Subject: Biology

1. Cell Biology
 Structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
 Cell organelles and their roles in cellular processes.
 Cell cycle: phases and regulation of cell division.
2. Genetics
 Mendelian genetics: principles of inheritance.
 DNA structure and replication.
 Gene expression and regulation: transcription, translation, gene regulation
mechanisms.
3. Ecology
 Ecosystem components: biotic and abiotic factors.
 Energy flow and nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
 Population dynamics: factors influencing population growth and regulation.
4. Evolution
 Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
 Evidence for evolution: fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular
biology.
 Mechanisms of evolution: mutation, natural selection, genetic drift.
 Physiology
 Overview of organ systems: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, etc.
 Homeostasis: mechanisms for maintaining internal balance.
 Nervous system: structure and function of neurons, transmission of nerve
impulses.
 Plant Biology
 Plant structure: roots, stems, leaves, flowers.
 Photosynthesis: process, factors affecting rate, products.
 Plant hormones: roles in growth, development, and response to stimuli.
 Microbiology
 Microbial diversity: bacteria, archaea, protists, viruses.
 Microbial ecology: roles of microorganisms in ecosystems.
 Human microbiome: importance for health and disease.
 Immunology
 Immune system components: cells, tissues, organs.
 Innate and adaptive immunity: mechanisms and differences.
 Vaccines: types, development, and importance for disease prevention.
 Biotechnology
 Genetic engineering techniques: recombinant DNA, gene editing.
 Applications of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
 Ethical considerations in biotechnology research and applications.