this ratio is usually increased to 1:2
with sandy soils and decreased to 1:1 with clay soil. Velocities greater than these
should be avoided if erosion is to be prevented.

@ Selecting the side slope for a Trapezoidal Canal

The slopes of side of canal are usually expressed in ratios. for example, x: y. This ratio
defined as the change in horizontal distance per meter of vertical distance. The side
slope can be expressed in terms of the angle it makes with the vertical, in degrees and
minutes.

The slopes of side of earthen canal depends on the type of soil in which the sides are
cut. The more stable the soil material the steeper the slope of the sides of the canal is
line, the slope of the canal is lined, the slope of the side also varies according to the
type of lining canal.

@ Selecting the Slope of bottom of a Canal

The longitudinal bottom slope of a lined canal is determined according to a

tropological condition.

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In very flat areas, the bottom slope can be nil (horizontal) or at most kept to a
minimum value of 0.05% or 5 cm per 100 mm.

In steeper areas, the bottom slope be limited to 0.1 to 0.2 % (10 to 20 cm per 100 m) to
avoid the water flowing too fast along the canals and eroding them.

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 5.) GROUND REPORT

We have surveyed two types of canals. One of them is unlined & without proper slope
gradient and the other one is with concrete canal lining. We have collected some
pictures and data of them.

On surveying the North Koel canal (उत्तरी कोयल नहर) which is unlined canal
without proper slope gradient. From the villagers , we find that sufficient water is
discharge into canal but water couldn’t stand there due various types of canal
losses but main losses is seepage loss and evaporation losses. These discharge
water get wasted and also causes various problem which is metion in above
section .

Some physical contion of Koel Canal is :

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 (a.)

(b.)

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 (c)

Fig. North Koel Canal

From above fig(a) we can see that there is water in canal but not in sufficient amount
for irrigation and in fig (b) we can see that there is no canal lining and in fig(c) we can
see that there is no proper slope gradient.

These are the reasons that North Koel Canal could not receive same
amount of water at every place. The discharge water is very less in

comparison between the initial position and final position. These waters get wasted
due to seepage losses, evaporation losses and other types of losses.

Now these are some data of lined canal of Indra Puri barrage, Rohtas which get
sufficient water at every place:

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 Fig. Indrapuri Branch canal, Rohtas

This canal is lined by concrete and with proper slope gradient so it is very workable
and provides water for irrigation more than unlined canal.

In the Survey of the Narmada branch canal near the Chandra San village of kadi taluka
in Mehsana district in Gujarat which is the part of THE CANAL SOLAR POWER
PLANT PROJECT through the internet. We find that this project is very useful for
conserving canal for long period in Bihar in the districts which gets maximum sunrays
overhead.

This pilot project will generate 16 lakhs units of clean energy per annum and also
prevent evaporation of 90 lakhs liters of water annually from the canal. The projects
virtually eliminate the requirement of vast tracks of land and limits evaporation of
water from the 750 long canal, tracking two challenges simultaneously by providing
energy and water security.

• The electricity is generated from renewable solar energy and hence eco-friendly.

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 • As canals are covered with solar panels, there will be no need to acquire lands
to install the solar panels.

• The water evaporating from canals will be reduced as the canal will be covered.

• The power generated will be supplied to village alongside the canal, which will
lead to lower transmission losses.

@CONLUSION

From data collected by our team on surveying of the North Koel Canal, Aurangabad
and Indrapuri Branch Canal, Rohtas, we get the conclusion the canal with concrete
lining is effective than another canal. The CCA and GCA around these areas is very
high. Farmers belongs to these canals are very happy. the crop production in these
areas increases due to availability of water in these canals in every crop season. THE
Losses occur in canal due to seepage and formation weeds in the canal is negligible in
these canals.

So that our government has to invest in these canals which cost high
initial but in terms of long period and many indirect ways it proves very affordable
and very efficient.

From the surveyed data, we find that the best way to control evaporation losses in
canal is planting solar panel above the canal.

So, we have to redesigned the canal.

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 6.) DESIGN OF CANAL

From Overviewing Ground report, we prepare an advanced design of canal.

To control seepage loss and transpiration loses we have to redesigned the old canals
and built new canals with concrete lining.

To control evaporation loss, we use solar Pannel at the canal, this will help to control
evaporation loss. Since the cost of solar Pannel is high so we build automatic solar
tracking system to use efficiently. This solar Pannel can be used for generating
electricity also.

For efficient irrigation of canal water, we can use automatic irrigation system. It is
used to irrigate field by checking the moisture content in it. If the soil is not saturated
it will irrigate the field until it gets fully saturated. It is fully automated.

Model of the Project: -

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33
34
 7.) AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

The two LDR sensor modules are annexed to the scaffolding with NodeMcu analogue
inputs. The light dependent resistors are then affixed along the length, on either side of
the solar panel.

Fig. Pin Diagram of NodeMcu

A simple hardware programming language called processing, which is similar to the C

language loaded into the Arduino UNO forms the embedded software.

35
 Fig. Block Diagram of Automatic Solar Tracking system

7.1) Theory of using Two LDR

Fig. Concept of using Two LDR

@ Components of Automatic Solar Tracking System

1. Solar panel
2. Dc motor
3. L293D motor driver module
36
 4. Microcontroller NodeMcu
5. LDR sensor module
6. Current sensor

@ Types of Solar Tracker

1. Single Axis tracker

2. Dual axis tracker
3. Active solar tracker
4. Passive solar tracker
5. Chronological solar tracker

7.2) Single Axis Tracker

 Tracks in a single cardinal direction.

 It has a single row tracking configuration.
 More reliable.
 It has a longer lifespan.

The common categories in which single axis trackers can be classified holds

 Horizontal single axis trackers (HSAT).

 Horizontal single axis tracker with tilted modules (HTSAT).
 Vertical single axis tracker (YSAT).
 Tilted single axis tracker (TSAT).
 Polar aligned single axis tracker (PSAT).

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 Fig. Single Axis Tracker

Fig. Mechanical structure of Single axis Automatic Solar Tracker System.

38
7.3) Software Design

Fig. Setting up NodeMcu- Port

Fig. Setting up NodeMcu- Upload speed

39
 Fig. Setting up NodeMcu- Installing Library

Fig. Flow chart of Automatic Solar Tracking System

40
Fig. Complete setup of Automatic Solar Tracker System.

41
 8.) AUTOMATIC IRIGATION SYSTEM

8.1) Function of Irrigation Control System

42
@ Flow chart of the System

43
8.2) Components of Automatic Irrigation System

@ ARDUINO:-

44
 Fig. ARDUINO UNO Architecture

@ TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR: -

Fig. Temperature and Humidity Sensor

@ REAL TIME CLOCK (RTC): -

The clock/Calander provides seconds, minutes, day, date, month and year qualified
data. It automatically adjusted itself in 31 days.

45
 Fig. Real time clock

@ LIGHT EMITTING DIODE(LED): -

It is a two head semiconductor light source. It is a pn junction diode which emits light.

Fig. LED

@ RESISTOR: -

It is a passive two terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element.

Fig. Resistor

@ RELAY MODULE: -

It is an electromagnetic device which is used isolate two circuits electrically and

connect them magnetically.

46
 Fig. Relay Module Fig. Connection diagram of Relay Module

@ DIODE: -

It is two terminal electronic components that conducts primarily in one direction.

@ MOSFET: -

Fig. MODSFET

@ DC MOTOR: -

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 Fig. DC Motor

8.3) SOFTWARE DESIGNING: -

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49
50
51
52
53
54
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@ SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM; -

Fig.Circuit Scientific Diagram of the system

Fig. Pictorial Circuit Diagram of the system

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Fig. Hardware Model of the System

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 9.) OUTCOMES

If we will build canals with our design, we could get following advantages:

 If we control seepage of water in the canal by constructing canal lining, the

amount of discharge in the canal will be approximately equal in each section
of canal.
 If we control evaporation of water in the canal by planting Automatic solar
panel at the top of the canal, we can increase the standing water in the canal
in eco - friendly way.
 If we control the amount of discharge and standing water in the canal, it will
be very beneficial for the farmers having fields alongside the canal and
nearby area. They will get irrigation water in every crop season. If the crop
gets water at right time, the production of crops will boom which will be very
beneficial for state.
 If the water standing in canal is constant, we will use the canal water for aqua
farming and this will be economically beneficial for government.
 The Solar panel used in the canal for preventing evaporation losses can be
used for generating electricity in eco-friendly way. This electricity can be
used in street light, electric irrigation pumps, nearby villages and more.
 These solar panel and concrete lining will increase the durability of the canal
and the maintenance charge of the canal is also very low. So, that this canal
can be used for very long time
 Recently, Our Central Government has started a mission of zero carbon
emission in India up to 2050s so, they acquired land in many parts of country
for planting solar panel. So, we can replace these lands by canal and this land
can used for other productive work.

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 Automatic irrigation System helps to irrigate field in efficient way. It will
automatically turn off irrigation pump and prevent overflow of water into the
field. This will help us to use the canal water efficiently.

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 9.) CONCLUSION.

 IF we see the outcomes of this project in above section, we can conclude that
the initial cost of building canal by this design is costly but in terms of long
terms and its other benefits this canal be very economical and effective. This
can we become one of the big sources of income of state.
 If water is available in the canal in every crop season, farmers will get irrigating
water at very cheap price. So, this will be great strategy for the government to
attract farmers in their side.
 In this way we can conserve water and through the canal we can convert many
barren lands in the state into green land.

So, from overall sightseeing we can conclude that government should invest in this
design of canal for getting benefits in long terms.

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